Report: Benefits of Natural Gas Production & Exports for US Small Businesses

The Benefits of Natural Gas
Production and Exports for
U.S. Small Businesses
Raymond J. Keating
Chief Economist
Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council
May 2013
www.sbecouncil.org

Contents
Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
I. United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
II. Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
III. Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
IV. Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
V. North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
VI. Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
VII. Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
VIII. Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
IX. Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
X. Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
XI. West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
XII. Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
XIII. LNG Exports: Expand or Limit Opportunities? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
www.sbecouncil.org

The Benefits of Natural Gas Production and Exports for U.S. Small Businesses | 3
Executive Summary
The U.S. natural gas market has changed dramatically in recent years, as evidenced by a 55 percent decline
in the annual average price of natural gas occurring between 2005 and 2011. While assorted market factors
come into play, this reduction in natural gas prices has been a direct result of expanded natural gas pro-
duction in the U.S. Increased production has been a boon for the energy sector, including for employment
and business growth, especially in those states where natural gas production has expanded, with indirect
benefits across the nation.
increased by 947 percent, due to a combination of hori-
zontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing.
Jobs Growth. For the U.S. overall, while total employment
declined by 3.7 percent from 2005 to 2010, jobs grew by
27.6 percent in the oil and gas extraction sector; by 15.1
percent in the drilling oil and gas wells sector; by 38.5 per-
cent in the support sector for oil and gas operations; by 47
percent in the oil and gas pipeline and related structures
construction sector; and by 62 percent in the oil and gas
field machinery and equipment manufacturing sector.
Small Business Growth. Meanwhile, the same contrast
held in terms of changes in the number of businesses,
including small business. For all of the U.S., total employer
firms declined by 4.2 percent from 2005 to 2010, including
a 3.7 percent decline in firms with less than 20 workers, and
a 4.2 percent fall in firms with less than 500 workers. But
within the energy sector, business growth in key industries
has been striking:
• The number of oil and gas extraction employer firms
grew by 3.1 percent, including growth of 2.5 percent
among firms with less than 20 workers and 3 percent
among firms with less than 500 workers.
Export Opportunities. Looking ahead, the opportunity
exists for exporting liquefied natural gas (LNG), given the
large differential in natural gas prices in the U.S. versus else-
where in the world, and rising global demand. Unfortu-
nately, though, there is a movement afoot to have
government limit LNG exports, based on the unfounded
fear that LNG exports will dramatically drive up domestic
natural gas prices. But the economy is not a zero-sum
game. Expanded demand for U.S. natural gas internation-
ally will be a net positive, resulting in greater U.S. natural
gas production, increased investment, enhanced GDP
growth, rising incomes, and more jobs.
Several studies have validated the abundance of domestic
natural gas for international export. The International
Energy Administration recently projected that “the United
States becomes a net exporter of natural gas by 2020 and
is almost self-sufficient in energy, in net terms, by 2035.” In
addition, a recent study for the Brookings Institution noted,
“In their analyses, both Deloitte and EIA found that the
majority – 63 percent, according to both studies – of the
exported natural gas will come from new production as
opposed to displaced consumption from other sectors.”
This report looks at some of the tremendous benefits that
have emerged for the U.S. economy due to a vast expan-
sion in natural gas production in less than a decade. In par-
ticular, this report focuses on the growth in jobs and the
number of small and midsize businesses in key energy sec-
tors, including in states where natural gas production has
increased and where such production is expected to
expand. It follows that the U.S. becoming a leader in meet-
ing global natural gas demand would be a clear benefit to
the overall U.S. economy, and again, particularly in those
states leading the way in natural gas production.
Rising Production. Natural gas production increased by 27
percent from 2005 to 2011. This increase in natural gas has
come from high production levels from shale gas, which
Expanded demand for U.S. natural
gas internationally will be a net
positive, resulting in greater U.S.
natural gas production, increased
investment, enhanced GDP growth,
rising incomes, and more jobs.

4 | The Benefits of Natural Gas Production and Exports for U.S. Small Businesses
• The number of drilling oil and gas wells employer firms
grew by 7.2 percent, including 4.7 percent among firms
with less than 20 workers and 7.3 percent among firms
with less than 500.
• The number of oil and gas operations employer firms
grew by 24.5 percent, including 24.5 percent among
firms with less than 20 workers and 24.6 percent among
firms with less than 500.
• The number of oil and gas pipeline and related structures
construction employer firms grew by 5.1 percent, includ-
ing growth of 3.5 percent among firms with less than 500
workers.
• The number of oil and gas field machinery and equip-
ment manufacturing employer firms grew by 61.0 per-
cent, including growth of 59.0 percent among firms with
less than 20 workers and 62.7 percent among firms with
less than 500 workers.
Small Business Population. At the same time, small and
midsize firms overwhelmingly populate each of the energy
sectors considered. Businesses with less than 20 workers
came in at
• 91.3 percent of oil and gas extraction employer firms;
• 80.4 percent of drilling oil and gas wells employer firms;
• 84.7 percent of oil and gas operations employer firms;
• 63 percent of oil and gas pipeline and related structures
construction employer firms; and
• 60.3 percent of oil and gas field machinery and equip-
ment manufacturing employer firms.
It follows that the U.S. becoming a
leader in meeting global natural gas
demand would be a clear benefit to
the overall U.S. economy, and again,
particularly in those states leading
the way in natural gas production.
In the 11 states examined in this report, the dominance of
small and midsize firms populating energy industries held
as well. Interestingly, the contrast between a national
decline in overall jobs and businesses, and growth in key
energy sectors often was even far more striking than the
national differences. The general case of energy industries
adding jobs and small businesses, as opposed to national
declines, held in the 10 states – that is, in Arkansas, Col-
orado, Louisiana, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania,
Texas, Utah, West Virginia, and Wyoming – where natural
gas production was up markedly. (A Summary Sheet for
each state is available.)
Opportunities Ahead. The expectation that nearly two-
thirds of LNG exports would be met via new production
speaks to further strong growth for small and midsize busi-
nesses, and for employment. At the same time, the minimal
price impact that expanded exports might have on domes-
tic prices would have small effects on domestic consumers
of natural gas, especially given the enormous declines
we’ve already experienced in natural gas prices. And even
those small, potential price increases must be further offset
against the effect of the overall positive for economic
growth coming via expanded natural gas production.
Clearly, LNG exports guided by market forces mean
further expanding opportunity for small and midsize
businesses to be created, to grow, and to create jobs.

