Printer Ready Fall Comprehensive Catalog_2016-2017 LOW RES FINAL 8.2.16 cropped
1. SCHOOL YEAR 2016-2017 CATALOG
22 NEW
SERIES FOR
Y.A. READERS
Mason Crest, an imprint of National Highlights, Inc.
2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
Living Proud! Growing Up LGBTQ .........................10-11
Families Today ....................................................12-13
Critical World Issues ...........................................14-15
Crime & Detection ...............................................16-17
Safety First...............................................................18
Extreme Survival with the Military..............................19
Special Forces..........................................................20
Gallup Youth Survey: Major Issues & Trends .....................21
Gallup Guides for Youth Facing Persistent Prejudice...21
GLOBAL STUDIES
The Making of the Modern World: 1945 to the Present .22-23
Foundations of Democracy ..................................24-25
Understanding Global Trade & Commerce ............26-27
Understanding Islam ...........................................28-29
Exploring World History............................................30
North American Natural Resources............................31
The United Nations: Leadership and Challenges in a Global World ..32
Feeding the World.....................................................33
Major Forms of World Government ............................33
COUNTRY STUDIES
Social Progress and Sustainability.......................34-35
Major World Cities....................................................36
Major Nations in a Global World: Tradition,Culture,andDailyLife.37
Discovering Central America: History, Politics, and Culture......38
Discovering South America: History, Politics, and Culture .......39
Discovering the Caribbean: History, Politics, and Culture ........40
Major Nations of the Modern Middle East ..................41
Mexico: Leading the Southern Hemisphere ..............................42
Africa: Progress and Problems..................................43
The Evolution of Africa’s Major Nations .....................44
China: The Emerging Superpower ..............................45
Major European Union Nations ..................................45
SPORTS
Inside the World of Sports...................................46-47
All About Professional Football ...........................48-49
The Great Outdoors!............................................50-51
Superstars in the World of Basketball ........................52
Superstars of Soccer English/Spanish .......................53
Superstars of Baseball English/Spanish.....................54
Getting the Edge.......................................................55
Superstars of Professional Football...........................55
MATH & SCIENCE
STEM in Current Events.......................................56-57
Black Achievement in Science.............................58-59
The Solar System.....................................................60
Science Fundamentals .............................................61
Scientists in Action...................................................62
STEM in Sports.........................................................63
Science 24/7............................................................64
Math 24/7 ................................................................65
Wizards of Technology..............................................66
Major Women in Science...........................................67
Solving Crimes with Science: Forensics .....................68
CAREERS & FINANCE
On a Mission ............................................................69
Careers Off the Field.................................................70
Art Today! ................................................................71
Careers With Character .............................................72
Earning $50K - $100K with a High School Diploma
or Less..................................................................73
Young Adult Library of Small Business and Finance....74
New Careers for the 21st Century..............................75
Junior Library of Money ............................................75
DRUGS, FAMILY, HEALTH
Drug Addiction and Recovery...............................76-77
Mental Illnesses and Disorders: AwarenessandUnderstanding..78
Living with a Special Need ........................................79
Downside of Drugs ...................................................80
Causes & Effects of Emotions ...................................81
Young Adult’s Guide to the Science of Health .............82
The State of Mental Illness & Its Therapy ...................83
Illicit & Misused Drugs ..............................................84
Kids with Special Needs............................................85
Kids Have Troubles Too.............................................85
2 Mason Crest, an Imprint of National Highlights | Toll-Free 866.627.2665 | Fax 610.543.3878
3. HIGH-INTEREST READING
Understanding and Caring for Your Pet ................86-87
Wildlife Oddities.......................................................88
Classic Cars and Bikes Collection..............................89
THEMATIC BIOGRAPHIES
The Great Artists Collection ......................................90
Pop Icons.................................................................91
Extraordinary Success with a High School Diploma
or Less..................................................................91
Hip-Hop Artists.........................................................92
Hip-Hop Hitmakers ...................................................92
Superstars of Hip-Hop ..............................................93
RIPLEY’S ENTERTAINMENT
Ripley’s Dare to Look.................................................94
Ripley’s Download the Weird......................................94
Ripley’s Believe It or Not Enter If You Dare..................95
Ripley’s Believe It or Not Strikingly True......................95
AMERICAN STUDIES
Immigration to North America .............................96-97
Major U.S. Historical Wars ........................................98
Let’s Explore the States.............................................99
Patriotic Symbols of America..................................100
Native American Life...............................................101
Major Black Contributions.......................................102
Finding A Voice: Women’s Fight.....................................102
Hispanic Americans: Major Minority ..............................103
How America Became America ...............................104
Daily Life in America in the 1800’s ...........................104
NUTRITION & FITNESS
An Integrated Life of Fitness ...................................105
Understanding Obesity............................................106
Kids & Obesity........................................................107
On My Plate............................................................108
Understanding Nutrition: A Gateway to Physical & Mental Health .108
Mastering Martial Arts............................................109
Junior Martial Arts..................................................109
INFORMATION
Ordering Information...............................................110
Sales Reps .............................................................111
MASON CREST eBOOKS
WE ARE PLEASED TO OFFER MANY OF OUR TITLES AS eBOOKS.
