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Biomimicry as a tool for sustainable products and processes
- 1. BIOMIMICRY AS A TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES MEGHANA ROSE JOSEPH 2017-17-006 DEPT. OF NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1
- 3. Contents What is biomimicry? Principles Steps in biomimicry Approaches of biomimicry Mimicking of forms Mimicking of process Mimicking of ecosystem Cities that functions as forests!! Important institutions and organizations related to biomimicry Case studies Conclusion
- 4. What is Biomimicry? “ Biomimicry is learning from and then emulating natural forms, processes and ecosystems to create more sustainable designs.” (Benyus, 1997) 4
- 5. 5 (Pattantyus et al., 2013)
- 6. 6 She popularized biomimicry through her book in 1997. "I wish we had been at the design table at the Industrial Revolution."
- 7. PRINCIPLES OF BIOMIMCRY 1. RUNS ON SUNLIGHT, 2. USES ONLY THE ENERGY IT NEEDS, 3. FITS FORM TO FUNCTION, 4. RECYCLES EVERYTHING, 5. REWARDS COOPERATION, 6. BANKS ON DIVERSITY, 7. DEMANDS LOCAL EXPERTISE, 8. CURBS EXCESSES FROM WITHIN, AND 9. TAPS THE POWER OF LIMITS 7 Nine principles can be identified as underlying nature’s designs. NATURE, (Benyus, 1997)
- 8. 8(Kenny et al., 2012)
- 9. STEPS IN BIOMIMICRY • Step 1: Problem definition • Step 2: Reframe the problem • Step 3: Biological solution search • Step 4: Define the biological solution • Step 5: Principle extraction • Step 6: Principle application 9 (Hastrich, 2005) (Helms et al., 2009)
- 10. Deep/ hollistic biomimicry Shallow/ reductive biomimicry Mimicking of natural form Mimicking of natural process Mimicking of natural ecosystem (Volstad, 2008) APPROACHES 10
- 11. 11 MIMICKING OF NATURAL FORMS
- 12. • Shallow/ reductive biomimicry • Forms that present in nature which provide inspiration to make designs adaptable to human needs • Requires thinking about the patterns, shapes or structures that occur in the natural world and how these can be applied to human design 12 (Kenny et al., 2012)
- 13. Lotus leaf • Application of nanotechnology • Imitating the surface on other materials to make it hydrophobic 13 (Koch and Barthlott, 2009)
- 14. Velcro-Burr • Velcro was invented by George de Mestral in 1941 and was inspired by the burrs he found on himself and on his dog after trekking • Hooks of the burr and loops of the fur/fabric allowed the burr to adhere exceedingly well (Gallo, 2018) 14
- 15. 15 MIMICKING OF NATURAL PROCESSES
- 16. • This is a step towards deeper or holistic biomimicry, as production and sustaining processes found in nature do not harm nature. • This view involves considering the whole way in which nature manages to produce without damaging the environment, through considering everything as part of a whole system. (Volstad, 2008) 16
- 18. 19
- 19. 20 MIMICKING OF NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS
- 20. • Classified as deep or holistic biomimicry • This may work by a group of very different companies benefiting from each other’s residual by-products, where the waste or by-product from one company becomes an important resource to one or several of the other companies. 21 (Volstad, 2008)
- 21. Waste water treatment An Eco-Machine is a custom-built wastewater treatment system inspired by living ecosystems. 22(asknature.org) Eco-Machine at the University of Vermont’s Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources. Eco-Machine at the Omega Center for Sustainable Living, New York
- 22. Cities that functions as forests Forests for sustainable cities 23
- 23. Cities that functions as forests! As a tropical rainforest with high diversity and complex process where it deal with everything own its own, the modern cities can function on its own dealing with everything own its own like, climate, water problems, pollution etc. 24
- 24. • Urban areas behave a lot like complex natural systems: they have interconnected components such as buildings, streets, and sewer systems—like birds, plants, and insects all living within the same tree • Cities themselves must be viewed as complex ecological systems and this attitude must include any approach to designing cities and managing their use of resources. 25 (Spiegelhalter and Arch, 2010)
- 25. • The biomimicry institute • Biomimicry 3.8 • Asknature.org 26
- 26. The number of times that one of the six operations (substance, structure, energy, space, time, and information) is manipulated to control a problem versus the size at which the problem has occurred, comparing (a) technology and (b) biology (Julian et al., 2006) 27 Nature Vs Technology Fig. 1.
- 27. 28 Fig. 2.
- 28. 29 Fig. 3.
