2. Chronic inflammatory disease of airways
Increased responsiveness of tracheobronchial
tree
Multiplicity of stimuli
Episodic disease
Narrowing of airways (acutely and gradually),
relieved spontaneously or after therapy.
3. Risk Factors
(for development of asthma)
INFLAMMATION
Airway
Hyperresponsiveness Airflow Obstruction
Risk Factors Symptoms
(for exacerbations)
4. Asthma is one of the most common chronic
diseases worldwide —160 million patients suffer
from asthma
Prevalence increasing in many countries,
especially in children — 1~4% in adult, 3~5% in
children in China
A major cause of school/work absence
An overall increase in severity of asthma
increases the pool of patients at risk for death
5. Worldwide Variation in Prevalence of
Asthma Symptoms
International Study of
Asthma and Allergies in
Children (ISAAC)
Lancet 1998;351:1225
6. Environmental
Genetic factors factors
Mixed
Atopic factors Non-
asthma atopic/idiosyncratic
asthma
Early onset
Late onset
9. Gross overdistention of lungs, non-collapsible
Gelatinous plugs of exudate in bronchial
branches, down to terminal bronchioles
Hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
Hyperplasia of mucosal & submucosal blood
vessels
Mucosal oedema
Thickening of basement membrane
Eosinophilic infiltrates in the bronchial walls
10. History and patterns of symptoms
Physical examination
Measurements of lung function
Measurements of allergic status to identify risk
factors
11. Recurrent episodes of wheezing
Troublesome cough at night
Cough or wheeze after exercise
Cough, wheeze or chest tightness after
exposure to airborne allergens or pollutants
Colds ―go to the chest‖ or take more than 10
days to clear
12. Lung function tests- FEV1/FVC ratio (<70%or
normal), PEFR
Bronchodilator test- reversibility (>15%
improvement in FEV1)
CXR
Sputum (thick, with eosinophils + Charcots-
Leyden crystals), blood (IgE levels,
eosinophilia)
Allergy tests- skin, inhalants, catecholamines
etc.
13. Asthma COPD
cannot be fully prevented can be prevented
can be fully controlled
cannot be fully reversed
does not progress is progressive
14. COPD and Asthma are different
diseases!
Asthma COPD
Allergic
Small airway
inflammation of
COPD narrowing
airways
& &
Asthma Bronchospasm
Hyper- (15%) &
responsiveness
Airway collapse
Bronchospasm
Maintain
Control inflammation
bronchodilatation
with ICS
with regular
Minimal bronchodilator
bronchodilator
15. History COPD Asthma
Smoker or ex- Nearly always Variable
smoker
Onset Usually > 40 Most < 30 years
years
Breathlessness Gradual and Paroxysmal
progressive
Chronic cough Common Infrequent
with sputum
18. To effectively controll asthma by…
A. Suppressing and reversing
inflammation
B. Treating bronchoconstriction
and related symptoms
19. Life-threatening medical emergencies
Treatment is often most safely undertaken in a
hospital or hospital-based emergency
department
20. Initial Assessment
History, Physical Examination, PEF or FEV1
Initial Therapy
Bronchodilators; O2 if needed
Good Response
Incomplete/Poor Response Respiratory Failure
Observe for at Add Systemic Glucocorticosteroids
least 1 hour
Good Response Poor Response
If Stable,
Discharge to Discharge Admit to Hospital Admit to ICU
Home
21. Goals of Long-term Management
Achieve and maintain control of symptoms
Prevent asthma episodes or attacks
Maintain pulmonary function as close to normal levels
as possible
Maintain normal activity levels, including exercise
Avoid adverse effects from asthma medications
Prevent development of irreversible airflow limitation
Prevent asthma mortality
22. Uncontrolled
Controlled (mild Partly controlled (moderate-
Characteristic intermittent) (mild persistent) severe
(All of the following) (Any present in any week)
persistent)
None (2 or less / More than
Daytime symptoms
week) twice / week
Limitations of 3 or more
None Any features of
activities
partly
Nocturnal controlled
symptoms / None Any asthma
awakening present in
Need for rescue / None (2 or less / More than any week
“reliever” treatment week) twice / week
< 80% predicted or
Lung function
Normal personal best (if
(PEF or FEV1)
known) on any day
Exacerbation None One or more / year 1 in any week
23. Preventers - anti-inflammatory
Relievers - short acting bronchodilators
that provide rapid relief of
symptoms
Controllers - sustained bronchodilator
action with unproven or mild
anti-inflammatory action
24. Classification of drugs used in the
maintenance treatment of asthma
PREVENTERS CONTROLLERS RELIEVERS
Anti-inflammatory Sustained broncho- For quick relief of
action to prevent dilator action but weak symptoms and use in
asthma attacks or unproven anti- acute attacks as p.r.n.