To learn more about eBooks or to place
an order, please contact your local Sales
Representative (see page 111). Our
eBooks are also available from many of
our distributors, including Baker & Taylor,
Davidson Titles, Follett, Mackin, Perma-
Bound, and Sebco.
eBooks:
Single building
site license -
multi-user access
NEW 2016-2017 SERIES
OVER 200 NEW TITLES OFFERED
Check out our website specials and “Look Inside” feature at www.masoncrest.com 3
4. 2016 NEW SERIES
Contemporary Issues
LIVING PROUD! GROWING UP LGBTQ
10 TITLES | 64 PAGES
This remarkable series addresses a wide-range of
questions and concerns that many LGBTQ young people
have in straightforward friendly terms. Each volume
explores a pivotal aspect of LGBTQ experience, offering
support, thorough information, and further resources.
SEE PAGES 10–11
CRITICAL WORLD ISSUES
16 TITLES | 112 PAGES
The CRITICAL WORLD ISSUES series covers some of the
most controversial subjects affecting our lives today. Each
title examines facts, arguments, and opinions from around
the globe, using stories of individuals and case studies to
make the information come alive for young readers.
SEE PAGES 14–15
FAMILIES TODAY
12 TITLES | 48 PAGES
“What is a family?” What used to seem like a simple
question has grown ever more complex. This new series
explores the different types of family structures that have
become increasingly common in the 21st century.
SEE PAGES 12–13
CRIME & DETECTION
20 TITLES | 96 PAGES
Crime, the detection of criminals, and the punishment of
offenders, has taken many forms throughout history, and
these 20 volumes examine the subject from every angle.
Find out how the judicial system and methods of crime
solving have evolved right up to the cyber age.
SEE PAGES 16–17
4 Mason Crest, an Imprint of National Highlights | Toll-Free 866.627.2665 | Fax 610.543.3878
5. 22 NEW
SERIES FOR
Y.A. READERS
PREVIEW
We Have
Been Busy!
STEM IN CURRENT EVENTS
10 TITLES | 64 PAGES
Whether in energy, transportation, medicine, or even
entertainment, STEM skills are changing our world . .
. every day. Keep up on the latest developments—and
SEE PAGES 56–57
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
7 TITLES | 48 PAGES
Earth is part of the amazing and vast Solar System, and
this series takes readers on a planet-by-planet fly-by. THE
insight, and easy-to-follow diagrams for students trying to
SEE PAGE 60
BLACK ACHIEVEMENT IN SCIENCE
10 TITLES | 64 PAGES
Great achievements, innovations, and inventions have
been recorded both in recent times and in the past by
men and women of color, and this series celebrates their
work and lives.
SEE PAGES 58–59
SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS
4 TITLES | 48 PAGES
An understanding of science helps young people
to answer questions about the world around them.
introduction to four important areas of science: Energy,
Life, Space, and Time.
SEE PAGE 61
Math & Science
Preview Continued
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6. NEW SERIES PREVIEW
Global & Country Studies
THE MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD:
1945 TO THE PRESENT
9 TITLES | 64 PAGES
Since the end of World War II, the world has transformed in
profound, far-reaching ways. This title offers students an accessible
guide to these transformations. In a compelling narrative style, the
human story of our planet’s most recent history comes to life.
SEE PAGES 22–23
FOUNDATIONS OF DEMOCRACY
8 TITLES | 64 PAGES
of the world. At the same time, the true meaning and
character of democracy has never been so extensively
tested. This new series will take a global view of the
fundamental cornerstones of this form of government.
SEE PAGES 24–25
UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL TRADE & COMMERCE
7 TITLES | 80 PAGES
The world has become a global marketplace. Large
volumes of goods, services, ideas, money, and technology
are transported throughout the world, affecting the lives
of billions of people in the process. Titles in this series will
help students gain a deeper understanding of international
issues and concerns related to the global economy.