- 29. CASE STUDY-1 “There are agents in Nature able to make the particles of bodies stick together with very strong attraction and it is the business of experimental philosophy to find them out.” – Sir Isaac Newton 30 Wood glue without formaldehyde
- 30. • The adhesive pads of byssal threads contain at least half a dozen different proteins, also called Marine Adhesive Proteins (MAPs). • Using these adhesive compounds, mussels can adhere to nearly any substrate. • The attachment is versatile and tough, despite continual exposure to salt water and shearing forces. • The mussel’s tenacious grip has inspired new wood glue technology called PureBond® that is nontoxic and sustainable, leading the way for innovation in the wood products industry 31 (Liu Y and Li K., 2002)
- 31. 32 PureBond® Formaldehyde-free Hardwood Plywood Technology Dr. Kaichang Li Soy protein and marine adhesive proteins had complementary features, making them ideal partners Columbia Forest Products MARINE ADHESIVE PROTEIN SOY PROTEIN Expensive Inexpensive Not readily available Abundant and renewable Strong Low adhesive strength Water- resistant Low water-resistance High resistant to biological degradation Easily degraded
- 32. CASE STUDY-2 FOREST FLOOR-CARPET RANDOM PATTERNS “Nobody ever visits the forest and thinks that the colors and patterns clash.” -David Oakey 33
- 33. PRODUCT Entropy® Non-Directional Carpet Tiles RESEARCHER David Oakey COMPANY InterfaceFLOR, LLC WEBSITE http://www.interfaceflor.co m/Default.aspx?Section=3&Sub=11 SUSTAINABILITY WIN Non-directional carpet tiles with mergeable dye lots EMULATING FORM/PROCESS/SYS TEM Form/Process LIFE’S PRINCIPLE Leverage cyclic processes, Use readily available materials and energy 34
- 34. • This variation means dye lots need not be matched during production carpet tiles can be placed in any order or direction • Individual tiles can be replaced without the need to re-carpet an entire room. • These features greatly reduce manufacturing, installation, and replacement waste 35 (Oakey, 2013)
- 35. CASE STUDY-3 36
- 36. 37 Orb weaver spiders, common worldwide, build their distinctive webs using strands of silk with UV reflective properties. Because birds can see ultraviolet light, the reflective threads prevent them from colliding with and destroying the webs. INSPIRATION (Herberstein and Fleisch, 2003)
- 37. • ORNILUX® Bird Protection Glass Researcher | Arnold Glas Company: ISOLAR www.ornilux.com/history- research.html Reduces bird mortality due to window strikes Form / Process Use multi-functional design; be locally attuned and responsive 38
- 38. CASE STUDY- 4 : Lavasa, Pune 39
- 39. • Lavasa is India’s first hill city being developed by HCC (Hindustan Construction Company) near to Pune where people can live, work, learn and play in harmony with nature • Lavasa is being designed as a set of five small villages with populations between 30,000 and 50,000 • The plan and architecture are intended to create a sustainable framework for urban development in India, where the supply of housing is struggling to keep pace with the country’s swift urbanization. (Harvard magazine, October- 2009) 40
- 40. • Tied up with the biomimicry institute and Janine Benyus • Surveyed the local diversity for ideas to bring eco friendly constructions in the area. • They are designing a building foundation system to store water, as the trees once did during dry season in its original moist deciduous ecosystem. • The problem of where to send overflows during rainy season was solved by seeing the local harvester ants, which divert water away from their nests with multipath, low-grade channels. The site’s master plan will adopt this insect strategy to channel water through the city. 41
- 41. CONCLUSION 42
- 42. Role of foresters and environmentalists • People who are close with nature having good observational abilities • See nature with a different perspective • Conduct workshops to find ideas through nature watching • Preparation of databases • Transfer of ideas for making designs 43
- 43. Biomimicry: A tool for achieving sustainability • The term sustainability doesn’t confer only about keeping resources for future but to live in harmony with the nature • Nature 3.8 billion old R&D department which has tested each and everything to attain sustainability • It connects biology and technology in different aspects • Biomimicry is a fascinating science where ecology meets agriculture, medicine, materials, energy, computing etc and teaches human beings that there is more to discover than to invent ! 44
- 44. THANK YOU !! 45
Notas del editor
- Good afternoon everyone, respected teachers and my friends ..