While assorted market factors come into play, lower natu-
ral gas prices have resulted directly from expanded U.S.
natural gas production. That increased production has been
good news for the energy sector, including for employment
and business growth, especially in those states where nat-
ural gas production has expanded, with indirect benefits
spreading across the nation.
Looking ahead, the opportunity exists for exporting lique-
fied natural gas (LNG)1
, given the large differential in nat-
ural gas prices in the U.S. versus elsewhere in the world,
and rising global demand. For example, in November
2012, the International Energy Administration reported:
“The WEO finds that the extraordinary growth in oil and
natural gas output in the United States will mean a sea-
change in global energy flows. In the New Policies Sce-
nario, the WEO’s central scenario, the United States
becomes a net exporter of natural gas by 2020 and is
almost self-sufficient in energy, in net terms, by 2035…
While the regional picture for natural gas varies, the global
outlook over the coming decades looks to be bright, as
demand increases by 50% to 5 trillion cubic metres in
2035. Nearly half of the increase in production to 2035 is
from unconventional gas, with most of this coming from
the United States, Australia and China.”2
The U.S. becoming a leader in meeting global natural gas
demand would be a clear benefit to the overall U.S. econ-
omy, and particularly in states leading the way in natural
gas production.
It’s important to consider the benefits that accrue to work-
ers, small businesses, individual states, and the U.S. econ-
omy when domestic energy production, such as in natural
gas, expands. Let’s review key points.
Introduction
The U.S. natural gas market has changed dramatically in recent years. Consider the drop in natural gas
prices. For example, the annual average price of natural gas (dollars/mil. BTUs) went from $9.014 in 2005 to
$4.026 in 2011. That 55 percent decline generated considerable savings for U.S. households and businesses via
electricity prices – given that 25 percent of electric power is generated via natural gas – as well as for a wide
array of industries that use natural gas in their production processes.
Looking ahead, the opportunity
exists for exporting liquefied
natural gas (LNG), given the large
differential in natural gas prices in
the U.S. versus elsewhere in the
world, and rising global demand.

I. United States
After small increases throughout the 1990s, for example,
natural gas production in the U.S. hit a high of 19.62 tril-
lion cubic feet in 2001, and then declined for the following
four years. In 2005, U.S. natural gas marketed production
registered 18.05 trillion cubic feet, which was roughly the
same level as in 1993. However, growth resumed, and nat-
ural gas production in the U.S. hit 23 trillion cubic feet in
2011, which was a 27 percent increase over 2005. All of the
increase in natural gas production basically has come from
shale gas, which increased by 947 percent from 2005 to
2011. What’s behind this vast expansion in recent produc-
tion, not to mention an expanded view of resources into
the future?
The EIA explained, “Over the past decade, the combina-
tion of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing has
allowed access to large volumes of shale gas that were pre-
viously uneconomical to produce. The production of natu-
ral gas from shale formations has rejuvenated the natural
gas industry in the United States.”3
Looking into the future, the EIA “projects U.S. natural gas
production to increase from 23.0 trillion cubic feet in 2011
to 33.1 trillion cubic feet in 2040, a 44% increase. Almost all
of this increase in domestic natural gas production is due to
projected growth in shale gas production, which grows from
7.8 trillion cubic feet in 2011 to 16.7 trillion cubic feet in
2040. Although the prospects for shale gas production are
promising, there remains considerable uncertainty regarding
2011 Projections
Shale Gas
Nonassociated Offshore
Nonassociated Onshore
Coalbed Methane
TightGas
Associated with Oil
Alaska
History
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
Figure 3: U.S. Dry Natural Gas Production by Source, 1990-2040
Source: This figure is from the AEO2013 Early Release Overview, U.S. Energy Information Administration, December 5, 2012

That expansion in production
has led to growth in employment
in the energy sector, while the
overall economy experienced a
decline in jobs.
the size and economics of this resource… An analysis in the
Annual Energy Outlook 2012 (released June 2012) indicates
that the uncertainty in the size and economics of the domes-
tic shale gas resources could have a considerable impact on
future domestic natural gas production and that 2035 shale
gas production could be between 9.7 trillion cubic feet and
20.5 trillion cubic feet. U.S. total natural gas production is
projected to range between 26.1 trillion cubic feet and 34.1
trillion cubic feet.”4
For good measure, proved reserves of U.S. dry natural gas
went from 192.5 trillion cubic feet in 2004 to 304.6 trillion
cubic feet in 2010 – a 58 percent expansion.
This revolution in natural gas production – coupled with an
increase in U.S. oil production (also due to the extraction tech-
nologies of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling being
applied, especially in Texas and North Dakota) – has provided
considerable growth in the energy sector of our economy in
recent years, while the overall economy has badly faltered.
It is important to keep in mind when looking ahead that
projected resources and production in the areas of oil and
natural gas usually turn out to be grossly under-estimated
given innovations and improvements that occur in explo-
ration and production technologies – as has been so glar-
ingly the case with increases in both oil and natural gas
production in recent years that were not expected a rela-
tively short time ago.
As already noted (and see Table 1), U.S. natural gas marketed
production grew by 27 percent between 2005 and 2011.
Table 1: U.S. Natural Gas Marketed Production
2005: 18,927.1 billion cubic feet
Impact on Jobs
That expansion in production has led to growth in employ-
ment in the energy sector, while the overall economy expe-
rienced a decline in jobs.
Table 2 compares employment growth (all employment and
business data from Census Bureau “County Business Pat-
terns” unless otherwise noted) among employer firms in
the overall economy, and in various energy industry sectors.
The difference in the employment story between the energy
sector and the overall economy could not be starker. While
overall employment fell between 2005 and 2010, jobs grew
markedly in the energy sector given the striking expansion
in domestic natural gas and oil production.
While U.S. total employment declined by 3.7 percent from
2005 to 2010, jobs grew by the following:
• 27.6 percent in the oil and gas extraction sector;5
• 15.1 percent in the drilling oil and gas wells sector;6
• 38.5 percent in the support sector for oil and gas opera-
tions;7
• 47 percent in the oil and gas pipeline and related struc-
tures construction sector;8
and
• 62 percent in the oil and gas field machinery and equip-
ment manufacturing sector.9
While U.S. employers overall shed 4.3 million jobs over this
period, employers in the five energy industries included
here directly added 146,000 jobs.

