THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #ENDOCRINE,#GLANDS,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER

1. By – SURESH KUMAR ( Nursing Tutor )
PLEASE SUBSCRIBE LIKE AND SHARE

2. Adrenal glands
• The two adrenal glands are found on
the top of each of the two kidneys (one
on each kidney). The right gland is
roughly triangular in shape, and the left,
which is commonly the larger of the
two, is crescent‐shaped. Both glands are
encased in a connective tissue capsule
and embedded in an area of fat.

3. Adrenal glands
• The glands are composed
of two parts which have
different structures and
functions. The outer part
is the cortex and the inner
part the medulla.

4. Adrenal glands
• The adrenal cortex produces three group of steroid
hormones from cholesterol. They are collectively called
adrenocorticocoids (corticosteroids). They are:
• Glucocorticoids
• Mineralocorticoids
• Sex hormones (androgens).

5. Adrenal glands
• Glucocorticoids- The glucocorticoid hormones include:
• 1. Cortisol 2. Cortisone 3.Corticosterone.
• The glucocorticoid hormones have several effects:
• They influence the metabolism of most body cells;
• They promote glycogen storage in the liver;
• During fasting they stimulate the generation of glucose;

6. Adrenal glands
• They increase blood glucose levels;
• They are involved in providing resistance to stressors;
• They promote the repair of damaged tissues by promoting
the breakdown of stored protein to create amino acids;
• They suppress the immune system;
• They suppress inflammatory processes.

7. Adrenal glands
• Mineralocorticoids- Aldosterone is the major
mineralocorticoid. Mineralocorticoids regulate homeostasis
of two mineral ions, namely sodium ions (Na) and
potassium ions (K), and helps adjust blood pressure and
blood volume. Aldosterone also promotes excretion of H in
the urine; this removal of acids from the body can help
prevent acidosis

8. Adrenal glands
• Sex hormones- Sex hormones secreted by the
adrenal cortex are known as androgens
(dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA) and testosterone.)
All have weak effects, but play a role in early
development of the male sex organs in childhood,
and female body hair during puberty.

9. Adrenal glands
• The medulla is completely surrounded by the adrenal
cortex. It develops from nervous tissue in the embryo
and is part of the sympathetic division of the
autonomic nervous system. It is stimulated by its
extensive sympathetic nerve supply to produce the
hormones adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline
(norepinephrine).

10. Adrenal glands
• Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase the output
of the heart, which increases blood pressure. They
also increase blood flow to the heart, liver, skeletal
muscles, and adipose tissue; dilate airways to the
lungs; and increase blood levels of glucose and fatty
acids.

11. Endocrine
pancreas
• The pancreas is a pale grey gland weighing
about 60 grams. It is about 12 to 15 cm
long and is situated in the epigastric and
left hypochondriac regions of the
abdominal cavity. It consists of a head,
body and tail. The pancreas is both as :
• Exocrine gland and
• Endocrine gland.

12. Endocrine
pancreas
• There are groups of specialised cells called the pancreatic islets (islets of
Langerhans). These islets are distributed throughout the gland. The islets
have no ducts so the hormones diffuse directly into the blood. Each islet has
three major cell types, each of which produces a different hormone:
• Alpha cells, which secrete glucagon;
• Beta cells, the most abundant of the three cell types and which secrete
insulin;
• Delta cells, which secrete somatostatin.

13. Endocrine
pancreas
• Glucagon- Glucagon has an important role in maintaining normal blood
glucose levels, especially as the brain and neurones can only use glucose as a fuel.
Glucagon has the opposite effect on blood glucose levels to insulin.
• It timulates the breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver;
• It activates hepatic gluconeogenesis .
• It has a minor effect enhancing triglyceride breakdown in adipose tissue and
providing fatty acidfuel for most cells, and thus conserving glucose for the brain
and neurones.

14. Endocrine
pancreas
• Insulin- Insulin is well known for its effect in reducing the
blood glucose levels. It does this by:
• Facilitating the entry of glucose into muscle, adipose tissue
and several other tissues.
• Stimulating the liver to store glucose in the form of glycogen.
• Insulin also have an effect on protein, lipid andmineral
metabolism

15. Endocrine
pancreas
•Somatostatin- Somatostatin is actually released
by a broad range of tissues. Its physiological
effect in the pancreas is to inhibit the release of
insulin and glucagon; it does this in a paracrine
fashion; that is, the hormone is released and has
its effect locally

16. Pineal gland
• The pineal gland is a small body attached to
the roof of the third ventricle of brain and is
connected to it by a short stalk containing
nerves, many of which terminate in the
hypothalamus. The pineal gland is about 10
mm long, is reddish brown in colour and is
surrounded by a capsule. The gland tends to
atrophy after puberty and may become
calcified in later life.

17. Pineal gland
• Melatonin- This is the main hormone secreted by the pineal gland.
Secretion is controlled by daylight and levels fluctuate during each 24-
hour period, being highest at night and lowest around midday.
Melatonin is believed to be associated with:
• coordination of the circadian and diurnal rhythms of many tissues,
possibly by influencing the hypothalamus and inhibition of growth and
development of the sex organs before puberty, possibly by preventing
synthesis or release of gonadotrophins.

18. Thymus gland
• The thymus is located behind the
sternum between the lungs. It weighs
about 10 to 15 g at birth and grows
until puberty, when it begins to atrophy.
Its maximum weight, at puberty, is
between 30 and 40 g and by middle age
it has returned to approximately its
weight at birth.

19. Thymus gland
• The hormones produced by the thymus—thymosin,
thymic humoral factor (THF), thymic factor (TF), and
thymopoietin. These hormones promote the
maturation of T cells (a type of white blood cell that
destroys microbes and foreign substances) and may
retard the aging process.

20. Gonads
• Gonads are the organs that produce gametes—sperm
in males and oocytes in females. In addition to their
reproductive function, the gonads secrete hormones.
• These are – ovaries in females and
• Testes in males.

21. Ovaries
• The ovaries, paired oval
bodies located in the female
pelvic cavity, produce
several steroid hormones
including two estrogens
(estradiol and estrone) and
progesterone.

22. Ovaries
• These female sex hormones (Projesterone and estrogens),
along with FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary, regulate
the menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, and prepare the
mammary glands for lactation. They also promote enlargement
of the breasts and widening of the hips at puberty, and help
maintain these female secondary sex characteristics.

23. Testes
• The male gonads, the testes,
are oval glands that lie in the
scrotum. The main hormone
produced and secreted by the
testes is testosterone, an
androgen or male sex
hormone

24. Testes
• Testosterone stimulates descent of the testes before
birth, regulates production of sperm, and stimulates the
development and maintenance of male secondary sex
characteristics, such as beard growth and deepening of
the voice. The testes also produce inhibin, which
inhibits secretion of FSH.

25. By – SURESH KUMAR ( Nursing Tutor )