inflammatory effect dose only
Inhaled Long-acting ß2 Short-acting ß2
corticosteroids agonists agonists
Beclomethasone Salmeterol Salbutamol
Budesonide Formoterol Fenoterol
Fluticasone Methylxanthines Terbutaline
Flunisolide Hexoprenaline
Triamcinolone
Sustained-release Orciprenaline
theophyllines
Oral Anti-cholinergics
corticosteroids Leukotriene Ipratropium
Prednisone receptor Short-acting
Prednisolone antagonists** theophyllines
Methylprednisolone Montelukast
Zafirlukast
** Provisional categorisation pending further data
26. A convenient and reliable
multi-dose device
New propellant is HFA
(ozone-friendly)
Rapidly moving, short-
duration plume
Impaction of spray in
oropharynx likely
Evaporating spray feels
cold
70% of dose lodges in
pharynx and much may be
swallowed, 15 -20% in
lung
27. Remove mouthpiece
cap
Shake inhaler
(suspensions only)
Breathe out
Place actuator
mouthpiece between lips
Fire while breathing in
slowly and deeply
Continue to inhale
Hold breath (for 10 sec)
28. CRUCIAL ERRORS
Firing device at or after end of inhalation
Stopping inhalation / inhaling through nose (―cold
Freon‖ effect)
Bizarre errors (e.g. not removing mouthpiece cap)
NON-CRUCIAL ERRORS
Firing device before start of inhalation
Fast inhalation
No breath-hold / short breath-hold
Failure to shake inhaler (suspensions only)
29. Useful for small children (used with
snug-fitting face mask)
Useful in improving inhaled steroid
deposition in those with difficulty co-
ordinating firing of pMDI during or
before inhalation
Shake inhaler (suspensions only)
Insert pMDI into spacer
Breathe out
Fire while (or before) breathing in
slowly and deeply
Continue to inhale
Hold breath (for 10 sec)
Repeat with second puff
30.
31. Remove cover (device-specific)
Prepare device / load dose (device-specific)
Pierce capsule (single-dose devices only)
Breathe out gently
Place mouthpiece between lips
Inhale deeply and quickly*
Breath-hold (device-specific)
Replace cover and store in dry cool environment
32. Montelukast - Singulair
Zafirlukast - Accolate
Advantages:
• Unique mode of action
• Anti-inflammatory – no bronchodilator effect
• Very simple dosing: taken by mouth; single dose strength for children, another for
adults
• Safe
• Use:
– Add to inhaled corticosteroids
– Monotherapy in mild allergic asthma (children)
Disadvantages:
• Poor efficacy (not better than theophylline for most endpoints especially in adults
( More useful in children)
• Expensive !
33. DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES Bulky, inconvenient
Easy to use correctly once Electricity supply usually needed
prepared: relaxed tidal Preparation and assembly a problem,
breathing especially for the elderly?
Convenient way of Long treatment times
delivering high doses
Patients find them Cleaning / contamination issues
reassuring Expensive
Dose control possible in Patients rely on them instead of using
sophisticated devices controller medications
No propellants needed Their use can delay patients presenting to
emergency departments and lead to
asthma deaths (false sense of security)
They are air and not oxygen-driven, so do
not correct hypoxia
34. Reasons for poor
patient adherence to treatment
Misunderstanding about need for both
long-term preventive and quick-relief
medications
Difficulty with inhaler devices
Fear of side effects or addiction
Cost of medication
Dislike of medication
35. Follow-up
At regular visits (every one to six months):
Monitor asthma control
– Review symptoms
– Measure lung function
– Assess compliance
Modify the treatment plan
– Reinforce compliance
– Adjust medications
36. Kasper et-al. Harrison’s Principles of Internal
Medicine, 16th edition: 2005; McGraw-Hill, New York,
USA: pp1508-1516
Zhiwen Zhu. Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, 1st Affiliated
Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, China