SEE PAGES 26–27
6 Mason Crest, an Imprint of National Highlights | Toll-Free 866.627.2665 | Fax 610.543.3878
7. UNDERSTANDING ISLAM
8 TITLES | 112 PAGES
The religion known as Islam emerged on the Arabian
Peninsula during the seventh century and spread quickly.
Today, the Muslim population is estimated at 1.6 billion,
making it the world’s second-largest religion.
SEE PAGES 28–29
SOCIAL PROGRESS AND SUSTAINABILITY
10 TITLES | 80 PAGES
While introducing young readers to the pressing concerns
of life and sustainable development in every region of
the world, the series includes social studies topics and
pertinent coverage of core history.
SEE PAGES 34–35
EXPLORING WORLD HISTORY
8 TITLES | 48 PAGES
In this series, each book covers a major geographical
or political region of the world and tells not only its
early history, but traces the intersecting ways that it has
changed in response to world events.
SEE PAGE 30
MAJOR WORLD CITIES
8 TITLES | 48 PAGES
Each stop on this world tour of cities includes in-depth
looks at history, culture, personalities, and architecture.
Read about how city dwellers live, eat, and play . . . and
explore the pathways through time that created the
important sites within each of these cities.
SEE PAGE 36
Preview Continued
Global & Country Studies
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8. NEW SERIES PREVIEW
Drugs, Family
& Health
DRUG ADDICTION AND RECOVERY
13 TITLES | 64 PAGES
Addiction, once viewed as a shameful secret, is now widely
understood to be a brain disease that can be treated. This
series explores the many facets of this complex topic and
provides students with the facts they need to navigate the
choppy waters of drug use and abuse in their daily lives.
SEE PAGES 76–77
IMMIGRATION TO NORTH AMERICA
11 TITLES | 112 PAGES
Some of the books in this series focus on the experiences
volumes look at immigration-related issues, such as the
status of refugees or the deportation process.
SEE PAGES 96–97
“Sidebars can be found in almost every chapter augmenting the
dietary information presented. This series also includes extra features
such as “text-dependent questions” which are designed to send the
reader back to the text for more attention to facts presented, as well
as a “words to understand” section prior to each chapter which is
designed to increase the reader’s understanding”
-Library Media Connection
“The concise, engaging writing is aptly accented by symbols that alert
readers to special vocabulary words.” -School Library Journal
“The sidebars and illustrations supplement the text well and the
research project suggestions are especially useful for students and
teachers.” -VOYA
KEY ICONS TO LOOK FOR:
American
Studies
each chapter - then
words to understand
are emboldened to
refer back to.
Words to
Understand
Series Glossary
of Key Terms
A back-of-the-book
glossary covering
terminology used
throughout the
entire series.
Text-Dependent
Questions
End-of-chapter
questions which
strengthen reader
comprehension.
Research
Projects
Project suggestions
that encourage
deep analysis of
chapter content.
Sidebars
Additional topical
information to
broaden knowledge
and understanding.
Educational
Videos
Scan and view short
videos to learn and
supplement the text.
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9. INSIDE THE WORLD OF SPORTS
13 TITLES | 80 PAGES
Take a look back in history at the origins and evolution of
13 major sports... read about the modern day stars and
the up-and-coming athletes… and join the discussion of
how fans truly gauge greatness as authors compare some
of the sport’s top athletes from its inception to today.
SEE PAGES 46–47
THE GREAT OUTDOORS!
10 TITLES | 48 PAGES
In each book in this series, readers will
be inspired to try a new activity that they
can’t do with a smartphone.
SEE PAGES 50–51
ALL ABOUT PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL
10 TITLES | 64 PAGES
Professional football is by nearly every measure the most
popular, important, and successful sports league in American
history. Books in this series were written by veteran journalists
SEE PAGES 48–49
SEE PAGE 88
Turn the Page and Get Started
High Interest Reading
SEE PAGES 86–86
UNDERSTANDING AND CARING
FOR YOUR PET
12 TITLES | 128 PAGES
The authors cover how to choose a pet,
how to make sure it has a safe home,
how to keep it healthy and happy, and
how to make it part of your family’s life.
WILDLIFE ODDITIES
5 TITLES | 32 PAGES
This series gives readers a look inside the
strange, mysterious and amazing world
of these living organisms. Experience the
marvels of nature and learn the most odd,
interesting and unusual facts about all of
these living creatures.
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10. Mason Crest, an Imprint of National Highlights | Toll-Free 866.627.2665 | Fax 610.543.387810
LIVING PROUD!