Impact on Small Business
At the same time, and not surprisingly, while the number of
businesses (in this case, employer firms) in the nation
declined, business growth was strong among the energy
sector. And it is critical to note the role and growth of
smaller businesses.
Table 3 makes clear that expanded production in the
energy sector has been a boon for small and midsize enter-
prises. Or, to look at it from a different angle, expanded
energy production has been driven by small and midsize
businesses.
For all of the U.S., total employer firms declined by 4.2 per-
cent from 2005 to 2010, including a 3.7 percent decline in
firms with less than 20 workers, and a 4.2 percent fall in
firms with less than 500 workers. Again, compare those
declines to the growth in energy industries over the same
period:
• Among oil and gas extraction businesses, the number of
employer firms grew by 3.1 percent, including growth of
2.5 percent among firms with less than 20 workers and
3.0 percent among firms with less than 500 workers.
• Among drilling oil and gas wells businesses, the number
of employer firms grew by 7.2 percent, including growth
of 4.7 percent among firms with less than 20 workers and
7.3 percent among firms with less than 500 workers.
• Among oil and gas operations businesses, the number
of employer firms grew by 24.5 percent, including growth
Percent
Sector 2005 2010 Change
Total 116,317,003 111,970,095 -3.7%
Oil/Gas Extraction 85,562 109,199 27.6%
Drilling Oil and Gas Wells 66,084 76,072 15.1%
Support for Oil and Gas Operations 136,038 188,468 38.5%
Oil and Gas Pipeline and
Related Structures Construction 86,321 126,856 47.0%
Oil and Gas Field Machinery
and Equipment Manufacturing 30,580 49,542 62.0%
Table 2: Employment Growth Among Employer Firms, 2005-2010
of 24.5 percent among firms with less than 20 workers
and 24.6 percent among firms with less than 500 workers.
• Among oil and gas pipeline and related structures con-
struction businesses, the number of employer firms grew
by 5.1 percent, including growth of 3.5 percent among
firms with less than 500 workers.
• Among oil and gas field machinery and equipment man-
ufacturing businesses, the number of employer firms
grew by 61.0 percent, including growth of 59.0 percent
among firms with less than 20 workers and 62.7 percent
among firms with less than 500 workers.
The growth in both jobs and small-midsize employer firms
in the energy sector has been striking in recent years, once
again especially given the abysmal performance of the
overall economy.
Finally, it must be noted that the energy sector in fact is not
all about huge enterprises. As noted in Table 3, each energy
sector looked at here is overwhelmingly populated by small
and midsize firms.
• Among oil and gas extraction businesses, 91.3 percent
of employer firms in 2010 had less than 20 workers, and
98.6 percent had fewer than 500 employees.
• Among drilling oil and gas wells businesses, 80.4 percent
• Among oil and gas operations businesses, 84.7 percent

U.S. Total Employer Firms
Number of Employees As Percent of Total Firms
Total Less 20 Less 500 Less 20 Less 500
2005 5,983,546 5,357,887 5,966,069 89.5% 99.7%
2010 5,734,538 5,160,404 5,717,302 90.0% 99.7%
Chg 05-10 -4.2% -3.7% -4.2%
Oil/Gas Extraction Employer Firms
2005 6,317 5,800 6,230 91.8% 98.6%
2010 6,513 5,947 6,420 91.3% 98.6%
Chg 05-10 3.1% 2.5% 3.0%
Drilling Oil and Gas Wells Firms
2005 1,833 1,509 1,791 82.3% 97.7%
2010 1,965 1,580 1,921 80.4% 97.8%
Chg 05-10 7.2% 4.7% 7.3%
Support for Oil and Gas Operations
2005 6,183 5,238 6,101 84.7% 98.7%
2010 7,696 6,522 7,601 84.7% 98.8%
Chg 05-10 24.5% 24.5% 24.6%
Oil and Gas Pipeline and Related Structures Construction
2005 1,612 1,075 1,561 66.7% 96.8%
2010 1,695 1,068 1,616 63.0% 95.3%
Chg 05-10 5.1% -0.7% 3.5%
Oil and Gas Field Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing
2005 480 293 442 61.0% 92.1%
2010 773 466 719 60.3% 93.0%
Chg 05-10 61.0% 59.0% 62.7%
Table 3: Employer Firms – U.S. Total and Energy Industries, 2005-2010

struction businesses, 63.0 percent of employer firms in
2010 had less than 20 workers, and 95.3 percent had
fewer than 500 employees.
ufacturing businesses, 60.3 percent of employer firms in
2010 had less than 20 workers, and 93.0 percent had
fewer than 500 employees.
Finally, in looking at the full picture of the impact uncon-
ventional oil and natural gas production – that is, “uncon-
ventional natural gas extracted from shale formations and
from tight sands and unconventional oil extracted from
shale and other dense rocks” – on the U.S. economy, IHS
found:10
• “In 2012, capital expenditures will surpass $87 billion.
These expenditures supporting the growth of unconven-
tional oil and gas activity will reach $172.5 billion in 2020
and more than $353 billion in 2035.”
• “Over 1.7 million jobs are attributable to unconventional
oil and gas development today. These employment con-
tributions are expected to rise to 3 million by the end of
the decade and to 3.5 million jobs by 2035.”
• “In 2012, unconventional oil and gas will contribute
almost $238 billion in value added to the US economy.
This contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) will
increase more than 75% by 2020 to over $416 billion. By
the final year of the forecast period, 2035, this will
increase to nearly $475 billion.”
Now let’s consider the developments in key states experiencing
expanded opportunities on the natural gas production front.

II. Arkansas
The increase in natural gas production has been dramatic in Arkansas via the Fayetteville Shale area. The
state’s natural gas production, as highlighted in Table 4, expanded by 462.7 percent from 2005 to 2011.
Impact on Jobs
Table 5 compares employment growth (again, all employ-
ment and business data from Census Bureau “County Busi-
ness Patterns” unless otherwise noted) among employer
establishments in the overall state, and in various energy
industry sectors. The difference in the employment story
between the energy sector and the overall economy is
striking.
While overall employment fell between 2005 and 2010,
jobs grew markedly in the energy sector given the expan-
sion in energy production.
Arkansas total employment declined by 5.1 percent from
2005 to 2010, but jobs grew by the following:
Table 4: Arkansas Natural Gas Marketed Production
2005: 190.5 billion cubic feet
• 161.5 percent in the oil and gas extraction sector;
• 254.9 percent in the drilling oil and gas wells sector;
• 259.4 percent in the support sector for oil and gas oper-
ations; and
• 126.9 percent in the oil and gas pipeline and related
structures construction sector.
While Arkansas employers overall shed 51,950 jobs over this
period, employers in the four energy industries (where data
was available) included here added more than 5,600 jobs.
Percent
Total 1,017,424 965,474 -5.1%
Oil/Gas Extraction 637 1,666 161.5%
Drilling Oil and Gas Wells 692 2,456 254.9%
Support for Oil and Gas Operations 817 2,936 259.4%
Related Structures Construction 588 1,334 126.9%
and Equipment Manufacturing NA NA NA
Table 5: Arkansas Employment Growth Among Employer Establishments, 2005-2010

At the same time, while the number of businesses (in this
case, establishments) declined in the nation and in Arkansas
(though at a slower pace of decline in Arkansas compared
to the U.S.), the number of establishments grew strongly
among Arkansas’ energy sector. And it is critical to note the
role and growth of smaller businesses.
prises in the state. Or, to look at it from a different angle,
expanded energy production has been driven by small and
midsize businesses.
For all of the U.S., total employer establishments declined
by 1.4 percent from 2005 to 2010, including a 3.5 percent
decline in establishments with less than 20 workers, and a
3.1 percent fall in establishments with less than 500 workers.
In Arkansas, total establishments declined by 1.3 percent,
including a 1.5 percent fall among establishments with less
than 20 workers, and a 1.3 percent decline among those
with less than 500 workers.
But compare those declines to the growth in these energy
industries in Arkansas:
employer establishments grew by 14.6 percent, includ-
ing growth of 13.1 percent among those with less than 20
workers and 14.6 percent among establishments with
of employer establishments grew by 56.3 percent, includ-
ing growth of 40.0 percent among establishments with
less than 20 workers and 56.3 percent among establish-
ments with less than 500 workers.
of employer establishments grew by 77 percent, includ-
less than 20 workers and 77 percent among establish-
The growth in both jobs and small-midsize employer estab-
lishments in the energy sector has been striking in recent
years, especially given the abysmal performance of the
overall economy.
Finally, it must be noted that the Arkansas energy sector is
not all about big energy businesses. As noted in Table 6,
each energy sector looked at is overwhelmingly populated
by small and midsize establishments.
• Among oil and gas extraction businesses, 93.1 percent of
employer establishments in 2010 had less than 20 workers,
and 100 percent had fewer than 500 employees.
• Among drilling oil and gas wells businesses, 70 percent of
• Among oil and gas operations businesses, 81.8 percent of
and 98.8 percent had fewer than 500 employees.
struction businesses, 48.3 percent of employer estab-
lishments in 2010 had less than 20 workers, and 95.3
percent had fewer than 500 employees.

