2. THE FEDERALIST
ERA:
DOMESTIC Issues
I. America in 1790 Growing Pains
A. Population: 4 million Cities boomed but 90% rural
and 95% East of Appalachian Mountains
B. U.S. was recovering from a depression
C. Challenges by Britain and Spain
threatened the unity of the U.S.
3. FEDERALIST ERA
Theme 1
Led by George
Washington and
Alexander Hamilton,
the first administration
under the Constitution
overcame various
difficulties and firmly
established the political
and economic
foundations of the new
federal government.
6. Presidential Rankings: C-Span Survey, 2009
1. Abraham Lincoln
2. Franklin Roosevelt
3. George Washington
4. Theodore Roosevelt
5. Harry Truman
6. John Kennedy
7. Thomas Jefferson
8. Dwight Eisenhower
9. Woodrow Wilson
10. Ronald Reagan
11. Lyndon Johnson
12. James Polk
13. Andrew Jackson
14. James Monroe
15. Bill Clinton
16. William McKinley
17. John Adams
18. George H.W. Bush
19. John Quincy Adams
20. James Madison
21. Grover Cleveland
22. Gerald Ford
23. Ulysses Grant
24. William Taft
25. Jimmy Carter
26. Calvin Coolidge
27. Richard Nixon
28. James Garfield
29. Zachary Taylor
30. Benjamin Harrison
31. Martin Van Buren
32. Chester Arthur
33. Rutherford Hayes
34. Herbert Hoover
35. John Tyler
36. George W. Bush
37. Millard Fillmore
38. Warren Harding
39. William Harrison
40. Franklin Pierce
41. Andrew Johnson
42. James Buchanan
9. B. Washington’s Cabinet
1. Precedent: relied on department
heads for advice & consulted
regularly with his cabinet
10. 1. Stars of Washington’s cabinet
a. Secretary of State:
Thomas Jefferson
b. Secretary of the Treasury:
Alexander Hamilton
c. Cabinet characterized by
the ongoing feud between
Jefferson and Hamilton
d. Secretary of War Henry Knox
11. Bill of Rights
A. Debate between Federalists and Anti-
Federalists
B. Amendments to Constitution. How?
C. Federalists feared that another
constitutional convention might
reverse their victory
1. Madison drafted 12 amendments
2. Modeled after George Mason’s bill
of rights in Virginia
12. D. Bill of Rights = First ten amendments
to the Constitution
1. Freedom of speech, press, religion,
assembly, and petition
2. Right to bear arms
3. No quartering of troops
4. No illegal search and seizure
5. Life, liberty, or property cannot be
taken without due process of law
13. 6. Right to a fair and speedy trial in
criminal cases
7. Right to a trial in civil cases
8. No cruel and unusual punishment
9. Individuals have more rights than
those stated in the Constitution
10. Powers not mentioned in the
Constitution belong to the states
14.
15. IV. Judiciary Act of 1789
A. Organized the Supreme Court:
Chief Justice (John Jay) and 5
associate justices
B. Federal, district, and circuit courts
C. Attorney General
16. Theme 2:
The cabinet debate over Hamilton's
financial plan expanded into a wider
political conflict between Hamiltonian
Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans
-- the first political parties in America.
17. Hamilton’s Financial Plan revives the
Corpse of Public Credit
A. Economic goals (favored the wealthy)
B. Five major components:
1. Funding at Par
-- Purpose: Bolster national credit
2. Assumption of State Debts
a. Motive: tie the states closer to
the federal government
b. North-South struggle over
assumption
c. Compromise (logrolling): ( D.C.)
19. 5. Hamilton Battles
Jefferson for a Bank
a. Organization
b. Jefferson’s views:
-- "strict construction”
10th
Amendment states rights issue
c. Hamilton's views:
-- "loose construction”
(broad construction)
-- "elastic clause“-- implied powers
("necessary & proper")
d. Washington's decision
20.
21. Hamilton’s Financial Plan
BE FAT!
B ank of the U.S.