GROWING UP LGBTQ
These comprehensive guides engage readers on the major issues and
challenges facing LGBTQ youth. Each volume explores a pivotal aspect
of LGBTQ experience, offering support, thorough information, and
further resources. From coming out to friends and family to engaging
in politics and maintaining physical and mental health, this remarkable
series addresses a wide-range of questions and concerns that many
LGBTQ young people have in straightforward friendly terms.
LIVING PROUD! IS NOT JUST THE NAME OF THE SERIES BUT THE GOAL FOR EVERY ONE
OF ITS READERS.
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FAMILIES TODAY
-
13
more good than bad. After all, if very few people live like the Cleavers anyway,
isn’t it better to be honest about that fact? Surely, holding up the traditional
family as an ideal to which all should aspire only serves to stigmatize kids whose
lives differ from that standard. After all, no children can be held responsible for
whatever family they find themselves in; all they can do is grow up as best they
can. These books take the position that every family—no matter what it looks
like—has the potential to be a successful family.
That being said, challenges and difficulties arise in every family, and nontradi-
tional ones are no exception. For example, single parents tend to be less well off
financially than married parents are, and this has long-term impacts on their children.
Meanwhile, teenagers who become parents tend to let their educations suffer, which
damages their income potential and career possibilities, as well as risking the future
educational attainment of their babies. There are some 400,000 children in the foster
care system at any given time. We know that the uncertainty of foster care creates
real challenges when it comes to both education and emotional health.
Furthermore, some types of “nontraditional” families are ones we wish did not
have to exist at all. For example, an estimated 1.6 million children experience home-
lessness at some point in their lives. At least 40 percent of homeless kids are lesbian,
gay, bisexual, or transgender teens who were turned out of their homes because of
their orientation. Meanwhile, the United States incarcerates more people than any
other nation in the world—about 2.7 million kids (1 in 28) have an incarcerated par-
ent. It would be absurd to pretend that such situations are not extremely stressful
and, often, detrimental to kids who have to survive them.
The goal of this set, then, is twofold. First, we’ve tried to describe the history
and shape of various nontraditional families in such a way that kids who aren’t
familiar with them will be able to not only understand, but empathize. We also
present demographic information that may be useful for students who are dip-
ping their toes into introductory sociology concepts.
Second, we have tried to speak specifically to the young people who are
living in these nontraditional families. The series strives to address these kids as
8
sympathetically and supportively as possible. The volumes look at some of the
typical problems that kids in these situations face, and where appropriate, they
offer advice and tips for how these kids might get along better in whatever situa-
tion confronts them.
Obviously, no single book—whether on disability, the military, divorce, or
some other topic—can hope to answer every question or address every prob-
lem. To that end, a “Further Reading” section at the back of each book attempts
to offer some places to look next. We have also listed appropriate crisis hotlines,
for anyone with a need more immediate than can be addressed by a library.
Whether your students have a project to complete or a problem to solve, we
hope they will be able to find clear, empathic information about nontraditional
families in these pages.
—H. W. Poole
Meeting challenges and overcoming them together can make families stronger.
9
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t. It would be absurd to
d, often, detrimental to
The goal of this set, t
d shape of various non
miliar with them will be
esent demographic inf
Actual Text Size
“What is a family?” What used to seem like a simple question has grown
ever more complex. Must a true family have two parents? What about a
family with two moms or two dads? With only grandparents? With teen
parents? What if parents are of different racial backgrounds, or if they are
of a family? How does having a family member in the military affect
everyone in the home? What happens to a family when one member is in
jail? How do mental and physical challenges affect family arrangements?
The new series, Families Today, explores the different types of family
structures that have become increasingly common in the 21st century.
THE BOOKS PROVIDE NOT ONLY OBJECTIVE DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION BUT ALSO FRIENDLY,
ACCESSIBLE ADVICE FOR KIDS WITH “NONTRADITIONAL” FAMILIES.
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CRITICAL
WORLD ISSUES
The CRITICAL WORLD ISSUES series covers some of the most
controversial subjects affecting our lives today. Each title examines
facts, arguments, and opinions from around the globe, using stories
of individuals and case studies to make the information come alive
for young readers. The 112-page books each include 40 to 50 color
photographs, maps, and graphics that will help student readers put
major events into historical perspective.
TIMELINES, GLOSSARIES, PRINT AND WEB SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION,
TEXT-DEPENDENT QUESTIONS, PROJECT AND REPORT IDEAS, AND A USEFUL INDEX ARE
INCLUDED WITH EACH TITLE.