Arkansas Total Establishments
2005 66,039 57,236 65,844 86.7% 99.7%
2010 65,158 56,394 65,018 86.5% 99.8%
AR 05-10 -1.3% -1.5% -1.3%
US 05-10 -1.4% -3.5% -3.1%
Arkansas Oil/Gas Extraction Employer Establishments
2005 89 84 89 94.4% 100%
2010 102 95 102 93.1% 100%
Chg 05-10 14.6% 13.1% 14.6%
Arkansas Drilling Oil and Gas Wells Establishments
2005 32 25 32 78.1% 100%
2010 50 35 50 70.0% 100%
Chg 05-10 56.3% 40.0% 56.3%
Arkansas Support for Oil and Gas Operations Establishments
2005 87 83 87 95.4% 100%
2010 154 126 154 81.8% 100%
Chg 05-10 77.0% 51.8% 77.0%
Arkansas Oil and Gas Pipeline and Related Structures Construction Establishments
2005 30 20 30 66.7% 100%
2010 29 14 29 48.3% 100%
Chg 05-10 -3.3% -30.0% -3.3%
Arkansas Oil and Gas Field Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Establishments
2005 1 0 1 0% 100%
2010 2 1 2 50% 100%
Chg 05-10 100% - 100%
Table 6: Establishments – Arkansas Total and Energy Industries, 2005-2010

III. Colorado
The increase in natural gas production has been notable in Colorado. The state’s natural gas production, as
highlighted in Table 7, expanded by 44.5 percent from 2005 to 2011.
Impact on Jobs
impressive.
While overall employment grew between 2005 and 2010
in Colorado – compared to a decline in the U.S. overall –
While U.S. total employment declined, Colorado total
Table 7: Colorado Natural Gas Marketed Production
employment grew by 1.0 percent from 2005 to 2010. On
the energy front, jobs grew by the following:
• 34.9 percent in the drilling oil and gas wells sector; and
tions.
While Colorado employers overall added 19,072 jobs over
this period, employers in the four energy industries (where
data was available) included here added more than 6,363
jobs. That’s one in three jobs added coming from these
energy industries.
Percent
Total 1,936,264 1,955,336 1.0%
Related Structures Construction 1,473 1,248 -15.3%
Table 8: Colorado Employment Growth Among Employer Establishments, 2005-2010

case, establishments) in the nation declined, in Colorado,
the number of establishments grew, and they expanded
robustly in the state’s energy sector. And it is critical to note
the role and growth of smaller businesses.
midsize businesses.
3.1 percent fall in establishments with less than 500 work-
ers.
In Colorado, total establishments increased by 0.6 percent,
including a 1.2 percent increase among establishments with
less than 20 workers, and a 0.6 percent rise among those
Again, compare the U.S. decline to the growth in these
energy industries in Colorado:
employer establishments grew by 7.6 percent, including
growth of 6.8 percent among establishments with less
than 20 workers and 7.0 percent among establishments
ing growth of 58 percent among establishments with less
than 20 workers and 61 percent among establishments
struction businesses, the number of employer establish-
ments grew by 2 percent, including growth of 14.3
percent among establishments with less than 20 workers
and 2 percent among those with less than 500 workers.
lishments in the energy sector has been noteworthy, again
especially given the abysmal performance of the overall
economy.
Finally, it must be noted that the Colorado energy sector in
fact is not all about huge enterprises. As noted in Table 9,
of employer establishments in 2010 had less than 20
workers, and 100 percent had fewer than 500 employees.
lishments in 2010 had less than 20 workers, and 100
ufacturing businesses, 75 percent of employer establish-
ments in 2010 had less than 20 workers, and 100 percent
had fewer than 500 employees.

Colorado Total Establishments
2005 151,070 133,125 150,799 88.1% 99.8%
2010 151,973 134,726 151,695 88.7% 99.8%
CO 05-10 0.6% 1.2% 0.6%
US 05-10 -1.4% -3.5% -3.1%
Oil/Gas Extraction Employer Establishments
2005 369 325 369 88.1% 100%
2010 397 347 395 87.4% 99.5%
Chg 05-10 7.6% 6.8% 7.0%
Drilling Oil and Gas Wells Establishments
2005 86 63 85 73.3% 98.8%
2010 97 71 97 73.2% 100%
Chg 05-10 12.8% 12.7% 14.1%
Support for Oil and Gas Operations Establishments
2005 355 317 354 89.3% 99.7%
2010 573 501 570 87.4% 99.5%
Chg 05-10 61.4% 58.0% 61.0%
Oil and Gas Pipeline and Related Structures Construction Establishments
2005 50 35 50 70.0% 100%
2010 51 40 51 78.4% 100%
Chg 05-10 2.0% 14.3% 2.0%
Oil and Gas Field Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Establishments
2005 5 3 5 60% 100%
2010 4 3 4 75% 100%
Chg 05-10 -20% 0% -20%
Table 9: Establishments – Colorado Total and Energy Industries, 2005-2010

IV. Louisiana
The increase in natural gas production has been sizeable in Louisiana, to say the least. The state’s natural
gas production, as highlighted in Table 10, expanded by 133.7 percent from 2005 to 2011.
Impact on Jobs
notable, even with the decline in the oil and gas extraction
sector.
While overall employment declined between 2005 and
2010 in Louisiana – though at a much slower rate than the
decline in the U.S. overall – jobs grew markedly in the
energy sector given the expansion in energy production.
Table 10: Louisiana Natural Gas Marketed Production
Percent
Total 1,617,507 1,599,551 -1.1%
Oil/Gas Extraction 10,280 8,565 -16.7%
Related Structures Construction 14,452 28,897 100%
and Equipment Manufacturing NA 3,575 NA
Table 11: Louisiana Employment Growth Among Employer Establishments, 2005-2010
While Louisiana and U.S. total employmentdeclined, Louisiana
employment grew in three of the four energy sectors for which
data was available, expanding by the following:
tions; and
• 100 percent in the oil and gas pipeline and related struc-
tures construction industry.
While Louisiana employers overall shed 17,956 jobs over
this period, employers in the four energy industries (where
data was available) included here added 19,149 jobs. That’s
an incredible contrast.

