2. BIOGRAPHY
Mayang Krisnawardhani
Mayang Krisnawardhani or commonly known as Mayang is a third year Social Welfare
Student from the Faculty of Social and Political Science, University of Indonesia. She has
been actively involved in MUN ever since she starts her college year. She has join several
Model United Nations both nationals and international, last time she has been trusted to be
the head delegate of Harvard World Model United Nations 2015 in Seoul, South Korea. Not
only as a delegate she also has been trusted to chair prestigious MUN such as Indonesia
MUN 2014 and the latest Singapore MUN 2015 held by National University of Singapore in
the ASEAN+3 council.
Other than Model United Nations she has been an active spokesperson of the environment,
giving her the opportunity to work under the Indonesia National board of Climate change as
well as briefly interning as a consultant of sustainability and climate change in
Pricewaterhouse Coopers. She has many hopes in SMAN 8 MUN as it would be her first time
being a Director.
Neta Cynara
NetaCynara is a sophomore in Universitas Indonesia, majoring in International Relations.
She’s been passionate about global issues ever since she won competition about the law and
constitution of Indonesia. Currently, her major interests are human rights, warfare, and The
Middle East.
She’s actively involved in many international event such as being an LO for Iran parliament
during Asian African Conference Commemoration 2015 andConference on Indonesian
Foreign Policy. She also attended International Student Conference 61 in Japan, together with
her college mates representing Indonesia. Model United Nations is a new thing for her, and
the first MUN was Padjadjaran MUN 2015 when she managed to snatch Best Position Paper.
She also chaired IMATION and JakartaMUN 2015 in which both were Human Rights
Council, so environmental issue is new for her. However, she’s excited to welcome all the
UNEP delegates and looking forward to the discussion.
Nilam Laksitarasmi
Nilam Laksitarasmi is a third year student at University of Indonesia. She is currently
pursuing a major in Accounting. She started her MUN career at UI MUN Club, and since
then she claims to have fallen in love with MUN. She has joined some Model United Nations,

3. such as Indonesia MUN and Singapore MUN. Besides being a delegate, Nilam is actively
involved in University of Indonesia Model United Nations board of secretariat, AIESEC
University of Indonesia, and of course she is actively involved in pursuing good grade for her
studies. When she has the time, she enjoys travelling, singing, dancing, and horseback riding.
One of her pet peeves is being made to write a short paragraph about herself. This is her first
time being an assistant director and she is really excited to meet all delegates and looking
forward for not only the fruitful debates, but also a whole lot of fun.

4. INTRODUCTION
The United Nations Environmental
Programmeestablished to covers a wide
range of issues regarding the atmosphere,
marine and terrestrial ecosystems,
environmental governance and green
economy. It has played a significant role in
developing international environmental
conventions, promoting environmental
science and information and illustrating
how those can be implemented in
conjunction with policy, working on the
development and implementation of policy
with national governments, regional
institutions in conjunction with
environmental non-governmental
organizations (NGOs).
Going back to the industrial revolution,
once what we called as “the greatest
breakthrough in human history” ended in
the possibility of the end of human race as
we know it.Since 1900 it the earth has gain
a significantly amount of carbon waste. If
the current situation could not be
mitigated, It means that the earth
temperature would rise above 2o
C if there
is no action taken to prevent the situation.
Sources: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis
Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (2012)
International Energy Agency, World Energy
Outlook (2012)
Climate change that once called as a
scientific myth has gain recognition from
our current modern society. The
scientifical prove of the current alarming
raise of temperature have create massive
change starting from the inconsistency of
climate change, extreme weather, and raise
of sea level. Where it has been
acknowledge that it is indeed hampers the
human life starting from food insecurity,
new and incurable diseases as well as
disaster that creates a major setback in
human life.
It is no longer the problem of develop or
developing countries but the problem of
the whole global citizen, the idea of
reducing carbon waste of each country has
been scientifically calculated in hope that
it could reduce the impact and the massive
grown of destruction of our earth. Now it
is in the hand of our delegate to find the
best solution as well as work as the
citizen of the world for the best solution
that could be beneficial for both develop
and developing countries.

5. HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE
The United Nations Environmental
Programme (UNEP) first established in
1972 as a result of the United Nations
Conference on the Human Environment
back in 1972. As a global environmental
authority and advocate that sets the global
environmental agenda, UNEP are entitled
to promote comprehensive implementation
within the environmental dimension of
sustainable development within the United
Nations. Since its establishment, UNEP
has played a significant role in promoting,
developing, and formulating policies that
bound within the realm of environment
within land and sea for the greater good of
its United Nations member with wide
range of partners, including United
Nations entities, international
organizations, national governments, non-
governmental organizations, the private
sector and civil society.
The United Nations Environmental
Programme (UNEP) as a United Nations
body have the power to only recommend
and have no power to create legally
binding resolutions between country.
However as a United Nations body that
specialize in the realm of environment,
UNEP has the ability to give direct
recommendations as well as cooperate
with other United Nations bodies such as
UNFCCC and other related bodies.
TOPIC AREA: Zero carbon emission
by 2070
In the current modern climate change
debates, it is argued that CO2 should
incorporate the principal historical
responsibility where it is believed that the
rich should pay for its past contribution to
global warming. Based on the statistic
from 1900-2004 it has been approved that
many developing countries share of
emission stated back in time of the
industrial revolution. Significantly United
Kingdom as the leader of the industrial
revolution and United State of America
that contribute as the biggest historical
share of 314,772m metric tonnes of carbon
dioxide.
UNEP Emission Gap report becomes the
global emission guideline for the earth to
stay within 2o
C limit in a business as usual
scenario. Within this perspective it is
imperative that every development aspect
to furthermore consider sustainable and
environmental side in order to minimize
carbon output whether it is in developed or
developing country.
In order to limit global temperature rise to
2o
C and avoid the worst impact of climate
change, global carbon neutrality should be
attained by mid-to-late-century. United
Nationals Environment Programme

6. (UNEP) report says,the world will face
what Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change scientists have described as
“severe, widespread and irreversible”
effects from climate change. Following
that statement United Nations has warns
that the world have to cut carbon dioxide
emission the latest by 2070 to keep global
warming below dangerous level and to
prevent global catastrophe.
In order to stay within the safe temperature
limit it, the earth must not exceed an
estimated budget of 1,000 gigatonnes of
carbon dioxide for it will result in
irreversible climate change impact. To
avoid exceeding of budget, global carbon
neutrality should be reach between 2055
and 2070 meaning that the global carbon
dioxide emission must reach zero on the
global scale.
CURRENT SITUATIONS
Case Studies: Food Security
Climate change has affected four
dimension of food security: food
availability, food accessibility, food
utilization and food systems stability. It
will have an impact on human health,
livelihood assets, food production and
distribution channels, as well as changing
purchasing power and market flows. Its
impacts will be both short term, resulting
from more frequent and more intense
extreme weather events, and long term,
caused by changing temperatures and
precipitation patterns.
As agriculture has become the main
income for most developing countries as
well as producing most of staples food we
eat today, it is become an urgency that
action taken to minimize this impact. Food
insecurity risks in loss of assets that would
hamper both developed and developing
country. Reminded that agriculture,
forestry, and fisheries not only affected by
climate change but also contribute to it as
it emits greenhouse gases.
Case studies: Sea Level Rise
As it has been stated the current global
temperature has risen to almost 2o
C over
the course of decade. This has been
causing the increase of volume of global
ocean due to ocean warming cause by
thermal expansion that cause loss of ice by
glaciers and ice sheet. It is a certainty that
global sea level will continue to rise
depends on future emission, this would
cause to the loss of land area due to
drowning.
The most affected area would be Small
Island as it would lose part of its area or
their whole island completely such as
Tuvalu and Fiji. If such thing were to