E xcise taxes
F unding at Par
A ssumption of State Debts
T ariffs
22. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsslyvania
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
1. Protesters’ reasons (economics and “freedom”)
2. Posed a threat to the power of the federal
government
The tarring
and feathering
of a whiskey
tax collector
23. Flag of the Whiskey BoysFlag of the Whiskey Boys
28. Birth of the Political Party System
Jefferson V. Hamilton feud”
A. View of Founding Fathers
B. Federalists (Hamiltonians)
1. Gov't by upper-classes
2. Distrusted common people
3. Supported strong central gov't
4. Fed. gov't should help
business; not interfere
5. Nat’l debt was a blessing
6. Pro-British in foreign policy
29. C. Jefferson -- Republicans
(Democratic-Republicans)
1. Gov't for the people
2. Appealed to middle class and
underprivileged
3. “The government that
governs least governs best”
4. National debt was a curse
5. Primarily agrarians
6. Believed in freedom of speech
7. Pro-French in foreign policy
30. History of Major American Political
Parties
(3rd Parties not included above)
c. 1792
c. 1816
c. 1825
1834
1854
Democratic-Republicans Federalists
(Jeffersonians) (Hamiltonians)
Death of the Federalists
One-party Rule: Republicans
“Era of Good Feelings”
Democratic-Republicans National Republicans
(Jacksonians) (Followers of Clay)
Democrats Whigs
To Present To Present
Republicans
31. THEME #3
The French Revolution created a
severe ideological and political
division over foreign policy between
Federalists and Republicans. The
foreign-policy crisis coincided with
domestic political divisions that
culminated in the bitter election of
1800, but in the end power passed
peacefully from Federalists to
Republicans.
32. FOREIGN POLICY
I. French Revolution (1789)
A. Significance: Most important issue
separating Federalists & Republicans
B. Most Americans were initially pleased
C. Reaction to "Reign of Terror":
Jeffersonians & Federalists
D. World War: U.S. -- “Who shall we
support?”
35. The Execution of Queen Marie Antoinette, 1793 The bloody excesses of the
notorious guillotine disgusted many Americans and soured them on the promises of
the French Revolution.
36. Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation
A. U.S. still obligated to France under
1778 Franco-American Alliance
1. Jeffersonian view:
2. Washington's view:
B. Neutrality Proclamation of 1793
1. Significance:
2. Provisions:
37. C. American reaction
1. Jeffersonians enraged (pro French)
2. Federalists supported it
D. Who benefited from U.S.
neutrality?
38. Embroilments with Britain A.
Indians on northwest & southwest
borders were hostile to U.S. settlers
B. General “Mad” Anthony Wayne led
U.S. forces to victory
1. Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794
39. 2. Treaty of Greenville, 1795
a. Cleared Amerindians out of 2/3
of Ohio and Indiana( treaty ? $$)
b. Britain abandoned its posts in the
Old Northwest territory
40. Embroilment on the Seas
A. Significance: most important cause for
the official creation of the Democratic-
Republican party
B. Britain had been harassing U.S.
interests
1. Frontier posts
2. Attacks on shipping
3. Impressment of sailors
C. Federalists were unwilling
to go to war
A U.S. sailor is
impressed into service
on a British naval ship
41.
42. D. Jay Treaty provisions: U.S. got very
little ( Jay had a “weak” hand)
1. Britain renewed pledge to
remove posts from U.S.
2. Britain agreed to pay damages to
U.S. shipping
3. Britain refused future
guarantees to U.S.
shipping
4. U.S. agreed to pay off
Revolutionary debts
to British merchants
John Jay
43. E. Jeffersonians reacted angrily
F. War with Britain was averted
Jeffersonians
burned effigies
of John Jay in
protest of the
Jay Treaty
44. IV. Pinckney Treaty of 1795
(normalized relations with Spain)
A. Spanish motive: feared an
Anglo-American alliance and
sought to appease the U.S.
B. Provisions:
1. Free navigation of Mississippi
River and right of deposit at
New Orleans
2. Spain yielded disputed region
north of Florida to the U.S.
46. Washington Refuses a Third Term
A. Partisan politics
1. Washington was seen as a Federalist
by 1796
2. He had reluctantly run for and
served a second term
B. Farewell Address
1. Warned against evils
of political parties
2. Warned against foreign
alliances
47. C. Washington's Legacy
1. Kept U.S. out of overseas
entanglements and foreign wars
-- Over 100 years of isolationism
2. Hamilton’s Financial Plan
3. Westward expansion:
a. New states: Vermont,
Kentucky, & Tennessee
b. Treaty of Greenville
48. 4. Cabinet
5. Went outside the Supreme Court
to select a new Chief Justice
6. Two-term tradition
51. Presidential Rankings: C-Span Survey, 2009
1. Abraham Lincoln
2. Franklin Roosevelt
3. George Washington
4. Theodore Roosevelt
5. Harry Truman
6. John Kennedy
7. Thomas Jefferson
8. Dwight Eisenhower
9. Woodrow Wilson
10. Ronald Reagan
11. Lyndon Johnson
12. James Polk
13. Andrew Jackson
14. James Monroe
15. Bill Clinton
16. William McKinley
17. John Adams
18. George H.W. Bush
19. John Quincy Adams
20. James Madison
21. Grover Cleveland
22. Gerald Ford
23. Ulysses Grant
24. William Taft
25. Jimmy Carter
26. Calvin Coolidge
27. Richard Nixon
28. James Garfield
29. Zachary Taylor
30. Benjamin Harrison
31. Martin Van Buren
32. Chester Arthur
33. Rutherford Hayes
34. Herbert Hoover
35. John Tyler
36. George W. Bush
37. Millard Fillmore
38. Warren Harding
39. William Harrison
40. Franklin Pierce
41. Andrew Johnson
42. James Buchanan
52. Unofficial naval war with France
(“Quasi-War”) (1798-1800)
A. France condemned the Jay
Treaty and harassed U.S. ships,
seized merchant ships, insulted U.S.