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CRIME & DETECTION
Crime, the detection of criminals, and the punishment of
offenders, has taken many forms throughout history, and
these 20 volumes examine the subject from every angle.
Find out how the judicial system and methods of crime
solving have evolved right up to the cyber age. Explore
the development of punishments through the ages, from
the biblical notion of an “eye for an eye” to modern penal
systems that emphasize rehabilitation over penalty.
DISCOVER THE TERRIBLE PUNISHMENTS OF TIMES PAST AND PRESENT, FROM THE “DEATH OF
A THOUSAND CUTS” AND THE CRUEL AND FIENDISH TORTURES OF THE SPANISH INQUISITION,
TO CONTEMPORARY CAPITAL PUNISHMENT.
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-
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THE MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD:
1945 TO THE PRESENT
Since the end of World War II, the world has transformed in profound,
far-reaching ways. The dismantling of European empires after the war
between superpowers. As the Cold War heated up, two ideologies—
capitalism and communism—shaped daily life and international affairs.
And as it wound down, a tidal wave of globalization wrought new
and the poor, between the Global South and the Global North.
Tunnel Vision
By the end of the decade, government funding for Big Science began to wane as busi-
ness took a more active role in research, engineering, and technological innovation.
Given the freedom that private enterprises were allowed in Western countries, they
had advantages over the state-controlled scientists in the Soviet Bloc. When engi-
neers began tunneling under the English Channel, for instance, to connect Great
Britain with France with a high-speed rail line, private enterprise, not the govern-
ment, footed the bill.
Referred to as the “Chunnel,” a combination of “channel” and “tunnel,” the
31-mile (50-km) tunnel was a collaborative effort between French and British
companies. In Great Britain, the money for the project came from two banks and
five construction companies, while in France, three banks and five construction
companies helped pay the bills. Completed in 1994, the Chunnel today is used by
20 million people a year.
A Eurostar train as it emerges from the Chunnel
on the French side in Coquelles, near Calais.
CHAPTER 4 39
PCs Grow Up
In the world of computing, private enterprise clearly held
the reins: a number of companies in the United States—
some small and new, some large and established—began
producing personal computers. Once the domain of hob-
byists, PCs began popping up in homes, businesses, and
government offices. Every year companies released new and
better models, making the computer industry a cutthroat
business. Computers became smarter, more powerful, and
easier to use. People, universities, businesses, and govern-
ments began using them on an unprecedented scale.
In 1981, IBM introduced a PC that turned the comput-
ing world on its head. The computer came with two floppy
drives, a color monitor, and a dot matrix printer. By the fol-
lowing year, the computer had become such an important
part of life that Time magazine named it “Man of the Year,”
beating out Ronald Reagan and Prime Minister Margaret
Thatcher of Britain.
“Computers were once regarded as distant, ominous
abstractions, like Big Brother,” the magazine wrote. “In
1982, they truly became personalized, brought down to
scale, so that people could hold, prod and play with them.”
Bioengineering
As the computer continued to leave its mark on the world,
scientists were making incredible breakthroughs in bioen-
gineering. One of the most remarkable accomplishments
was the ability to create new drugs using genetic material.
The first to do it were William Rutter and Pablo
Valenzuela of the University of California, who in 1981
produced a bioengineered vaccine against hepatitis B.
Until then, conventional hepatitis vaccines were made
from the blood of those infected with the virus. That tech-
nique, however, presented scientists with problems. Blood
could contain an undetected virus. Moreover, there wasn’t
enough plasma to meet the demand for the vaccine.
By genetically engineering vaccines, scientists avoided
the use of human blood. Instead, researchers inserted a
gene from the hepatitis B virus into yeast cells. Those cells
AN EASY
INTERFACE
In the early days of personal
computing, people typed in MS-DOS
commands on a blank screen to
operate their computers and access
information on them. But Bill Gates
and Paul Allen had something
different in mind. In 1985, Gates
and Allen’s company, Microsoft,
came out with its first version of
Microsoft Windows, which rendered
MS-DOS nearly obsolete.
Windows, however, was not the
first operating system to intro-
duce the graphical user interface,
or GUI. Apple introduced its
now-iconic Macintosh computer
in 1984. And while the first Macs
didn’t take off as quickly as the
early IBM–based PCs did, they
were the first to give people
an easy way to interact with a
computer.
An early Apple Macintosh
computer, from around 1984.