- She defines Biomimicry as a “New science that studies nature’s models and then imitates or takes inspiration from these designs and processes to solve human problems” Biomimicry can be seen as a supplement to the designers tool kit It has to be pointed out that the label biomimicry is competing with the label ‘biomimetics’ as the name of the professional practice of bio-inspired design. Because, it is not just one goal. And this is what contemporary practitioners and academics keep stumbling over and piling the terms into one category. Historically, ‘bionics’ was invented by an engineer and psychiatrist of the Air Force’s Aerospace Medical Division with emphasis on neuroanatomy. ‘Biomimetics’ was coined by a biomedical engineer who – in the early stages of his career – concentrated on producing a device that explicitly mimicked the electrical action of a nerve. And, finally ‘biomimicry’ was conceived by Janine Benyus, a natural sciences writer with a degree in natural resource management and English literature/writing from Rutgers University. So, if these terms were to be re-examined under the microscope of historical and semantic models, it would become clear that biomimicry ≠ biomimetics ≠ bionics, simply because these movements historically have had different goals and underlying connotations: innovation for the purpose of technological advancement, and innovation for the purpose of social, environmental, and economic sustainability.
- In order to make it clear I would like to show an example where a gecko adhesive system becomes an inspiration for product and fictional ideas. There are many adhesive systems inspired from gecko.. The scientific principles behind the adhesiveness is used for making fictional characters as well as equipments and instruments which are used in making life easy.
- Most of the time there is a lack of biologist in the designing table. Even though biomimicry was present from ages..it was j.benyus who popularized it Ted talks- she popularized BIOLOGIST Industrial revolution - Producers of ecosystem services- explain Many things that exist now wont be the same if a biologist was there at the designing table of industrial revolution New jersy, US
- Conducive- situations favourable for life Benyus, J.M., 1997. Biomimicry: Innovation inspired by nature.
- When designing a product or going for a process- there are some steps which can be followed for getting a sustainable solution Refer PROBLEM SOLVING THROUGH SOLUTION SEARCHING FROM NATURE coworkers
- In line with the explanation of reductive biomimicry, this will help solve a specific problem, but there is no guarantee that is will yield an environmentally sustainable solution. This is pointed out by Bras et al. [5], stating that because biomimicry is an effort to imitate life, and life has proven to be sustainable, it is easy to believe that a biomimetic product will automatically be less ecologically damaging (less unsustainable) than non-biomimietic products. However, test results show that reductive biomimetic products cannot be regarded as more sustainable than the norm [5]
- reductive biomimicry, this will help solve a specific problem, but there is no guarantee that is will yield an environmentally sustainable solution. This is pointed out by Bras et al. [5], stating that because biomimicry is an effort to imitate life, and life has proven to be sustainable, it is easy to believe that a biomimetic product will
- Termite mound
- The earth’s atmosphere has had higher concentrations of CO2 in the past and nature dealt with these high levels of CO2 by a mineralization process whereby marine organisms use CO2 to form calcium carbonate structures that deposit on the ocean floor over time.
- spacious body, low drag, and high stability meant that the boxfish
- Which in turn has lots of products and processes
- Urban forestry has started gain momentum in the recent years. And the theme of international day of forest being forest and sustainable cities. In biomimicry there is another important theory that goes around the cities. Ie, cities that functions as forests. So I would like to bring your attention to both of these concept
- Ted talk given by benyus. Cities can work like a forest in recycling , pollution control. Everything that generate within a forest decomposes and disposed there itself.
- (Spiegelhalter, T., & Arch, R. A. (2010). Biomimicry and circular metabolism for the cities of the future. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 129, 215–226. https://doi.org/10.2495/SC100191)
- Biomimicry 3.8 is the world’s leading bio-inspired consultancy offering biological intelligence consulting, professional training, and inspiration. 3.8 billion years of research and development The biomimicry institute – founded by jannie benyus- in 2006, non profit organization, Montana- promotes the study and imitation of nature’s designs bringing together scientists, engineers, architects and innovators who can use those models to create sustainable technologies. Asknature- A database of biological intelligence –its an open source database- experts from different disciplines biology, design, architecture, engineering or chemistry for instance can share their knowledge and get inspired by nature, making bio- inspired technological breakthroughs
- TRIZ The nature and organization of biology and engineering are very different It appears that biological systems have developed relatively few synthetic processes at low size at which the contribution of energy is significant; but the main variety of function is achieved by manipulations of shape and combinations of materials at larger sizes achieved by high levels of hierarchy, where energy is not an issue
- While bioinspired products will impact the economic performance of fields as diverse as transportation, electronics and food manufacturing, they will also increase employment in these sectors. Reflecting the expected penetration in various industries, bioinspired innovation could generate approximately 2 million jobs by 2030 (see Figure 2). Fermanian Business & Economic Institute and launched in 2011.