-- Saw it as a step towards a
British-American alliance
53. A British political cartoon commenting on the XYZ Affair.
The XYZ Affair When President Adams’s envoys to Paris were asked to pay a huge bribe as the price of doing
diplomatic business, humiliated Americans rose up in wrath against France. Here an innocent young America is
being plundered by Frenchmen as John Bull looks on in amusement from across the English Channel.
54. C. War hysteria in U.S.
-- “Millions for defense
but not one cent for
tribute!”
D. “High Federalists”
E. Undeclared
hostilities
U.S. Frigate
Constellation
captures French
Frigate
Insurgente,
February 1799
55. Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party
1. French peace overtures( fearful of Britain)
2. Appointed new foreign minister:
many shocked
3. Napoleon's motive: (Europe first Louisiana future
Empire)
4. Convention of 1800
5. Significance: cancelled alliance with France,
friendly split= Louisiana Purchase:
56. Federalist Witch Hunt
A. Federalist (aristocratic) motive: silence
Democratic-Republicans during the war
(immigrants and working class)
B. Alien Acts (1798)
1. Who were the targets?
2. Provisions:
a. New residency requirement (14 yrs.)
b. Deportation, by the President
(expansion of Executive powers) for those who
criticized the government
57. Sedition Act (1798)
1. Provisions: ($ or jail for impeding policies or
defaming gov’t official government)
2. Violation of the 1st Amendment
3. Indictments of Jeffersonians ( set to expire
in 1801)
Popular support existed initially for
both the Alien and Sedition Acts
58. IX.The Jefferson “Revolution of 1800”
A. Federalist handicaps
B. Election of 1800
C. Significance:
D. 12th Amendment (1804)
60. E. Virginia and Kentucky
Resolutions (Madison & Jefferson)
Extreme States Rights Argument
1. Premise: Nullification
2. Compact Theory of
government
3. Short and long-term results
(Going to be used by South in civil war argument)
61. Federalist Versus Democratic-Republicans
A. Federalists built enduring political and
financial foundations (Hamilton)
B. Diplomats kept U.S. out of war and
signed advantageous treaties with
Britain, France, and Spain.
62. C. Preserved democratic gains of
Revolution; held back anarchy
D. Federalist demise result of inability to
adapt to changes in US
1. Westward movement dictated
fresh policies. (Hinterland anti-federalist)
2. Unwilling to adjust and appeal to
the common people.
63. Thomas Jefferson at Natural B ridge, by
Caleb Boyle,
ca. 1801 A great statesman, Jefferson
wrote his own epitaph: “Here was buried
Thomas Jefferson, Author of the
Declaration of Independence, of the
Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom,
and Father of the University of Virginia.”
Lackey and weak voiced appealed to middle class,
“underprivileged,” Agrarians
“traitor to his class” --?
Demanded weak Central Government
“necessary evil”
“merchants are not special
Rule by the “people”
education prior to suffrage
Landless and uneducated threat to republic
Championed Freedom of press and speech
66. BB ig Bill of Rights
JJ olly Judiciary Act
HH amilton Hamilton’s Financial Plan
FF inds French Revolution
NN ervous Neutrality Proclamation
JJ efferson Jay Treaty
EE ntering Election of 1796
XX –Men’s XYZ Affair
QQ uarters Quasi War
AA ngering Alien and Sedition Acts
WW hite Washington’s Legacy
67. XI. Review
A. Domestic Policy
1. Bill of Rights/ Judiciary Act
2. Hamilton’s financial plan
3. Jeffersonian opposition to
Hamilton
4. Westward Expansion
5. Alien and Sedition Acts
--Virginia and Kentucky
Resolutions
6. Washington’s legacies
68. B. Foreign Policy
1. French Revolution creates split into
two political parties
a. Neutrality Proclamation, 1793
b. Jay Treaty, 1795
2. Pinckney Treaty, 1795
3. Quasi-war with France, 1798-1800
a. XYZ Affair, 1797
b. Convention of 1800
C. “Revolution of 1800”
Notas del editor
U.S. Treasury Department building with the statue of Alexander Hamilton in front