Actual Text Size
he most remarkable acc
ate new drugs using gen
it were William Rutt
University of California,
ineered vaccine agains
tional hepatitis vaccin
ose infected with the vi
ented scientists with pr
detected virus Moreove
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THE MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD: 1945 TO THE PRESENT OFFERS STUDENTS AN
ACCESSIBLE GUIDE TO THESE TRANSFORMATIONS. IN A COMPELLING NARRATIVE STYLE,
THE HUMAN STORY OF OUR PLANET’S MOST RECENT HISTORY COMES TO LIFE.
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CORRUPTION AND TRANSPARENCY
10
G
overnments are institutions created to make and enforce decisions on a wide
variety of issues. These decisions range from establishing a minimum age for
marriage to whether or not to declare war on another nation. Governments
also gather and distribute resources and regulate aspects of everyday life. For instance,
governments collect taxes and use that money to pay for programs such as education.
They also decide how long a person should attend school.
For much of human history, governments existed mainly to benefit a small group
of elites who held all or most of the political power. These elites used governments
to increase their wealth and become more powerful. Rulers were often corrupt and
dishonest. They used force to remain in power. However, the rise of democracy as
a political system made governments more accountable to their citizens. Through
elections, people were able to express approval or disapproval of their government’s
decisions and performance. Therefore, elected officials had to be responsive to the
needs and desires of voters. Also, as democracy spread, people demanded more
accountability from their elected officials. Citizens want a government that is open and
honest, and that serves the needs of the community.
Principles of Good Governance
All citizens of a country have a right to good governance. This does not mean that a
government will always make decisions that its citizens agree with. Instead, it means
that the institution should use the best system to actually make those decisions—one
in which all policy choices are considered, and in which decisions are designed to
provide the most benefits for the most people.
Good governance must be based on openness; this openness is often described
as transparency. People should be able to easily understand how and why a decision
was made. They should be allowed access to the same information, data, and
advice that was used by governments to enact choices. Citizens should also have
an opportunity to participate in the process by expressing their opinions and
CHAPTER ONE: WHAT IS GOOD GOVERNANCE?
11
Supporters of Ireland’s same-sex marriage law celebrate in Dublin on May 23, 2015. Ireland was
the first country in the world to pass marriage equality via a referendum.
Actual Text Size
sted mainly to benefit a small gro
er. These elites used governments
ful. Rulers were often corrupt and
owever, the rise of democracy as
ntable to their citizens. Through
disapproval of their government’s
ficials had to be responsive to the
pread, people demanded moreActual Text Size
FOUNDATIONS
OF DEMOCRACY
THE NEW SERIES, FOUNDATIONS OF
DEMOCRACY, WILL TAKE A GLOBAL
VIEW OF THE FUNDAMENTAL
CORNERSTONES OF THIS FORM
OF GOVERNMENT THAT WINSTON
CHURCHILL FAMOUSLY CALLED
“THE WORST POLITICAL SYSTEM
EXCEPT FOR ALL THE OTHERS.”
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UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL
TRADE & COMMERCE
Global Trade in the Modern World24
tracks crisscrossed continents. The US transcontinental railroad was
completed in 1869. Workers finished the Canadian-Pacific transconti-
nental railroad in 1885. These lines connected inland production
facilities with coastal ports.
Advancements in inland water travel also connected producers to
markets. The Erie Canal, completed in 1825, linked the US agricultur-
al center—the Midwest—to New York and the Atlantic Ocean.
Likewise, the Suez Canal, finished in 1869 in Egypt, bridged the
Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. This 102-mile (164-km) canal
eliminated the route around Africa to reach the Indian Ocean. Before
the canal, steamships could not travel from Europe to Asia because
the African route required more coal than the ships could carry. The
Suez Canal marked the replacement of sailing ships with steamships
in commercial transportation.
Another innovation added fresh food to the world market.
Refrigeration by ice blocks was first developed in the 1830s. By 1870
Nineteenth-century improvements in transportation, such as railroads and steamships,
made it easier to move trade goods to different markets.
The First Age of Globalization 25
US ranchers sent meat to Europe. A decade later, refrigerated ships
traveled to Europe from as far away as Brazil and Australia. The abil-
ity to keep food cool connected the meat industries in these countries
to large European populations.
The invention of the telegraph brought markets even closer
together. A telegraph message crossed the Atlantic Ocean for the first
time in 1858. Before that, producers and purchasers in America and
Europe had to wait ten days to learn the prices of goods on the other
side of the Atlantic. Ten days was the length of an Atlantic crossing
by steamship. By contrast, the telegraph carried market information
in a matter of seconds.
The explosion of transportation and communication technology in
the nineteenth century drove down prices. The lower prices increased
consumer demand as more people could afford to buy small luxuries.