Impact on Small Businesses
case, establishments) in the nation declined, in Louisiana,
strongly in the state’s energy sector. It is critical to note the
role and growth of smaller businesses as well.
midsize businesses.
decline in firms with less than 20 workers, and a 3.1 per-
cent fall in firms with less than 500 workers.
In Louisiana, total establishments increased by 0.6 percent,
energy industries in Louisiana:
ments grew by 25.7 percent, including growth of 24.3
percent among establishments with less than 500 workers.
• Among field machinery and equipment manufacturing
businesses, the number of employer establishments grew
by 35.6 percent, including growth of 63 percent among
establishments with less than 20 workers and 35.6 per-
cent among establishments with less than 500 workers.
lishments in the energy sector has been noteworthy in
recent years, again especially given the abysmal perform-
ance of the overall economy.
Finally, it must be noted that the Louisiana energy sector
in fact is not all about huge enterprises. As noted in Table
12, each energy sector looked at is overwhelmingly popu-
lated by small and midsize establishments.
of employer establishments in 2010 had less than 20 workers,
• Among oil and gas operations businesses, 74 percent of
employer establishments in 2010 had less than 20 work-
ers, and 98.9 percent had fewer than 500 employees.

Louisiana Total Establishments
2005 102,790 87,638 102,526 85.3% 99.7%
2010 103,365 88,081 103,130 85.2% 99.8%
LA 05-10 0.6% 0.5% 0.6%
US 05-10 -1.4% -3.5% -3.1%
2005 397 308 393 77.6% 99.0%
2010 421 335 419 79.6% 99.5%
Chg 05-10 6.0% 8.8% 6.6%
2005 179 127 177 70.9% 98.9%
2010 177 123 176 69.5% 99.4%
Chg 05-10 -1.1% -3.1% -0.6%
2005 738 531 727 72.0% 98.5%
2010 916 678 906 74.0% 98.9%
Chg 05-10 24.1% 27.7% 24.6%
2005 105 58 103 55.2% 98.1%
2010 132 58 128 43.9% 97.0%
Chg 05-10 25.7% 0% 24.3%
2005 59 27 59 45.8% 100%
2010 80 44 80 55.0% 100%
Chg 05-10 35.6% 63.0% 35.6%
Table 12: Establishments – Louisiana Total and Energy Industries, 2005-2010

V. North Dakota
The big energy story in North Dakota in recent years has been the increase in oil production, pushing the
state to ranking second among the states in oil output. At the same time,though,the increase in natural gas
production has been sizeable as well. The state’s natural gas production,as highlighted in Table 13,expanded
by 84.8 percent from 2005 to 2011.
Table 13: North Dakota Natural Gas Marketed Production
Percent
Total 270,479 294,907 9.0%
Related Structures Construction NA 75 NA
Table 14: North Dakota Employment Growth Among Employer Establishments, 2005-2010
Impact on Jobs
between North Dakota, including its energy sector, and the
overall U.S. economy is striking.
While overall employment increased between 2005 and
2010 in North Dakota, jobs grew even faster in the energy
sector given the expansion in energy production.
While U.S. total employment declined, North Dakota
employment grew overall, including in each energy sector
for which data was available, expanding by the following:
ations.
North Dakota employers overall added 24,428 jobs over
this period, with employers in the three energy industries
(where data was available) included here adding 3,933.

case, establishments) in the nation declined, in North
Dakota, the number of establishments grew, and they
expanded strongly in the state’s energy sector. It is critical
to note the role and growth of smaller businesses as well.
midsize businesses.
3.1 percent fall in establishments with less than 500 workers.
In North Dakota, total establishments increased by 3.7 per-
cent, including a 1.0 percent increase among establish-
ments with less than 20 workers, and a 2.5 percent rise
among those with less than 500 workers.
energy industries in North Dakota:
of employer establishments grew by 20 percent, includ-
less than 20 workers and 20 percent among establish-
lishments in the energy sector has been noteworthy in
recent years, especially given the abysmal performance of
the overall economy.
Finally, it must be noted that the North Dakota energy sec-
tor in fact is not all about huge enterprises. As noted in
Table 15, each energy sector looked at is overwhelmingly
populated by small and midsize establishments.
• Among oil and gas operations businesses, 73 percent of

North Dakota Total Establishments
2005 21,061 15,268 18,768 72.5% 89.1%
2010 21,832 15,427 19,236 70.7% 88.1%
ND 05-10 3.7% 1.0% 2.5%
US 05-10 -1.4% -3.5% -3.1%
2005 32 25 31 78.1% 96.9%
2010 41 36 41 87.8% 100%
Chg 05-10 28.1% 44.0% 32.3%
2005 20 11 20 55.0% 100%
2010 24 13 24 54.2% 100%
Chg 05-10 20.0% 18.2% 20.0%
2005 102 89 102 87.3% 100%
2010 178 130 178 73.0% 100%
Chg 05-10 74.5% 46.1% 74.5%
2005 7 6 7 85.7% 100%
2010 7 6 7 85.7% 100%
Chg 05-10 0% 0% 0%
2005 2 2 2 100% 100%
2010 3 1 3 33.0% 100%
Chg 05-10 50.0% -50.0% 50.0%
Table 15: Establishments – North Dakota Total and Energy Industries, 2005-2010

VI. Ohio
The opportunity for increased shale natural gas production exists in Ohio, but is only beginning to move
forward. The state’s natural gas production, as noted in Table 16, actually contracted between 2005 and
2011, falling by 7.8 percent.
Again,though,theopportunitiesforexpandedproductioncertainlyexistwithboththeUticaandMarcellusShale
plays reaching into the state. In fact, it is worth noting that a December 2012 IHS study projected that jobs tied to
unconventionaloilandgasproductioninOhiocouldrisefrom38,830in2012to143,595in2020and266,624in2035.11
Table 16: Ohio Natural Gas Marketed Production
Percent
Total 4,762,618 4,352,481 -8.6%
Oil/Gas Extraction 1,355 1,340 -1.1%
Drilling Oil and Gas Wells 515 542 5.7%
Support for Oil and Gas Operations 1,206 1,023 -15.2%
Table 17: Ohio Employment Growth Among Employer Establishments, 2005-2010
For good measure, a recent New York Times story noted
how investment in the state is stepping up.12
It was noted in
the report that “natural gas buried in shale thousands of feet
below the surface is attracting more than $1 billion in private
investment and rapidly reviving the area as an energy pro-
ducer. To prepare, market and transport the natural gas,
companies are building an expansive network of regional
field offices, processing plants and other infrastructure… In
public statements, though, energy industry executives have
said drilling and production are being impeded by a short-
age of processing plants and pipelines. Chesapeake and
other leading production and processing companies are
attacking that problem with an infrastructure development
program never seen here, said Thomas E. Stewart, executive
vice president of the Ohio Oil and Gas Association… With
all this energy-related construction, industry executives
believe that Ohio will produce two billion to three billion
cubic feet of processed gas daily within the decade.”
Impact on Jobs

