2. High Dispersivity Bacterial Cellulose/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite for Sensor Applications
Carbon nanotube (MWCNT) powdered as produced cylinders and poly(vinyl alcohol—Mw ∼ 7,200—PVOH) were
supplied from Sigma Aldrich.
(a)
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. SEM Images
Bacterial cellulose/carbon nanotube were characterized by
SEM. Figure 1 shows, as an example, SEM image of (a)
bacterial cellulose formation and (b) bacterial cellulose/
carbon nanotubes. These results confirm that there were
interaction between carbon nanotubes-PVOH and bacterial cellulose by changing bacterial cellulose culture
medium.16 17
3.2. FTIR
Influences of carbon nanotubes-PVOH in bacterial cellulose were analyzed in the range between 250 and
4000 cm−1 and with resolution of 2 cm−1 with FTIR
analysis. The main features of the bacterial cellulose
in infrared spectroscopy is: 3500 cm−1 : OH stretching,
2900 cm−1 : CH stretching of alkane and asymmetric CH2 stretching, 2700 cm−1 : CH2 symmetric stretching, 1640 cm−1 : OH deformation, 1400 cm−1 : CH2
2
(b)
Fig. 1. (a) Bacterial cellulose; (b) Bacterial cellulose/carbon nanotube.
deformation, 1370 cm−1 : CH3 deformation, 1340 cm−1 :
OH deformation and 1320–1030 cm−1 : CO deformation.18
In Figure 2, it can be observed that in carbon nanotube/bacterial cellulose mats, it obtained changes in
symmetrical stretching CH2 bonds of bacterial cellulose
structures in 1640 cm−1 and another absorption peak was
obtained in the range of 1490 cm−1 , which shows the presence of a carbonyl group in the bacterial cellulose together
with bonds corresponding to those of glycoside, including
C O C at 1162 cm−1 (as in case of natural cellulose).19
These results clearly shows one possible interaction
between bacterial cellulose and carbon nanotubes-PVOH
80
70
Transmittance (a.u)
RESEARCH ARTICLE
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Synthesis and Fermentation of
Bacterial Cellulose
The acetic fermentation process is achieved by using
the sugar as carbohydrate source. Results of this process would be vinegar and a nanobiocellulose biomass.
The modified process is based on the addition of carbon
nanotubes-PVOH (1% w/w) to the culture medium before
bacteria are inoculated. After being added to the culture
medium, the medium is autoclaved at 100 celsius degree.
Then, bacterial Cellulose (BC) produced by Gram-negative
bacteria Gluconacetobacter xylinus can be obtained from
the culture medium in the pure 3-D structure consisting of
an ultra fine network of cellulose nanofibers.
2.3. Characterization
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)—Scanning electronic microscopy images were performed on a PHILIPS
XL30 FEG. The samples were covered with gold and silver paint for electrical contact and to perform the necessary images.
Transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, Perkin Elmer
Spectrum 1000)—Influences of carbon nanotube on bacterial cellulose was analyzed in the range between 250 and
4000 cm−1 and with resolution of 2 cm−1 with samples.
Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out
for bionanocomposite using a NETZSCH TG 209F1. The
samples were heated from 25 C to 800 C, at 10 degree/
min in inert (nitrogen) atmosphere. The weight of all specimens was maintained around 10 mg.
Olyveira et al.
60
50
40
30
20
10
BC
BC/carbon nanotubes
0
–10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
wavelength (nm)
Fig. 2. FTIR spectra of bacterial cellulose/carbon nanotubes.
J. Biomater. Tissue Eng. 3, 1–4, 2013
3. Olyveira et al.
High Dispersivity Bacterial Cellulose/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite for Sensor Applications
mainly by hydrogen interactions between hydroxyl and carbonyl groups.
100
bc
Weight (%)
80
60
40
20
0
100
200
300
400
500
Temperature (Celsius)
1.6
1.4
DTG bc
3.3. TGA
In order to analyze thermal behavior for bionanocomposites are characterized typical weight loss verses temperature plots. The TG spectrum (Fig. 3) shows a weak loss
of weight due to the evaporation of water (at temp. 85 C)
and also quick drop in weight at a temperature of approx.