Overseas trade helped fuel the Industrial Revolution by expanding the
consumer market.
Free Trade’s Winners and Losers
Open markets led to better products and lower prices around the
world. But not everyone benefited from global competition. European
farmers struggled when food prices fell due to cheap crops coming
from the New World. As a result, many farmers left the countryside
and began to work in city factories.
The way the world market worked in the nineteenth century con-
firms an idea developed by two economists in 1941. Wolfgang Stolper
and Paul Samuelson came up with the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem to
explain why some countries support free trade and some do not.
According to the theorem, nations with scarce land, labor, or funds
support trade restrictions that protect their limited resources.
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from the New World. As a
and began to work in city fa
The way the world mark
firms an idea developed by t
and Paul Samuelson came u
explain why some countri
According to the theorem,
support trade restrictionsActual Text Size
The world has become a global marketplace. Large
volumes of goods, services, ideas, money, and
technology are transported throughout the world,
affecting the lives of billions of people in the process.
The new series UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL TRADE
& COMMERCE will provide readers with a greater
understanding of international trade and how the
global marketplace functions. Titles in this series
will help students gain a deeper understanding of
international issues and concerns related to the
global economy.
THESE INTERESTING AND FACTUAL VOLUMES ARE SUPPLEMENTED WITH
NUMEROUS COLOR PHOTOGRAPHS AND MAPS, AS WELL AS A CHRONOLOGY,
GLOSSARY OF TERMS, A GUIDE TO ADDITIONAL RESOURCES FOR MORE
INFORMATION, TEXT-DEPENDENT QUESTIONS AND REPORT IDEAS, AND AN INDEX.
28. 28 Mason Crest, an Imprint of National Highlights | Toll-Free 866.627.2665 | Fax 610.543.3878
UNDERSTANDING
ISLAM
The religion known as Islam emerged on the Arabian
Peninsula during the seventh century and spread
quickly. Today, the Muslim population is estimated
at 1.6 billion, making it the world’s second-largest
religion. The new series UNDERSTANDING ISLAM
provides a comprehensive overview of the religion
and its teachings; individual volumes discuss such
important issues as the relationship of Islam to
other major world faiths, the growth of Islam in
North America, and the socio-economic conditions of
countries in the Muslim world.
THE EIGHT VOLUMES IN THIS SERIES ARE SUPPLEMENTED WITH A VARIETY OF
USEFUL RESOURCES, INCLUDING A CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RELATED TO THE
COUNTRY, RECIPES AND IDEAS FOR PROJECTS AND REPORTS, A GLOSSARY OF
TERMS, SOURCES FOR MORE INFORMATION, AND A DETAILED INDEX.
permitted to make the journey, the hajj marks a high point of
their lives.
The pilgrims’ ultimate destination is the shrine known as the
Kaaba, an ancient place of worship that is believed by Muslims to
have been the site of Allah’s covenant with Abraham’s son
Ishmael. Muhammad cleansed the Kaaba of tribal idols, reclaim-
ing it for Allah and restoring it to its rightful place, according to
Qur’an 22: 26–27:
Behold! We gave the site to Abraham, of the (Sacred) House, (saying),
“Associate not anything (in worship) with Me, and sanctify My House for
those who compass it round, or stand up, or bow, or prostrate themselves
(therein in prayer). And proclaim the Pilgrimage among people.”
32 ISLAM: CORE BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
The Kaaba can be seen at the far end of the Great Mosque in Mecca. Each year, approximately 2 million Muslims par-
ticipate in the pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the five pillars of Islam.
Some of the hajj rituals are rooted in pre-Islamic pilgrimage prac-
tices. Among the rituals are walking counter-clockwise around the
Kaaba seven times, kissing or touching the black stone located in a
wall of the Kaaba, and sacrificing an animal in Mina, ten miles away
from Mecca. By including certain tribal practices, Muhammad cre-
ated a link with the past that helped unite Arab Muslims from vari-
ous backgrounds into a coherent Islamic community. Pilgrims also
reenact Ishmael and his mother Hagar’s desperate search for water
in the desert, running between Safa and Marwah seven times.
Other rituals symbolize the unity of the global Muslim com-
munity. The central ritual of the hajj involves praying and medi-
tating for an entire day on the Plain of Arafat, about 12 miles from
Mecca, where Muhammad gave his last message. This is followed
by a trip to Mina for the animal sacrifice, where pilgrims first
crowd onto Jamarat Bridge and throw pebbles at pillars that rep-
resent the devil.
