Molecular biology is a branch of biotechnology in which we study about biological and chemical unit at molecular level.

1. A
SEMINAR
ON
INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
PRESENTEDBY
 DR. R.K.RAO (PRINCIPAL) NIKITA DEWANGAN
 GUIDED BY - DR. ARUNIMA M.SC. 2ND
SEMESTER
KARKUN BIOTECHNOLOGY
G.D. RUNGTA COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
KOHKA-KURUD,BHILAI DURG (C.G.)

2. INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
SYNOPSIS
 INTODUCTION
 DEFINITION
 HISTORY
 THE GENOME
 THE GENOME DATABASE
 DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
 RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
 THE PROTEIN
 CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
 CURRENT USES OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
 APPLICATION
 CONCLUSION
 REFRENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
 The study of gene structure and functions at the molecular level to
understand the molecular basis of hereditary, genetic variation and the
expression patterns of genes.
 The Molecular biology study the flow of information from DNA to RNA to
protein.
 The Molecular biology field overlaps with other areas, particularly genetics
and biochemistry.
 The Molecular biology allows the laboratory to be predictive in nature;
events that occur in the future.
DEFINITION
 Molecular biology is the branch of biology that deals with nature of
biological phenomena at the molecular level through the study of the
DNA, RNA and protein and other macromolecules .
HISTORY
 The term molecular biology was first used in 1945 by WILLIAM
ASTBURY study of the chemical and physical structure of biological
macromolecules.
 The root of molecular biology were established in 1953 when an
Englishman Francis crick and a young American James Watson working
at medical Research council unit.

4. THE GENOME
 A genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its
genes. Each genome contains all of the information needed to build and
maintain that organism. In humans, a copy of the entire genome—more
than 3 billion DNA base pairs—is contained in all cells that have a
nucleus.
 The diploid genome of the typical human cells contains approx.7x10⁹
base pairs that are divided into 23 chromosomes.
THE GENOME DATABASE
 Organized in six major organism groups:
 Eukaryotes,
 Bacteria,
 Archaea,
 Viruses,
 Plasmids.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
 The gigantic molecule which is used to encode genetic information for all
life on Earth.
 The genetic material of all cellular organisms and most viruses.
 DNA molecule is incredibly long. It is tightly packed.
 DNA forms: A Form, B Form and Z Form, B-DNA is the naturally
occurring form of DNA inside cells.

5.  DNA is a molecule that contains the instructions an organism needs to
develop, live and reproduce. These instructions are found inside every cell,
and are passed down from parents to their children.
 DNA is made up of molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a
phosphate group, a sugar group and a nitrogen base. The four types of
nitrogen bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C).
The order of these bases is what determines DNA's instructions, or genetic
code. Similar to the way the order of letters in the alphabet can be used to
form a word, the order of nitrogen bases in a DNA sequence forms genes,
which in the language of the cell, tells cells how to make proteins. Another
type of nucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, or RNA, translates genetic information
from DNA into proteins.
 The entire human genome contains about3 billion bases and about 20,000
genes.
Fig :- 1, De – oxyribonucleic acid structure

6. RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
 RNA is a polymer of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides linked together
by phosphodiester bridgs analogous to those in DNA. RNA possesses
several specific difference:
 RNA: Sugar moiety is ribose rather than the 2' deoxyribose of the DNA.
 Pyrimidine components contains uracil instead of thymine in DNA.
 RNA exists as a single strand, however, the single strand is capable of
folding back on itself like hairpin thus acquiring double strand
characteristics.
 Since RNA molecule exist as single strand, its guanine content does not
necessarily equal to its uracil content.
 Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various
biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
Fig ; 2, ribonucleic acid structure

7. THE PROTEIN
 Proteins are large biomolecule, or macromolecules consisting of one or
more long chains of amino acid residues Proteins perform a vast array of
functions within organisms, including catalysis metabolic reactions, DNA
replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one
location to another. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called
a polypeptide.
 A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides,
containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and
are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides.
 The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide
bonds and adjacent amino acid residues.
CENTRALDOGMAOF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
 DNA molecules serve as templates for either complementary DNA strands
during the process ofreplication or complementary RNA during the process
of transcription.
 RNA molecules serve as a template for ordering amino acids by ribosomes
during protein synthesis.

8. FIG:-1, CENTRAL DOGMA
GENE
 The gene, the basic units of inheritance; it is a segment within a very long
strand of DNA with specific instruction for the productionof one specific
protein. Genes located on chromosomeon it's place or locus.
FIG:-2, THE GENE

9. CURRENT USE OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
 The most recent applied technologies:-
 Diagnosis
 Transplantation
 Paternity
 Forensic analysis
 Gene therapy
 Drug Design
CONCLUSION
 It is concluded that molecular biology gives us information about
micromolecule and macromolecule of our body, it give us knowledge
about function , structure of micromolecule and macromolecule and new
method of molecular biology which we apply on molecular level like
DNA , RNA, PROTEIN, GENE etc.
REFRENCES
 B.D.SINGH 2007 GENETICS
 P.K.GUPTA MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY
 NET SOURCE
 SLIDE SHARE FROM SALWA HASSAN TEAM