- Da vinci index growth- first index to track activity in the field of bioinspiration. The year 2000 was used as a baseline with an index score of 100. The Da Vinci Index in the year 2010 yielded 713. This is a suggested seven-fold rise in biomimicry in just ten years The Da Vinci Index 2.0 (see Figure 3) is estimated to have reached a record high of just over 900 in 2014 (where the year 2000 equals 100), mainly due to a surge in published scholarly articles and steady growth of patents. The strong trend indicates the continued growth of bioinspired research and technology development. which was created by the Fermanian Business & Economic Institute and launched in 2011. This comprehensive database uses advanced methodology and information to measure activity in the field of bioinspiration in the U.S
- On the wave-battered shores of the Oregon coast lives a hardy creature, the blue mussel. This mollusk uses small adhesive threads to attach to rocky surfaces in tidal zones, resisting the erosive forces of water and waves.
- Soybeans are 40% protein and are an abundant and annually renewable resource.13 Dr. Li realized soy protein and marine adhesive proteins had complementary features, making them ideal partners.6,11 Soy protein modified to look like mussel proteins could gain the strength and durability necessary to compete with UF- and PFresins, while the availability of soy could make it cost-effective. Dr. Li tested this idea by chemically modifying soy protein, decorating it with DOPAlike catechols. When he found it to be comparable to formaldehyde-Soy protein-Kymene ® Adhesive used in the PureBond ® Process Formaldehyde-based wood adhesives Traditional Soy-based wood adhesive Low cost Low cost High cost Soy-based (renewable resource) Petroleum-based (non-renewable resource) Soy-based (renewable resource) High strength High strength Low strength Water resistant Water-resistance Low water resistance Non toxic Toxicity Concerns Nontoxic based resins in strength and durability, he started searching for industrial partners to develop a commercial product.11
- Monotonous carpets in the intial years of manufacturing.
- Less waste Ray C. Anderson was named one of Time magazine’s Heroes of the Environment and one of MSNBC.com’s Top 15 Green Business Leaders in 2007e.. Based in Georgia, this award-winning global carpet manufacturer has annual sales exceeding $1.1 billion.20,29,30 InterfaceFLOR has become the world’s largest manufacturer of modular carpet tiles as well as an industry leader in sustainable business practices.2
- To test the windows, a variety of bird species were released inside a 30’ flight tunnel with two glass windowpanes at the far end – one a control pane with standard glass and the other a pane of the test glass. (In total there were 1384 test flights from 2003 to 2010.) The birds then tried to fly out through one of the perceived "openings" (a net protected them from actually striking the glass), and researchers marked each bird’s chosen flight path. The UV-patterned glass significantly reduced bird strikes compared to standard double-glazing.7 (Architecture, G., & Protection, B. (n.d.). Isolar ornilux ®.)
- At a much larger scale, HOK is now designing an 8,000-acre city, Lavasa, in a region of India subject to seasonal flooding from monsoons. The Western Ghats, a mountain range that hems the site on one side, cause storm clouds to empty after their long journey across the plains. Valleys fill up with as much as nine meters of water for three months, but the site remains arid the rest of the year—a condition exacerbated by modern agricultural techniques. HOK’s team determined that the site’s original ecosystem was a moist deciduous forest that in recent times had become an arid landscape. In its original state, trees would have maintained soil quality, stored water through the dry season, and provided a canopy to control evaporation. The team took this as the design’s point of departure. Working with engineering consultancy Buro Happold, they are designing a building foundation system to store water, as the trees once did. And for the future city’s rooftops, the team is borrowing from the unusual morphology of the native banyan fig leaf: its so-called “drip-tip,” a pointed spear at the leaf’s end that doubles water run-off and cleans its own surface in the process. Using the leaf as a model, HOK is developing a tiled shingle system that will shed water in the same way. During the rainy season, however, there is the problem of where to send overflows; for this, HOK looked to local harvester ants, which divert water away from their nests with multipath, low-grade channels. The site’s master plan will adopt this insect strategy to channel water through the city.
- Benyus and her team have partnered with the architecture and planning firm HCC on the master plan for the second of the five villages, Mugaon. Studied the living creatures and plants of the moist, deciduous ecosystem to provide guidance and models for establishing locally attuned design strategies that respond to other challenges of the local biome.
- How biomimicry becomes a tool for sustainable products and processes? The terms Sustainable and Sustainability are used to describe many different approaches toward improving our way of life.