Pilgrims to Mecca symbolize their purification for the journey
in their appearance. Men wear sandals and wrap themselves in two
pieces of unsewn white cloth; some shave their heads. Women
wear a simple version of their normal clothing or a long white
dress, with only their hands and faces showing. These plain gar-
ments symbolize the equality of all before Allah—during the pil-
grimage, no class or cultural differences are to exist.
The hajj period ends with a three-day festival called Eid al-
Adha, or Feast of Sacrifice. The Eid al-Adha is celebrated by all
Muslims around the world at the end of the hajj period, not just
by those actually able to make the journey. It is a time of prayer
and celebration with family and friends. When pilgrims have com-
pleted the hajj, many travel north to Medina, where they visit
Muhammad’s tomb.
The Muslim Community
Muslims throughout the world see themselves as a unified com-
munity; the ties of faith are stronger than family, tribal, or nation-
33CENTRAL BELIEFS
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dress, with only their hands a
ments symbolize the equality
grimage, no class or cultural d
The hajj period ends with
Adha, or Feast of Sacrifice. T
Muslims around the world at
by those actually able to mak
and celebration with family an
pleted the hajj, many travel
Muhammad’s tomb.
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34. 16 AFRICA: NORTHERN AND EASTERN
five years, however, statistical evidence shows that efforts by the governments
and peoples of these countries are beginning to pay off.
When it comes to social progress, one of the SPI’s categories of progress
is Basic Human Needs. This category includes nutrition and basic medical
care, water and sanitation efforts, shelter, and personal safety. In North African
countries,manyofthesebasicneedsareachallengeforpeopletomeet.However,
efforts to improve these needs have begun and continue to be important to local
governments.
Challenges remain when it comes to housing and education in Morocco, but prospects can be
promising amid the abundant range of Mediterranean and tropical fruits and vegetables in
the open-air Weekmarket in Marrakesh.
17BASIC HUMAN NEEDS
NorthAfrica:Basichealthcare,water,andsanitation
When looking at the SPI scores for basic human needs, many of the countries in
North Africa share the same strengths and weaknesses. Algeria, Morocco, and
Tunisia, for example, have stronger scores in basic medical care and water and
sanitation. Similarly, most North African countries, such as Algeria, Egypt, and
Morocco, need to improve most when it comes to shelter and personal safety.
Overall, the Social Progress Imperative considers these countries’ scores as in
the medium range.
Although these countries received their higher scores in the areas of
basic medical care, most African countries are considered the least healthiest
in the world when looking at statistics that include life expectancy at birth, the
number of physicians per 1,000 people in the country, the number of deaths of
children under the age of five per 1,000 live births (child mortality rate), and the
number of deaths of mothers giving birth per 100,000 live births. When these
statistics are considered, most African nations fall behind other countries. The
good news is that many of these measurements are improving. For example, in
Algeria, life expectancy in 2010 was 72. By 2013 it had increased to 73, and by
2015 it was 76. In Egypt life expectancy was 73 in 2010 and 74 in 2015.
The infant mortality rate in many North African countries is also
improving. In Libya, for example, the number of deaths of children under
the age of five per 1,000 live births was 14 in 2010. By 2013 that number had
decreased to 12, and it was 11 by 2015. In Morocco that number changed from
29 in 2010 to 26 by 2013, and 23 by 2015. In Sudan these figures decreased
between 2010 and 2013, but they are much higher than in Libya and Morocco.
There were 55 deaths of children under the age of five per 1,000 live births in
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SOCIAL PROGRESS
AND SUSTAINABILITY
This 10-volume series is a unique primer for students
and educators interested in how people around the
world experience everyday life. Highlighting the issues
of shelter and resources, nutrition and health, education
and economic opportunity, and political rights, this
prosperity, particularly the Social Progress Index of the
Social Progress Imperative.
AN INSPIRING INTRODUCTION BY SOCIAL PROGRESS IMPERATIVE EXECUTIVE
DIRECTOR MICHAEL GREEN ACCOMPANIES EACH VOLUME. WHILE INTRODUCING
YOUNG READERS TO THE PRESSING CONCERNS OF LIFE AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT IN EVERY REGION OF THE WORLD, THE SERIES INCLUDES SOCIAL
STUDIES TOPICS AND PERTINENT COVERAGE OF CORE HISTORY.
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ria, life expectancy in 2010
it was 76. In Egypt life expe
The infant mortality rate
oving. In Libya, for examp
ve per 1,000 live bir
eased to 12, and it was 11 b
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ge of fi