1. BIOMETRIC FUTURES
By Edward D. Campbell, JD
This is taken from a paper originally developed for Amida Biometrics, L.L.C.,
in 2002, by Edward D. Campbell, and edited for use on the IBMBS web site in
September, 2003.
BIOMETRICS FUTURE & PROFIT
The International Behavioral and Medical Biometrics Society, exists to foster the
development of talent and foresight, to explore and understand the entire field of character and
medical diagnostics and human resource valuations through the skillful use of the computer data
processing and biometric scanning and observing comparative biological markers and behavioral
patterns and health conditions, for use in daily living, private industry, civil service, education, law
enforcement, military, medicine and psychology, throughout all aspects of human life. This paper
outlines some of the field, the potentials and the goals, including more immediate goals and hints
at the products that can be produced over the coming years.
Biometrics, A Definition:
The terms "Biometrics" and "Biometry" have been used since early in the 20th century to
refer to the field of development of statistical and mathematical methods applicable to data analysis
of problems in the biological sciences. Statistical methods for the analysis of data from agricultural
field experiments to compare the yields of different varieties of wheat, for the analysis of data from
human clinical trials evaluating the relative effectiveness of competing therapies for disease, or for
the analysis of data from environmental studies on the effects of air or water pollution on the
appearance of human disease in a region or country are all examples of problems that would fall
under the umbrella of "Biometrics" as the term has been historically used. More recently the terms
have been used to refer to identification technologies.1
Currently the principal use of the hardware and software dedicated to human biometrics is
for identification purposes. This requires recording in some fashion an image of the subject that can
later be utilized as a template to identify another image of the same part of that subject. It depends
upon a digital form of matching. In the future, behavioral and medical diagnostics will utilize much
the same type of equipment and pattern recognition and matching.
IBMBS TECHNOLOGICAL DIRECTIONS
IBMBS would like to see the expansion of the current identification technology to
recognize basic patterns that may be identified with certain character evaluations and/or medical
diagnoses. We believe that this will have immediate and potentially wide scale application in health
1
Biometrics Journal http://stat.tamu.edu/Biometrics/

2. care delivery and human resource assessment intelligence contractor who reports that at least one
applications from career and educational planning to of the agencies tried to do what we propose in either
medical diagnostics, job placement and labor skills the 80's or perhaps early 90's but was not successful
auditing. For example many of us believe that with its attempt. At that time, the state of the art as
applications could, develop home m odules and be as published in the west depended upon an
comm on as the current use of PCs for delivery of incompatible approach to character analysis, failing
health care and hum an services significantly to take into account the other observers who had
improving the future delivery systems, effectiveness more than a couple of thousand years of observations
and profit potentials of HMO’s health insurance, to their credit and w ho knew from this long
pharmaceuticals, and reducing the costly risks of experience certain basic information that could be
mistakes that now plague the industry. Others see derived from the observed human anatomy, and
the vast use in career development both in where this information could be found [hand analysts
educational curric ulu m planning and job - serious palmists].
placements, while still others can see the potential
use of this in governm ent, military and in profiling in How ever, scientists, working in the field
this age where security is of such importance. known as dermatoglyphics, had opened the door to
more scientific and comm ercial use of the
Fortunately, we do not have to reinvent the information, through their repeated findings of
wheel. Much of the information to implement these correspondences between the observed skin patterns
applications is already available, even if not well and the human condition. Those of us familiar with
known. New processing programs are required to both approaches have found many more. A couple
fully integrate and test this data already available and of the author’s experiences may help explain.
easily accessible.
Some years ago Gloria came to see me.
Your author has Gloria had a very interesting middle finger. She had
been studying, developing been born with no pattern (Figure 24) on her middle,
a n d w orkin g w ith, the number 3 finger. In a subsequent examination, I
speaking and w riting mentioned to her com panion, a chiropractor, that in
about parts of these palmistry this finger was know n as the balance or
protocols for close to judgment finger. Gloria was notorious for being
twenty years. In late 1998 flighty, not knowing from day to day even where in
or early1999 he was asked the country she would be. The Chiropractor replied
by an intelligence agency that my observation about balance was interesting,
contractor if he would be because every time Gloria shut her eyes, she lost her
interested in developing a balance. The eyes, the inner ears and the
program for one of the proprioceptors control balance. His observation was
services w i t h h is a clear indication to me that there this no print
know ledge in the area, as the major problem was not developed by the 16 th week of gestation was a very
with the very good equipment we possessed, but in probable indication of some abnormality in the base
choosing the hum an teams that use it. While that did of the brain w here the proprioceptor information is
not proceed swiftly in a budget tight time during the processed, because that area of the brain was being
Clinton administration, it is a use that perhaps the developed during the period that the print was
Russians have subsequently considered.2 developing. Prints are influenced by both
environment and genetics.