industry sectors. Unfortunately, given the limited activity on
the energy front, Ohio has suffered along with the rest of
the nation during these tough economic times.
While U.S. total employment declined from 2005 to 2010,
it fell even more in Ohio. And the jobs story in the energy
sector was mixed, with employment:
• declining by 1.1 percent in the oil and gas extraction sector;
• increasing by 5.7 percent in the drilling oil and gas wells
sector;
• declining by 15.2 percent in the support sector for oil and
gas operations; and
• increasing by 5.7 percent in the oil and gas pipeline and
related structures construction.
And while the number of businesses (in this case, estab-
lishments) in the nation declined, in Ohio, the decline was
even larger.
As noted in Table 18, for all of the U.S., total employer estab-
lishments declined by 1.4 percent from 2005 to 2010, includ-
ing a 3.5 percent decline in firms with less than 20 workers,
and a 3.1 percent fall in firms with less than 500 workers.
In Ohio, total establishments decreased by 6.4 percent,
including a 9.5 percent drop among establishments with
less than 20 workers, and a 8.6 percent fall off among those
Again, compared with the U.S. in general and other states
that have moved ahead aggressively on energy production,
Ohio’s numbers in the energy sector regarding establish-
ment growth have been very mixed:
employer establishments fell by 5.7 percent, including a
fall of 6.2 percent among establishments with less than
20 workers and 5.7 percent among establishments with
of employer establishments declined by 1.4 percent,
including growth of 5 percent among establishments with
less than 20 workers and a decline of 1.4 percent among
establishments with less than 500 workers.
of employer establishments actually grew by 9.4 percent,
including growth of 9.4 percent among establishments
with less than 20 workers and 9.4 percent among estab-
lishments with less than 500 workers.
and 19 percent among those with less than 500.
• Among oil and gas field machinery and equipment manu-
facturing businesses, the number of employer establish-
ments fell by 33.3 percent, including a decline of 50 percent
among establishments with less than 20 workers and 33.3
Nonetheless, it must be noted that the Ohio energy sector
still in fact is not about huge enterprises. As noted in Table
18, each energy sector looked at is overwhelmingly popu-
lated by small and midsize establishments.
employer establishments in 2010 had less than 20 work-
ers, and 100 percent had fewer than 500 employees.
ufacturing businesses, 66.7 percent of employer estab-
In the end, the change in Ohio employment and small busi-
ness growth will increase like other states with significant
shale-based energy resources once the state starts moving
ahead aggressively with production. And that will only be
fed further via LNG exports.

Ohio Total Establishments
2005 270,968 181,984 223,825 67.2% 82.6%
2010 253,491 164,646 204,503 65.0% 80.7%
OH 05-10 -6.4% -9.5% -8.6%
US 05-10 -1.4% -3.5% -3.1%
2005 209 195 209 93.3% 100%
2010 197 183 197 92.9% 100%
Chg 05-10 -5.7% -6.2% -5.7%
2005 70 60 70 85.7% 100%
2010 69 63 69 91.3% 100%
Chg 05-10 -1.4% 5.0% -1.4%
2005 138 127 138 92.0% 100%
2010 151 139 151 92.1% 100%
Chg 05-10 9.4% 9.4% 9.4%
2005 59 38 58 64.4% 98.3%
2010 69 43 69 62.3% 100%
Chg 05-10 16.9% 13.2% 19.0%
2005 9 8 9 88.9% 100%
2010 6 4 6 66.7% 100%
Chg 05-10 -33.3% -50.0% -33.3%
Table 18: Establishments – Ohio Total and Energy Industries, 2005-2010

Impact on Jobs
between Oklahoma, including its energy sector, and the
overall U.S. economy is striking.
While overall employment increased between 2005 and
2010 in Oklahoma, jobs grew robustly in the energy sector
given the expansion in energy production.
While U.S. total employment declined, Oklahoma employ-
ment grew overall, including in the energy sector, expand-
ing by the following:
VII. Oklahoma
Natural gas production in Oklahoma,as highlighted in Table 19,expanded by 15.2 percent from 2005 to 2011.
Table 19: Oklahoma Natural Gas Marketed Production
Percent
Total 1,220,285 1,241,168 1.7%
and Equipment Manufacturing 3,746 3,744 -0.05%
Table 20: Oklahoma Employment Growth Among Employer Establishments, 2005-2010
• 30 percent in the support sector for oil and gas opera-
tions; and
• 29.4 percent in the oil and gas pipeline and related struc-
tures construction sector.
Oklahoma employers overall added 20,833 jobs over this
period, with employers in the energy industries included
here adding 10,346, or half the jobs added.

case, establishments) in the nation declined, in Oklahoma,
strongly in the state’s energy sector. It is critical to note the
role and growth of smaller businesses as well.
midsize businesses.
In Oklahoma, total establishments increased by 1.7 percent,
energy industries in Oklahoma:
percent among those with less than 20 workers and 13.3
percent among establishments with less than 500 work-
ers.
ufacturing businesses, the number of employer estab-
lishments grew by 28.4 percent, including growth of 36.1
percent among those with less than 20 workers and 28.8
percent among those with less than 500 workers.
lishments in Oklahoma’s energy sector has been strong in
recent years, again especially given the abysmal perform-
ance of the overall U.S. economy.
Finally, it must be noted that the Oklahoma energy sector
in fact is not the domain of huge enterprises. As noted in
of employer establishments in 2010 had less than 20 workers,
ments in 2010 had less than 20 workers, and 98.8 percent

Oklahoma Total Establishments
2005 88,548 76,986 88,369 86.9% 99.8%
2010 90,050 78,044 89,885 86.7% 99.8%
OK 05-10 1.7% 1.4% 1.7%
US 05-10 -1.4% -3.5% -3.1%
2005 1,076 989 1,075 91.9% 99.9%
2010 1,203 1,090 1,202 90.6% 99.9%
Chg 05-10 11.8% 10.2% 11.8%
2005 235 195 233 83.0% 99.1%
2010 237 189 233 79.7% 98.3%
Chg 05-10 0.9% -3.0% 0%
2005 914 804 912 88.0% 99.8%
2010 1,255 1,091 1,252 86.9% 99.8%
Chg 05-10 37.3% 35.7% 37.3%
2005 98 66 98 67.3% 100%
2010 112 72 111 64.3% 99.1%
Chg 05-10 14.3% 9.0% 13.3%
2005 67 36 66 53.7% 98.5%
2010 86 49 85 57.0% 98.8%
Chg 05-10 28.4% 36.1% 28.8%
Table 21: Establishments – Oklahoma Total and Energy Industries, 2005-2010