7. happen millions of citizen will lost their
home and forced to evacuate to a safer
ground. It is why prevention must took
place in order to avoid this prediction.
ACTION TAKEN
Carbon Trading
In attempt to reduce global emission and
slowing climate change, international
climate change policy introduced its
central pillar, Carbon Trading or also
named as Emission Trading. Carbon
trading allows an economy to sell or buy
permission to emit a certain amount of
emissions from or to other emitters, who
are below or above their limit of emission.
The famous form of carbon trading is
known as "Cap and Trade". Cap means the
legal limit of pollutants an economy is
allowed to emit in a year. Permits are
pollutions allowance given to the emitters
and the entities must hold enough permits
to cover all the pollutants they emit in a
year.
Companies or other entities are required to
stay within the limit of pollutants they are
allowed to emit, but they are also allowed
to trade the permit of every ton of
pollution they emit. Carbon trading works
like this, if a company emits pollution
above the limit, their permits surely cannot
cover all the pollutants it emits. On the
other side, if a company reduces emissions
more than it should reduce, it won't use all
its permits and can trade those permits to
the company who need more permits. Each
permit in a carbon trading is considered
equivalent to one ton of carbon dioxide
equivalent. Carbon trading is also an
attempt to create economic incentives for
an economy to reduce the pollutants they
emit and turn the reduction into income for
the company, unlike the former policy,
which emphasize on penalties for economy
that emit pollutants above the limit.
However, criticisms have grown since the
first time carbon trading signed by 180
countries back in 1997. Opposition to
carbon trading has grown to belief that
carbon trading is aimed at the wrong
objective. Carbon trading is believed to
give only a little contribution to reduce
global warming. Instead, it is believed to
give the advantage and profits to the
greenhouse gasses polluters. The negative

8. evaluation of carbon trading and negative
issues that happened around the world
confirmed this opposite view. Carbon
trading scheme intended to save the total
emissions cost by creating cost effective
reduction in the market. This theory is
based on the assumption that the market is
perfectly efficient, which never occurred
in real life. In actual cases, not all trades
are rational. They are caused by unreliable
information, various costs for trading, and
error in company's decision-making
process. These are the reasons why the
actual cost of carbon trading is higher than
it should be.
Deforestation Policy (REDD)
Deforestation and forest degradation,
through infrastructure development,
agricultural expansion, destructive
logging, etc., are responsible for
approximately 15 percent of global
greenhouse gas emissions. This number
makes deforestation became the second
leading factor of global warming. With
this big contribution, it's clear that
combating deforestation is one of the most
effective ways to reduce global carbon
emissions. In 2005, UNFCCC discussed a
mechanism to reduce the carbon emissions
through the reduction of deforestation.
REDD stands for Reducing Emissions
From Deforestation and Forest
Degradation. It's a commitment for the
parties to reduce deforestation and forest
degradation below certain amount of
baseline and the parties who able to meet
the target will receive valuable credits in
carbon market for reducing carbon
emissions. The basic idea of REDD is;
countries that are able and willing to
reduce emissions through reducing
deforestation should be financially
compensated for their action.
Blue Carbon Initiative
Coastal ecosystems are one of most
productive on earth, as they provide
numerous benefits and services that are
essential for climate change adaptation
along coasts globally. Mangroves, tidal
marshes, and seagrass meadow; they
sequester and store significant amounts of
coastal blue carbon from the atmosphere
and ocean. The carbon is stored
aboveground in the biomass of plants (tree
trunks, stems and leaves), below ground in
the plant biomass (root systems and
rhizomes), and in the carbon-rich organic
soils typical to these ecosystems. Utilizing
the work of this ecosystem to mitigate
climate change, The Blue Carbon Initiative
was then established. It formed Science
and Policy working groups in order to
achieve several goals; one of which is
develop management approaches, financial
incentives and policy mechanisms for
ensuring the conservation, restoration and
sustainable use of coastal blue carbon
ecosystems.

