Journal of Nuclear Engineering & Technology (JoNET) is a print and e-journal focused towards the rapid publication of fundamental research papers on all areas of Nuclear Engineering & Nuclear Technology. Focus and Scope Covers Nuclear Power Nuclear Medical Applications Nuclear Industrial Applications Nuclear Commercial Applications Nuclear Safety Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Proliferation

1. Journal of
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Journal of Nuclear Engineering & Technology
ISSN: 2277-6184(online), ISSN: 2321-6514(print)
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8. It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 6 Issue 3] of our Journal of Nuclear
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9. 1. Nuclear Track Studies in India: A Historical Review
Hardev Singh Virk 1
2. Aesthetic Values of the Surface-Driven Capillary Flow in SU-8 based Glass Microfluidic Devices
Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay 8
3. Economic Viability of Solar Energy Systems in the Indian Context
Farhat Mehmood, Ali Anas, Kamil Akhtar Iraqi, Faiz Ahmad, M.M. Siddiqui 19
4. Challenges and Opportunities in Non-conventional Energy Resources
Ekta Maurya 23
5. Nuclear Medicine and Applications of Radioisotopes
Brijesh Singh 29
ContentsJournal of Nuclear Engineering & Technology

10. JoNET (2016) 1-7 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Journal of Nuclear Engineering & Technology
ISSN: 2277-6184(online), ISSN: 2321-6514(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Nuclear Track Studies in India: A Historical Review
Hardev Singh Virk
SGGS World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
Abstract
Nuclear Tracks originate from the spontaneous fission of Uranium in minerals and can be
revealed by etching with suitable chemical reagents as tracks. The applications of Nuclear
Tracks were developed by R.L. Fleischer, P.B. Price and R.M. Walker in USA in various
fields, viz., Geology, Biology, Archaeology, Nuclear Physics, Reactor Physics, Earthquake
Studies and Space Physics. A historical review of Nuclear Track Studies in India is presented
in this paper along with contributions made by the author's group. Nuclear track shapes
recorded in our laboratory are illustrated by microphotographs in different matrices. This
technique became popular in developing countries as it involved minimal investments with
maximum output of research publications in diverse fields.
Keywords: Nuclear tracks, historical development, nuclear track society, trackologist, fission
track dating, ion track filters
INTRODUCTION
Let us have a peep into the history of nuclear
tracks in solids and pay a tribute to our heroes
both living and dead. The trio of Fleischer,
Price and Walker of USA deserve a Nobel Prize
for promoting one of the simplest experimental
techniques with potential applications in almost
all disciplines of science and technology.
The maxim of ‘Simple is Beautiful’ is fully
justified by this technique. It proved to be a
boon for scientists of third world countries who
cannot afford expensive equipment and
elaborate infrastructure to start some kind of
research activity.
Let me quote some ground rules for achieving
success in research enunciated by Professor
R.M. Walker, one of the pioneers of nuclear
track studies in meteorites, at the symposium on
the history of meteorites held at Kyoto, Japan in
1992:
1. One must be lucky.
2. A little bit of ignorance and a lot of naiveté
can be very useful.
3. It is often better to do an experiment than to
discuss why the experiment is not worth
doing.
4. Where possible, quantitative estimates of
probable results should be made. However,
this rule should not interfere with rule 3
above.
5. Be acutely aware of the miserable fact that
you tend to see only what you are looking
for.
6. Choose your co-workers wisely.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
During fifties of the last century, nuclear tracks
were discovered by Young in 1958 [1] and later
confirmed by Silk and Barnes in 1959 [2] in
mica using electron microscope. This neglected
paper of Young in ‘Nature’ fortunately caught
the sight of Price and Walker during sixties and
a new era of nuclear track applications was
opened up by the famous ‘trio’ working in
General Electric Company (GEC), Schenectady
(USA), after joining of Fleischer.
The first application was fission track dating of
rocks using chemical etching technique to make
latent fossil fission tracks visible under an
optical microscope [3–5]. This was a great
breakthrough in the history of nuclear tracks in
solids [6]. It was almost a romantic experience
for most of us to see myriad geometrical shapes
of tracks appear from crystal planes of
dielectric materials. I was fortunate enough to
develop and visualize cosmic ray tracks [7] in
an olivine crystal from a meteorite recovered by
Professor D. Lal and his associates at Physical
Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad .

11. JoNET (2016) 8-18 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8
Journal of Nuclear Engineering & Technology
ISSN: 2277-6184(online), ISSN: 2321-6514(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Aesthetic Values of the Surface-Driven Capillary Flow in
SU-8 based Glass Microfluidic Devices
Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay*
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Arunachal
Pradesh, Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India), Yupia, District-Papum
Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Abstract
In this research paper, author has fabricated total 422 individual SU-8 based glass
microfluidic devices by the maskless lithography, clamping, and diamond-like carbon (DLC)
coating using his own hands-on completely. Also, total 422 individual Audio-Video-
Interleave-Files as ‘FileName.avi’ related to these microfluidic devices have been recorded
and analysed by the author completely. The influence of effective viscosity on the surface-
driven capillary flow of aqueous microparticle suspensions has been experimentally
investigated. Also, the effects of surface wettability, channel aspect ratio and centrifugal force
on the surface-driven capillary flow of aqueous microparticle suspensions have been
experimentally investigated. The aesthetic values of the surface-driven capillary flow in SU-8
based glass microfluidic devices have been pictorially expressed in this research paper by the
suitable representative images captured using different optical instruments. According to the
designs of the microchannels of this research paper, only streamline motion of working
liquids in the surface-driven capillary flow is expected without any considerable turbulence by
the principles of fluid mechanics. The experimental investigations of this research paper are a
novel approach in the royal-world of science-and-technology. In future, the principles of
microfluidics may be useful in the nuclear power plants having nuclear reactors based on the
applications of nuclear science and nuclear engineering.
Keywords: SU-8, Aesthetic value, Capillary flow, Suspension, Channel aspect ratio,
Wettability, Microchannel bend
INTRODUCTION
In the recent past, the integration between
nanotechnology and microfluidics has been
successfully demonstrated by Mukhopadhyay
et al. [1–12]. In the microfluidic devices,
nano-technological aspects have been
governed by nano-scale coating of diamond-
like carbon or nano-scale surface topography
[4, 12]. These nano-scale surface
modifications have been proved to be useful to
vary the surface-driven capillary flow in the
microfluidic devices [4]. Presently,
microfluidic networks are the essential
components of the bioengineering applications
[13–21]. Many microfluidic flow
characteristics have been successfully
investigated in the microfluidic lab-on-a-chip
systems [13–21]. Many fabrication techniques
are used by different research-groups to
fabricate microfluidic devices [13–21].
Mukhopadhyay et al. have successfully
presented many experimental-data on
microfluidics with sufficient aesthetic values
in few earlier publications [1–12, 21].
In this research paper, total 422 individual SU-
8 based glass microfluidic devices have been
fabricated in the leakage-free conditions. By
testing these devices, the influence of effective
viscosity on the surface-driven capillary flow
of aqueous microparticle suspensions has been
studied.
Also, the effects of channel aspect ratio,
surface wettability and centrifugal force on the
surface-driven capillary flow of aqueous
microparticle suspensions have been
individually studied in these microfluidic
devices. The purpose of this research paper is
to express the aesthetic value of surface-driven
capillary flow in the SU-8 based glass
microfluidic devices.