Impact on Jobs
establishments in the overall state, and in various energy indus-
try sectors. The difference in the employment story between
the energy sector and the overall economy is striking.
While overall employment fell between 2005 and 2010,
While both U.S. and Pennsylvania total employment
declined from 2005 to 2010, Pennsylvania jobs grew by the
following:
ations; and
While Pennsylvania employers overall shed 106,437 jobs
over this period, employers in the four energy industries
(where data was available) included here added more than
5,823 jobs.
VIII. Pennsylvania
The increase in natural gas production has been dramatic in Pennsylvania via the Marcellus Shale area.
The state’s natural gas production, as highlighted in Table 22, expanded by 677.8 percent from 2005 to 2011.
Table 22: Pennsylvania Natural Gas Marketed Production
Percent
Total 5,082,630 4,976,193 -2.1%
and Equipment Manufacturing 347 301 -13.3%
Table 23: Pennsylvania Employment Growth Among Employer Establishments, 2005-2010

case, establishments) declined in the nation and in Penn-
sylvania, the number of establishments grew strongly
among Pennsylvania’s energy sector. And it is critical to
note the role and growth of smaller businesses.
midsize businesses.
In Pennsylvania, total establishments declined by 2.1 per-
cent, including a 2.2 percent fall among establishments with
less than 20 workers, and a 2.1 percent decline among
those with less than 500 workers.
Compare those declines to the growth in these energy
industries in Pennsylvania:
of employer establishments grew by 104.2 percent,
including growth of 121.6 percent among establishments
with less than 20 workers and 102.1 percent among
• Among supporting oil and gas operations businesses, the
number of employer establishments grew by 119.5 per-
cent, including growth of 111.7 percent among those
with less than 20 workers and 119.5 percent among
ments grew by 14.8 percent, including growth of 13
overall economy.
Finally, it must be noted that the Pennsylvania energy sec-
tor is not all about huge enterprises. As noted in Table 24,
ufacturing establishments, 50 percent of employer estab-

Pennsylvania Total Establishments
2005 303,333 258,823 302,449 85.3% 99.7%
2010 297,023 253,251 296,208 85.3% 99.7%
PA 05-10 -2.1% -2.2% -2.1%
US 05-10 -1.4% -3.5% -3.1%
2005 150 124 150 82.7% 100%
2010 211 169 211 80.1% 100%
Chg 05-10 40.7% 36.3% 40.7%
2005 48 37 48 77.1% 100%
2010 98 82 97 83.7% 99.0%
Chg 05-10 104.2% 121.6% 102.1%
2005 77 60 77 77.9% 100%
2010 169 127 169 75.1% 100%
Chg 05-10 119.5% 111.7% 119.5%
2005 54 46 54 85.2% 100%
2010 62 46 61 74.2% 98.4%
Chg 05-10 14.8% 0% 13.0%
2005 11 5 11 45.5% 100%
2010 10 5 10 50.0% 100%
Chg 05-10 -9.1% 0% -9.1%
Table 24: Establishments – Pennsylvania Total and Energy Industries, 2005-2010

Impact on Jobs
Table 26 compares employment growth (all employment
and business data from Census Bureau “County Business
Patterns” unless otherwise noted) among employer estab-
lishments in the overall state, and in various energy indus-
try sectors.
The difference in the employment story in Texas versus the
U.S. at large is breathtaking, including the growth in the
Texas energy sector.
While Texas total employment increased by 5.8% percent
from 2005 to 2010, jobs grew by the following:
tions;
• 42.3 percent in the oil and gas pipeline and related struc-
tures construction sector; and
• 28.8 percent in the oil and gas field machinery and equip-
ment manufacturing sector.
Texas employers overall added 480,136 jobs over this
period, including employers in the energy industries
included here adding 53,692 jobs.
IX. Texas
The increase in natural gas production has been considerable in Texas. The state’s natural gas production,
as highlighted in Table 25, expanded by 34.8 percent from 2005 to 2011.
Table 25: Texas Natural Gas Marketed Production
Percent
Total 8,305,102 8,785,238 5.8%
and Equipment Manufacturing 20,544 26,455 28.8%
Table 26: Texas Employment Growth Among Employer Establishments, 2005-2010

case, establishments) declined in the nation, the number of
establishments grew strongly in Texas, including in the
energy sector. And it is critical to note the role and growth
of smaller businesses.
midsize businesses.
In Texas, total establishments increased by 4.9 percent,
less than 20 workers, and a 4.9 percent increase among
those with less than 500 workers. The growth in energy
industries in Texas were:
employer establishments grew by 9 percent, including
cent, including growth of 29.4 percent among establish-
ments with less than 20 workers and 34.4 percent among
ments grew by 37.8 percent, including growth of 36
and 38.2 percent among establishments with less than
500 workers.
ufacturing businesses, the number of employer estab-
lishments grew by 11.4 percent, including growth of 14.8
and 11.4 percent among those with less than 500.
overall economy.
Finally, it must be noted that the Texas energy sector in fact
is not all about so-called “Big Oil.” As noted in Table 27,
• Among drilling oil and gas wells businesses, 72 percent of
ufacturing establishments, 54.4 percent of employer
establishments in 2010 had less than 20 workers, and

Texas Total Establishments
2005 497,758 423,838 496,364 85.1% 99.7%
2010 522,146 443,599 520,718 85.0% 99.7%
TX 05-10 4.9% 4.7% 4.9%
US 05-10 -1.4% -3.5% -3.1%
2005 2,958 2,681 2,952 90.6% 99.8%
2010 3,225 2,860 3,222 88.7% 99.9%
Chg 05-10 9.0% 6.7% 9.1%
2005 587 449 571 76.5% 97.3%
2010 699 503 689 72.0% 98.6%
Chg 05-10 19.1% 12.0% 20.7%
2005 2,377 1,930 2,365 81.2% 99.5%
2010 3,191 2,497 3,179 78.3% 99.6%
Chg 05-10 34.2% 29.4% 34.4%
2005 365 197 353 54.0% 96.7%
2010 503 268 488 53.3% 97.0%
Chg 05-10 37.8% 36.0% 38.2%
2005 307 162 297 52.8% 96.7%
2010 342 186 331 54.4% 96.8%
Chg 05-10 11.4% 14.8% 11.4%
Table 27: Establishments – Texas Total and Energy Industries, 2005-2010

Impact on Jobs
industry sectors.
The difference in the employment story in Utah versus the
U.S. at large is striking, including the growth in the Utah
energy sector.
While Utah total employment increased by 4.8% percent
tions.
Utah employers overall added 46,457 jobs over this period,
including employers in the energy industries included here
adding 1,038 jobs.
X. Utah
The increase in natural gas production has been sizeable in Utah. The state’s natural gas production, as
Table 28: Utah Natural Gas Marketed Production
Percent
Total 974,686 1,021,143 4.8%
Drilling Oil and Gas Wells 610 716 17.4%
Related Structures Construction 547 452 -17.4%
Table 29: Utah Employment Growth Among Employer Establishments, 2005-2010

establishments grew strongly in Utah, including in the
energy sector. And it is critical to note the role and growth
of smaller businesses.
midsize businesses.
In Utah, though, total establishments increased by 5.0 per-
cent, including a 5.3 percent rise among establishments
with less than 20 workers, and a 5.0 percent increase
among those with less than 500 workers. The growth in
energy industries in Utah were:
growth of 10 percent among establishments with less
ments grew by 4.2 percent, including growth of 4.2 percent
among establishments with less than 500 workers.
• Among oil and gas field machinery and equipment manu-
facturing businesses, the number of employer establish-
overall economy.
Finally, it must be noted that the Utah energy sector in fact
is not all about large companies. As noted in Table 30, each
energy sector looked at is overwhelmingly populated by
small and midsize establishments.
struction businesses, 64 percent of employer establish-