9. Renewable Energy
Conventional fuels (oil, coal, and natural
gas) recently provide 85% of total energy
used worldwide. Apart from being limited,
the energy produced from these fuels also
results in by-products emission; polluting
the environment. One effort to mitigate the
emission is using less-polluting energy,
which is the renewable one. Renewable
energy sources come in various form:
hydro, wind, solar, ocean, geothermal—
and the last, which is said to be the single
largest one today according to
International Energy Agency—biomass
energy.
As the largest source of renewable energy,
bioenergy provides roughly 10% of world
primary energy supply. Most of which is
consumed by developing countries, where
it provides basic energy for cooking and
heating. The demand for this energy
becomes higher due to the increasing oil
price, resulting risky economy of reliant
countries. With locally produced biofuels,
country dependence on oil import would
decrease thus secure greater domestic
energy security (UNEP).
A decade ago, renewable energy had been
considered potential yet there was no
large-scale deployment and
manufacturing—it was still only
concentrated in Europe, United States, and
Japan. Now ten years on, the lead of those
advanced countries in the renewable
energy global markets paved the way for
technology advances and market
expansion through early investment in
technology and policy design.
Deployment, manufacturing, and markets
of renewable energy—particulary in the
electricity sector—have expanded to other
regions.
By early 2014, at least 144 countries had
renewable energy targets and 138
countries had renewable energy support
policies in place, increasing rapidly from
48 countries in 2004. This expansion of
deployment is also supported by the
declining costs; with many renewable
energy technologies today cost-
competitive. As reported by REN21,
overall primary energy supply from
renewables in 2004 was 57.7 EJ per year,
while by 2013 the total supply had grown
to 76 EJ annually—in almost a decade,
there's an overall increase of 30%.

10. With a decade of rapid growth, renewable
energy technology is viewed not only as
tools for improving energy security and
mitigating and adapting to climate change.
Today, it also results in significant
investment volumes, in creation of jobs,
and in a significant reduction of renewable
energy cost due to economies of scale thus
opening new markets for renewable energy
technologies in developing countries
where new generation capacities are
urgently needed and where energy demand
is increasing.
MAJOR BLOCS
North American
North American region consists two
countries; United States and Canada.
North American is now the second highest
carbon emitter in the world with United
States is often noted as the most significant
contributor to greenhouse gasses
emissions. United States has ever tried to
invest more in renewable energy, just like
what European countries do, but however
this policy didn't work. Now United States
find a way to efficiently reduce its carbon.
The usage of shale energies from natural
gasses makes United States is the biggest
redactor in carbon emissions as well.
European Union
The EU Commission first issued its
community strategy to limit carbon
emissions in 1991. It focuses on limiting
carbon dioxide and improving energy
efficiency. Now EU is famous for its
emission-trading scheme, which became
the first and remains biggest greenhouse
gasses emission-trading scheme in the
world. With this major pillar of EU
climate policy, EU is setting a target to
reduce carbon emissions by at least 40%
below 1990 levels by 2030. EU also aims
to achieve at least 27% share for
renewable energy and at least 27%
improvement in energy efficiency by
2030.
Asia
Asia is the fastest growing economic
region in the world. Rapid economic
growth over the past 20 years happened
along with the increasing emissions of
greenhouse gasses. The predominant fossil
fuels usage, with renewable energy and
nuclear energy are accounted for less than
20 per cent of total energy use hasbecame
one of the reasons of increasing emissions
in Asia. In Asia itself, the bloc is divided
by developed country, such as Japan,
which able to reduce its emissions since it
has its own technology to switch to
greener energy options, and developing
countries who still working on achieving
economic welfare. For example, in India,
the government of India is focusing on
eliminating poverty and improving the
nation's economy first. Many countries in