12. JoNET (2016) 19-22 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 19
Journal of Nuclear Engineering & Technology
ISSN: 2277-6184(online), ISSN: 2321-6514(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Economic Viability of Solar Energy Systems in the Indian
Context
Farhat Mehmood, Ali Anas, Kamil Akhtar Iraqi, Faiz Ahmad, M.M. Siddiqui*
Department of Electronics and Communication, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
In this paper, the current energy resources are discussed, for example: thermal energy,
nuclear energy, tidal energy, hydroelectric energy etc. The paper is about the energy
resources which are currently used and why are they used, is there is any other energy
resource which can be more reliable then these energy resources. Alternative energy
resources have been compared with the currently active energy resources, that is, a
comparison of coal energy and nuclear energy to the solar energy, tidal energy and wind
energy has been made. The cost of per unit electricity produced by solar energy is estimated
and the economic viability of solar energy is pondered upon.
Keywords: Energy, resources, nuclear, coal, renewable, electricity, wind energy
INTRODUCTION
Coal Energy
Coal is known as a fossil fuel and is used to
produce around 40% of the world's electricity.
It’s a flammable black rock, and is high in
organic carbon and hydrocarbons. Coal is
considered a non-renewable source of energy as
it takes a very long time to form coal [1].
However, there are actually two main types of
coal: ‘thermal’ coal, which is mostly used for
power generation, and ‘metallurgical’ coal,
which is mostly used for steel production.
Thermal coal is more abundant, has lower
carbon content and is higher in moisture than
metallurgical coal. As well as in generating
power; coal is also commonly used in cement
manufacturing and as a component of
thousands of other products [2].
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear technology utilizes fissile materials to
generate heat and electricity. The byproducts of
this process are the radioactive materials. The
byproducts generated are beneficial in various
areas like cancer therapy, radioactive assay,
biochemical assays etc. but are very harmful to
health. Today, only eight countries are known
to have a nuclear weapons capability. By
contrast, 56 countries operate about 240 civil
research reactors, over one third of these in
developing countries. Now 31 countries host
some 440 commercial nuclear power reactors
with a total installed capacity of over
380,000 Mwe. In the 1940s and during the
Second World War to 1945, research initially
focused on producing bombs by splitting the
atoms of particular isotopes of either uranium
or plutonium [3].
VARIOUS OTHER ALTERNATIVES
TO CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
SOURCES
Wind Energy
Wind energy is a form of solar energy. Wind
turbines convert kinetic energy to mechanical
energy. Further the mechanical energy is
converted to electrical energy with the help of
generators. Wind is caused by uneven heating
of the atmosphere by the sun due to the earth’s
rotation. Wind flow patterns are modified by
the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and
vegetative cover. This wind flow, or motion
energy, when "harvested" by modern wind
turbines, can be used to generate electricity [4].
How Wind Power is Generated
The terms "wind energy" or "wind power"
describes the process by which the wind is used
to generate mechanical power or electricity.
Wind turbines use wind to produce electricity.
Modern wind turbines are of two basic types,
horizontal axis variety and vertical axis design.

13. JoNET (2016) 23-28 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 23
Journal of Nuclear Engineering & Technology
ISSN: 2277-6184(online), ISSN: 2321-6514(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Challenges and Opportunities in Non-conventional
Energy Resources
Ekta Maurya*
Department of Renewable Energy Technology, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
To meet the future energy demands and to give quality and pollution free supply to the
growing and today’s environment conscious population, the present world attention is to go in
for natural, clean and renewable energy resources. These renewable or non-conventional
energy resources are: solar energy, wind energy, water energy, geothermal energy, biogas
energy, nuclear energy, etc. These energy resources have many developments.
Keywords: Fourth generation solar cell (4G solar cell), levelized costs of energy (LCOE),
photovoltaic (PV) cell, ocean renewable power company (ORPC), department of energy’s
office of nuclear energy (DOE-NE)
INTRODUCTION
Natural resources are things which are
available from nature naturally. They occur
naturally within the environment that exists
relatively undisturbed by humanity, in a
natural form. A natural resource is often
estimated by the amount of biodiversity and
geodiversity existing in various ecosystems
[1].
Renewable Resources or Non-Conventional
Energy Resources [2]
The renewable resources like sunlight, air,
wind, etc., are continuously available and their
quantity is not reduced by human
consumption. Renewable resources can be
replenished naturally [3, 4].
Non-Renewable Resources or Conventional
Energy Resources
Minerals are included in this category of
nonrenewable resources. Of these, the metallic
minerals can be recycled and reused but coal
and petroleum cannot be recycled [5, 6].
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Non-conventional energy resources are
following types with some developments in it:
Solar Energy
Solar energy is the most abundantly available
source of energy. The light and heat from the
sun is used to meet our electricity demand
using solar photovoltaic cells, solar electricity,
solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis
[3, 4]. Earth's atmosphere absorbs solar energy
via oceans and land masses, which is
approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per
year [7]. The technical potential available from
biomass is from 100–300 EJ/year [8]. The
amount of solar energy reaching the surface of
the planet is so vast that in one year it is about
twice as much as will ever be obtained from
all of the earth's non-renewable resources of
coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium
combined [9]. Solar energy can be harnessed
at different levels around the world, mostly
depending on distance from the equator
[8, 10].
Solar Energy Development
Spin Cell
V3Solar has claimed to create a new solar
device that will not only compete with big
energy, but the cost of energy (LCOE) will be
less than the price of retail electricity and
cheaper than current solar technology. In fact,
one photovoltaic (PV) cell can handle a
concentration of energy equal to 30 suns,
improving the efficiency of the PV by 20%
over most standard panels. The spin cell is not
a flat panel. Another huge factor in the spin
cell’s favor is that the sun can ‘hit’ part of the
solar cone practically anytime it shines. Its
three-dimensional design eliminates idle time