300 C is mainly attributed to thermal depolymerization
of hemicellulose and the cleavage of glycosidic linkages
of cellulose,20 21 complete degradation of cellulose take
place between 275 and 400 C.22 23 It can be observed
that in comparison, bacterial cellulose and bacterial cellulose/carbon nanotubes, PVOH has its degradation at 225 C
and carbon nanotube at 425 C.24 25
1.2
DTG
4. CONCLUSIONS
0.8
Bacterial cellulose with its characteristics like nanofibers
size and distribution, mechanical properties, compatibility
and ability to mold is a biomaterial indispensable in health
area. It was the intention of this work to broaden knowledge
in this subject area and stimulate the practical application
of bacterial cellulose with new materials and biocomposites
obtained with modified fermentation for potential applications for sensor applications and diseases diagnostic. In
this scope a well dispersed conductive scaffolds with bacterial cellulose/carbon nanotube were produced by changing
bacterial cellulose with polymer modified-carbon nanotube
(PVOH-carbon nanotube).
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
100
200
300
400
500
Temperature (Celsius)
100
Bc/carbon nanotube
Weight (%)
80
60
References and Notes
40
20
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Temperature (Celsius)
1.2
DTGbc/carbon nanotube
1.0
DTG
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Temperature (Celsius)
Fig. 3. TGA thermogram of bacterial cellulose and bacterial cellulose/carbon nanotube.
J. Biomater. Tissue Eng. 3, 1–4, 2013
1. S. H. Yoon, H. J. M. Jin, M. C. Kook, and Y. R. M. Pyun, Conductive bacterial cellulose by incorporation of carbon nanotubes.
Biomacromolecules 7, 1280 (2006).
2. Z. Yan, S. Chen, H. Wang, B. Wang, C. Wang, and J. Jiang, Cellulose synthesized by Acetobacter xylinum in the presence of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Carbohydr. Res. 343, 73 (2008).
3. G. M. Olyveira, G. A. X. Filho, L. M. M. Costa, C. R. Scher,
L. X. Filho, P. Pranke, and P. Basmaji, Human dental pulp stem cell
behavior using natural nanotolith/bacterial cellulose scaffolds for
regenerative medicine. J. Biomedical Nanotechnology 9, 1 (2013).
4. L. X. Filho, G. M. Olyveira, L. M. M. Costa, and P. Basmaji, Novel
electrospun nanotholits/PHB scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration.
J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 13, 1 (2013).
5. G. M. Olyveira, L. M. M. Costa, and P. Basmaji, Physically modified bacterial cellulose as alternative routes for transdermal drug
delivery. J. Biomater. Tissue Eng. 3, 1 (2013).
6. P. B. P. Gois, G. M. Olyveira, L. M. M. Costa, C. F. Chianca, I. I.
S. Fraga, P. Basmaji, C. V. Cordoba, and L. X. Filho, Influence of
symbioses culture between microorganisms/ yeast strain on cellulose synthesis. International Review of Biophysical Chemistry 3, 48
(2012).
7. L. M. M. Costa, G. M. Olyveira, P. Basmaji, and L. X. Filho,
Nanopores structure in Electrospun Bacterial celulose. J. Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology. 2, 92 (2012).
8. B. M. Cherian, G. M. Olyveira, L. M. M. Costa, A. L. Leão,
and S. F. Souza, Protein Based Polymer Nanocomposites for
Regenerative Medicine, Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC Green
3
RESEARCH ARTICLE
1.0
4. High Dispersivity Bacterial Cellulose/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite for Sensor Applications
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Chemistry), No. 17, edited by John J. Maya and S. Thomas, Natural
Polymers, Nanocomposites (2012), Vol. 2, pp. 255–293.
D. P. Valido, L. M. M. Costa, G. M. Olyveira, P. B. P.Góis, R. L.
A. C. Júnior, L. X. Filho, and P. Basmaji, Novel otholits/bacterial
celulose nanocomposites as a potential natural product for direct
dental pulp capping. J. Biomater. Tissue Eng. 2, 48 (2012).