11. Asia are still considered developing
countries and not compelled by globally
agreed emissions policy, even though
China has became the highest carbon
emitter nowadays.
Middle East
Middle East and North Africa countries
(MENA) hold over half the world’s
proven, recoverable crude oil and a third
of its natural gas reserves. By that, the
region has become heavily dependent on
the fossil fuels which created
unprecedented prosperity. The increasing
domestic consumption of energy sources is
said to be the factor to drive towards
renewable. Middle Eastern governments
have seen declining exports and, for some,
decreased petrodollars, which pose a risk
to their economies. Given the climatic
condition, MENA countries focus on the
solar power potential—though in reality,
investors have found significant barriers
hampering the development of renewable
energy field. Nevertheless, Middle eastern
governments have pledged to generate
more of their energy cleanly. By 2020,
Kuwait, Oman and Saudi Arabia aim to
get 10% of their energy from sustainable
sources. The UAE has been less ambitious:
planning to use renewable sources for 7%
of Abu Dhabi’s and 5% of Dubai’s energy
by 2030.
Africa
The biggest challenge in sub-Saharan
Africa (SSA) is the population growth has
outpaced electricity access efforts. By the
end of 2013, only 43% of the SSA
population had access to electricity; which
leads to the increase in demand not match
expansion plans for renewable energy
across all sectors. In addition, unstable
policy frameworks and rapidly changing
renewable energy support schemes have
led to financing challenges as investors are
wary of regressive policies and the
negative effect they have on investments.
However, in the past 5 years, the number
of SSA countries establishing policy
frameworks increased, leading to
substantial increases in national renewable
energy markets. While we could say that
over decades the improvements on
renewable technologies are brought to
SSA region, there are still uncertainties—
the common one is lack of information.
The majority do not know the best
practices about successful renewable
policy schemes; which could be a major
barrier for renewables uptake.
SIDS (Small Island and Developing
States)
Most of Small Islands and Developing
States depend heavily on imported fossil
fuels for the majority of their energy
needs, specifically for transport and
electricity generation. Not only emitting
carbon, the cost of its infrastructure is also

12. high due to the scale and isolation. By
transitioning the energy into renewable
one, it would help SIDS address economic
and environmental challenges while also
creates job opportunities. Many of the
countries have taken step to energy
independence by creating partnerships and
innovative technical approaches, as well as
investments. In the time of urgency SIDS
would the first to receive impact as it has
the possibility to lose its land if sea level
were to raise making that will end in the
loss of homes for millions of its citizen.
FURTHER READING
UNEP Emission Gap Report
UNEP emission gap report has become a
parameter for countries and its pledge to
reduce their emission reduction target. The
aim of this report was to see and closer the
gap between emission level of each
country to reach the goal of 1.5o
C
temperature. Based under the UNFCCC
COP (Conference of Parties) 15 in
Copenhagen it has been a main basis of
green economy scheme to ensure the
possibility of economy development while
still looking through the aspect of
sustainability and climate change. In the
end it is how countries pledge has been
carried out and how will it make
significant changes to reach these targets.
Kyoto Protocol
Kyoto protocol was established in Kyoto,
Japan on 11 December 1997 and entered
into force in February 2005. It is an
international agreement under United
Nation Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) to set international
binding emission reduction target. Sadly
back in 2011 one of the biggest emitter
that time which is United States of
America removed themselves from the
Kyoto process that ended in the removal of
the protocol completely in 2012.
Since the Kyoto protocol has become the
basis to reduce world GHG emission with
its three mechanism of international
emission trading, clean development
mechanism, and join implementation.
Under this protocol countries emission has
been monitored and record to carry out
countries emission reduction target.
Cancun Agreement
The Cancun agreement that reached into
action back in 2011 in Cancun, Mexico

13. has become an international guideline
made under the decision of involved
parties to address long-term climate
change action and concrete action to speed
up global response regarding climate
change. Established under UNFCCC,
Cancun agreement has become and
objective to reduce human-generated
greenhouse gas emission by encouraging
all participation by UN member state.
QARMA’s:
1. Has the current action made by
United Nations proven to be
effective? If not what else can
nations do to ensure the reduction
of carbon with the target of 2070?
2. Evaluating the success and failure
of past international actions, which
one has been proven more effective
to be re-implemented in the future?
3. What other action can be taken that
would be beneficial for both
develop and developing countries?
4. What step should be taken by
UNEP in order to ensure member
states commitment, considering
there is no binding legal instrument
in reduction of carbon emission?
5. Now that Sustainable Development
Goals(SDGs) are being discussed
as one of the potential framework
replacing MDGs, what is UNEP
stance as well as role in it should
be?
FURTHER READING AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY
UNEP 2014.The Emissions Gap Report
2014. United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP), Nairobi
UNEP press release: 19 November, 2014,
10:01 am Washington D.C.
Food And Agriculture Organization. 2008.
Climate Change And Food Security: A
Framework Document. Rome: FAO of
The United Nations.
Gregory, Jonathan. 2013. Climate change
2013: The Physical Science Basis. IPCC
fifth assessment report.
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11:42
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accessed on 1 September, 17:23
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http://www.bbc.com/news/science-
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