14. JoNET (2016) 29-32 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 29
Journal of Nuclear Engineering & Technology
ISSN: 2277-6184(online), ISSN: 2321-6514(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Nuclear Medicine and Applications of Radioisotopes
Brijesh Singh*
Department of Surgery, NIMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Abstract
Radioactivity is the release of energy that results from changes in the nucleus of an atom.
Elements with atomic number more than 83, are radioisotopes. The field of nuclear medicine
uses radiation to provide diagnostic information about the functioning of cells/tissues
information on how to treat them. 10% of medical procedures use radiation to treat a variety
of diseases, including many types of cancers, heart diseases, gastrointestinal, endocrine,
neurological disorders and other abnormalities within the body. Undoubtedly, medical
research will find ways to use radiation and isotopes in improving our lives.
Keywords: Radioisotopes, nucleus, atom, neutrons, nuclear medicine, radiodiagnosis
INTRODUCTION
The word nuclear relates to the nucleus of an
atom. Atoms are constituents of almost
everything around us. Nuclear science is very
crucial in understanding how atoms interact
and how they can be best combined for more
efficient drugs and materials. Isotopes are
different forms of an atom of same chemical
composition. They have similar chemical
properties but different relative atomic mass.
The number of protons is the same; the
number of neutrons in the nucleus varies.
Some isotopes are stable while some are
unstable as they emit charged particles/waves
making the isotopes radioactive. The
radioactive element of these isotopes gives the
term, radioisotopes to such unstable atoms.
Radioisotopes are very useful and find many
applications in the modern science and
technology [1].
Till now there are 200 radioisotopes used and
are mostly artificially produced. Naturally
occurring radioisotopes include carbon14
(measure age of wood), chlorine36 (measure
age of water), lead210 (to date layers of sand
and soil) and tritium H-3 (measure young
ground water). Artificially produced
radioisotopes include chromium51 (tracer in
study of blood), cobalt60 (industrial
radiography), caesium137 (identification of
sources of soil erosion and deposition) and
zinc65 [2].
NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND RADIO
DIAGNOSIS
Nuclear medicine uses radioisotopes for
diagnostic and therapeutic purpose. Nuclear
medicine involves the use of radioactivity to
diagnose, treat, and prevent a disease. These
procedures are safe and effective. Nuclear
medicine and radiology both use radiation to
diagnose any medical condition, the difference
being in nuclear medicine, radioisotopes are
introduced into the body whereas in radiology
X-rays penetrate from outside the body [3].
Out of the 30 million people who are treated
each year in the United States, 1/3rd of them
are treated with nuclear medicine. There are
around 100 radioisotopes whose beta and
gamma radiations are used in diagnosis,
therapy and investigation in nuclear
medicine [4].
Glenn Seaborg and his coworkers discovered
several radioisotopes such as 131
I (discovered
in 1930), 60
Co (discovered in 1937), 99m
Tc
(discovered in 1938), and 137
Cs (discovered in
1941). Nowadays 99m
Tc with a half-life of 6 h
is widely used in nuclear medicine. 131
I, has a
half-life of 8 days; it is used to diagnose and
treat thyroid disorders. Former president
George Bush and first lady Barbara Bush are
some famous people who were successfully
treated with 131
I for Graves' disease (A fatal
thyroid disorder). Radioactive iodine treatment
has replaced the procedure of thyroid
surgery [5].

15. Journal of
Nuclear Engineering
& Technology
ISSN 2277-6184 (Online)
ISSN 2321-6514 (Print)(JoNET)
September–December 2016
conducted
Ch Instrumentation/ /
/
Energy Science/ /
22
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