P. Basmaji, G. M. Olyveira, L. M. M. Costa, and L. X. Filho,
Bacterial nanocellulose for medicine regenerative. J. Nanotech. Eng.
Med. 2, 034001 (2011).
Y. Kim, H. S. Kim, H. Bak, Y. S. Yun, S. Y. Cho, and H. J.
Jin, Transparent conducting films based on nanofibrous polymeric
membranes and single-walled carbon nanotubes. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
114, 2864 (2009).
R. Jung, H. S. Kim, Y. Kim, S. M. Kwon, H. S. Lee, and H. J. Jin,
Electrically conductive transparent papers using multiwalled carbon
nanotubes. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 46, 1235 (2008).
T. Tanaka, E. Sano, M. Imai, and K. Akiyama, Electrical conductivity of carbon-nanotube/cellulose composite paper. J. Applied Physics
107, 054307 (2010).
S. Yun, S. D. J. Ang, G. Y. Yun, J. H. Kim, and J. Kim, Paper transistor made with covalently bonded multiwalled carbono nanotube
and celulose. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 104102 (2009).
P. Chen, S. Y. Cho, and H. J. Jin, Modification and applications of
bacterial celluloses in polymer science. Macromolecular Research
18, 309 (2010).
L. M. M. Costa, G. M. Olyveira, P. Basmaji, and L. X. Filho, Bacterial cellulose towards functional medical materials. J. Biomater.
Tissue Eng. 2, 185 (2012).
G. M. Olyveira, L. M. M. Costa, P. B. P. Góis, P. Basmaji, and L. X.
Filho, Novel natural transdermal patch for osteoporosis treatment.
J. Nanotech. Eng. Med. 2, 031011 (2011).
Olyveira et al.
18. R. G. Zhbanko, Infrared Spectra of Cellulose and Its Derivates,
Translated from the Russian by A. B. Densham, edited by B. I.
Stepanov, Consultants Bureau, New York (1966), pp. 325–333.
19. L. M. M. Costa, G. M. Olyveira, P. Basmaji, and L. X. Filho,
Bacterial cellulose towards functional green composites materials.
J. Bionanoscience 5, 167 (2011).
20. B. L. Manfredi, E. S. Rodriguez, M. Wladyka-Przybylak, and
A. Vazquez, Thermal degradation and fire resistance of unsaturated
polyester modified acrylic resins and their composites with natural
fibers. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91, 255 (2006).
21. S. Ouajai and R. A. Shanks, Composition, structure and thermal
degradation of hemp cellulose after chemical treatments. Polym.
Degrad. Stab. 89, 327 (2005).
22. V. A. Alvarez and A. Vazquez, Thermal degradation of cellulose derivatives/starch blends and sisal fiber biocomposites. Polym.
Degrad. Stab. 84, 13 (2004).
23. B. M. Cherian, A. L. Leão, S. F. Souza, G. M. Olyveira,
L. M. M. Costa, C. V. S. Brandão, and S. S. Narine, Bacterial
nanocellulose for medical implants, Advances in Natural Polymers,
Advanced Structured Materials, edited by S. Thomas, P. M. Visakh,
and A. P. Mathew, Springer Berlin Heidelberg (2013), Vol. 18,
pp. 337–359.
24. G. M. Olyveira, D. P. Valido, L. M. M. Costa, P. B. P. Gois,
L. X. Filho, and P. Basmaji, First otoliths/collagen/bacterial cellulose
nanocomposites as a potential scaffold for bone tissue regeneration.
J. Biomaterials Nanobiotechnology 2, 239 (2011).
25. P. Basmaji, G. M. Olyveira, and L. M. M. Costa, Nanoskin for
medical application. Proceeding of Nanotechnology 2011, Bio Sensors, Instruments, Medical, Environment and Energy, Boston, USA,
June (2011).
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Received: XX Xxxxx XXXX. Accepted: XX Xxxxx XXXX.
4
J. Biomater. Tissue Eng. 3, 1–4, 2013