Utah Total Establishments
2005 65,549 57,040 65,399 87.0% 99.8%
2010 68,820 60,074 68,656 87.3% 99.8%
UT 05-10 5.0% 5.3% 5.0%
US 05-10 -1.4% -3.5% -3.1%
2005 56 40 56 71.4% 100%
2010 58 44 58 75.9% 100%
Chg 05-10 3.6% 10.0% 3.6%
2005 37 33 37 89.2% 100%
2010 58 44 58 75.9% 100%
Chg 05-10 56.8% 33.3% 56.8%
2005 170 153 170 90.0% 100%
2010 240 214 240 89.2% 100%
Chg 05-10 41.2% 39.9% 41.2%
2005 24 18 24 75.0% 100%
2010 25 16 25 64.0% 100%
Chg 05-10 4.2% -11.1% 4.2%
2005 3 3 3 100% 100%
2010 4 3 4 75% 100%
Chg 05-10 33.3% 0% 33.3%
Table 30: Establishments – Utah Total and Energy Industries, 2005-2010

Impact on Jobs
Table 32 compares employment growth (all employment
and business data from Census Bureau “County Business
Patterns” unless otherwise noted) among employer estab-
lishments in the overall state, and in various energy indus-
try sectors. The key point in the employment story in West
Virginia has to do with the energy sector.
While West Virginia total employment decreased by 0.9%
percent from 2005 to 2010, jobs grew by the following:
• 99 percent in the support sector for oil and gas opera-
tions.
West Virginia employers overall shed 5,049 jobs over this
period, yet employers in the energy industries included
here (three for which there are data) added 2,028 jobs.
XI. West Virginia
The increase in natural gas production has been sizeable in West Virginia.The state’s natural gas production,
as highlighted in Table 31, expanded by 78.2 percent from 2005 to 2011.
Table 31: West Virginia Natural Gas Marketed Production
Percent
Total 565,499 560,450 -0.9%
Related Structures Construction 868 1,000-2,499 NA
Table 32: West Virginia Employment Growth Among Employer Establishments, 2005-2010

case, establishments) declined in the nation and in West
Virginia overall, the number of establishments grew strongly
in West Virginia’s energy sector. And it is critical to note the
role and growth of smaller businesses.
midsize businesses.
In West Virginia, total establishments declined by 5.0 per-
cent, including a 5.5 percent fall among establishments with
less than 20 workers, and a 5.0 percent decline among
those with less than 500 workers. However, the growth in
energy industries in West Virginia were:
percent among establishments with less than 20 workers,
500 workers.
overall economy.
Finally, it must be noted that the West Virginia energy sec-
tor in fact is not all about huge enterprises. As noted in
struction businesses, 75 percent of employer establish-

West Virginia Total Establishments
2005 40,735 35,419 40,656 86.9% 99.8%
2010 38,676 33,463 38,604 86.5% 99.8%
WV 05-10 -5.0% -5.5% -5.0%
US 05-10 -1.4% -3.5% -3.1%
2005 188 170 188 90.4% 100%
2010 206 179 206 86.9% 100%
Chg 05-10 9.6% 5.3% 9.6%
2005 40 26 40 65.0% 100%
2010 45 35 45 77.8% 100%
Chg 05-10 12.5% 36.6% 12.5%
2005 87 73 87 83.9% 100%
2010 129 106 129 82.2% 100%
Chg 05-10 48.3% 45.2% 48.3%
2005 35 23 35 65.7% 100%
2010 40 30 40 75.0% 100%
Chg 05-10 14.3% 30.4% 14.3%
2005 4 2 4 50.0% 100%
2010 2 1 2 50.0% 100%
Chg 05-10 -50.0% -50.0% -50.0%
Table 33: Establishments – West Virginia Total and Energy Industries, 2005-2010

Impact on Jobs
industry sectors.
Employment growth in Wyoming was positive over the
period of 2005 to 2010, compared to a decline nationally,
with Wyoming’s energy sector showing particularly solid
expansion.
While Wyoming total employment increased by 6.8% percent
tions; and
Wyoming employers overall added 13,112 jobs over this
period, yet employers in the energy industries included
here (four for which there are data) added 3,751 jobs.
XII. Wyoming
The increase in natural gas production has been notable in Wyoming. The state’s natural gas production,as
Table 34: Wyoming Natural Gas Marketed Production
Percent
Total 191,934 205,046 6.8%
Related Structures Construction 892 2,987 234.9%
and Equipment Manufacturing NA 364 NA
Table 35: Wyoming Employment Growth Among Employer Establishments, 2005-2010

establishments grew in Wyoming, including in the energy
sector. And it is critical to note the role and growth of
smaller businesses.
midsize businesses.
In Wyoming, total establishments increased by 2.5 percent,
including a 2.6 percent rose among establishments with less
than 20 workers, and a 2.5 percent increased among those
The growth in energy industries in Wyoming was:
percent among establishments with less than 20 workers,
500 workers.
overall economy.
Finally, it must be noted that the Wyoming energy sector in
fact is not all about big businesses. As noted in Table 36,
by small and midsize firms.
ufacturing establishments, 45.5 percent of employer
establishments in 2010 had less than 20 workers, and 100

Wyoming Virginia Total Establishments
2005 19,736 17,804 19,715 90.2% 99.9%
2010 20,231 18,270 20,213 90.3% 99.9%
WY 05-10 2.5% 2.6% 2.5%
US 05-10 -1.4% -3.5% -3.1%
2005 205 159 205 77.6% 100%
2010 180 136 180 75.6% 100%
Chg 05-10 -12.2% -14.5% -12.2%
2005 98 81 98 82.7% 100%
2010 128 97 128 75.8% 100%
Chg 05-10 20.6% 19.6% 20.6%
2005 412 345 409 83.7% 99.3%
2010 468 391 466 83.5% 99.6%
Chg 05-10 13.6% 13.3% 13.9%
2005 54 37 54 68.5% 100%
2010 76 56 75 73.7% 98.7%
Chg 05-10 40.7% 51.3% 38.9%
2005 11 8 11 72.7 100%
2010 11 5 11 45.5% 100%
Chg 05-10 0% -37.5% 0%
Table 36: Establishments – Wyoming Total and Energy Industries, 2005-2010

Report: Benefits of Natural Gas Production & Exports for US Small Businesses

Report: Benefits of Natural Gas Production & Exports for US Small Businesses

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