We have also spoken with another
The next interesting print was seen on two
persons, and involved distortions to the thumb print.
2 The first was on a lady who was accom panied by her
See Appendix II, Selecting Military
husband. The nail phalange of the thumb is related
Specialists
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3. to attention in palmistry, the attention needed for identify or authenticate persons based upon their
taking action. I inquired if she ever found herself in physical characteristics stored as graphical
the midst of doing something and suddenly couldn’t information and/or digital data and templates about
recall why she was doing it. Her husband agreed this a person for identification or verification purposes.
was common, as if it were far more common that is
usually experienced by most people. The next no- I. FACIAL SCANNING
print was seen on a young man in his mid or late
thirties. When I asked him about problems with A digital pattern image of certain facial
attention, he volunteered that he had been diagnosed landmarks, chin, nose, mouth, etc, for later matching
as ADHD (A ttention D eficit Hyperactivity with the subject. Currently they are captured
Disorder). The brain’s basil ganglia, consisting of through a series of photographs. Common
the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, distinctive features are extracted and recorded.
subthalam ic nucleus, and substantia nigra, besides
being know n for influencing movement and muscle Accuracy High but not fool proof. Masks,
tone, are also integral circuits mediating higher chan ge of hairdo, surgery or ac cide nta l
functions of attention and affective states. disfigurement, weight gains or losses, and simple
Anomalies have been reported in male-predominant disguises can currently thwart this technique.
pediatric disorders such as A DH D through brain
scans. 3 METHODS
We will explore in this paper the current Eigenface ("One's Own Face") MIT
uses of human biometric hardware and softw are with patented technology based upon a series of gray
comments on how that may be expanded and even scale two dimensional frontal images.
some comments on the future of the markets,
because these developments will spawn many Feature Analysis Similar to Eigenface, but
markets while boosting others, most beyond the it can better accomm odate minor changes in
scope or the current paper. appearance or facial expression.
Neural Network M apping. Depends more
Current Uses of Human Biometrics 4 on matching and identification than scanning but
relies heavily on accurate facial scans to begin with.
These use technologies that attempt to Can modify identification procedure to allow for
weight or facial expression changes.
Automatic Face Processing (Afp) Very
3 basic process built on rations distances, directions
Toga, A. W., Mazziotta, J. C., Brain
and sizes of key facial features. Not high quality but
Mapping, The Systems, ©2000, Academic
can use poor quality photographs for ID purposes.
Press, Harcourt Science and Technology
Company, pp 578-579. USES
4
Sources for current biometric Current uses include Forensics, to identify
technologies unless otherwise noted: Jenn persons of interest, Security as at ATM’s in Banks
Rosenberg, and governmental buildings, and Immigration
http://www.colby.edu/~jbrosenb/STS%20Proj Patrol to watch for people who try to come into the
ect/web/; Nanavati S, Thieme M, Nanavati, country.
R, Biometrics, Identity Verification in a
Networked World, ©2002, Wiley Computer Health and Character Use Facial features
Publishing can also be observed for health conditions and
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4. character evaluation. One of the oldest character differences to measure such things as hemispheric
signs was the smile, or frow n. M any immediate dominance. But the technologists point out that even
conditions of the body can be read on the face. a scan taken during blinking, with the eyelid
Schools have arisen to tell character from the face, covering two thirds of the eye, the error rate is still
the tongue and the ears.5 While in the West the only 1/100,000. Of course the scan can be redone in
doctor might have the patient stick out his tongue, in under a minute.
the east they have developed diagnosis from the
appearance of the tongue to a fine art. 6 The face, Uses. Currently uses include security,
eyes, lips and ears are observed for diagnostic monitoring prisoner movements, on line purchasing
purposes in the practice Ayurvedic medicine. 7 and banking, and it is envisioned as a replacement
for other identifications, such as driver’s and other
licenses, and ticket less air travel.
II. IRIS SCANNING
Fraud. Because both iris and retinal
Based upon the iris of the eye, recording the (below) scanning involve images of the human eye,
fibers patterns, rings, furrows and/or freckles, they are both highly resistant to fraud. Contacts will
pigment spots, is currently the most accurate of the certainly be considered that might effect iris
biometric recognition programs. Digital images of scanning.
these features are compared for recognition. The
actual scan takes about 30 seconds and is taken by a Health Signs The Iris has been used in
camera at about 3 feet from the subject while Europe and N orth America as a diagnostic tool for
recognition takes only a couple of seconds. well over a half century. It has been considered a
window into the health of the vital organs, and an
Accuracy is the highest as the IrisScan indicator of diseases of
program recognizes about 266 points in the template the gastro-intestinal tract,
as opposed to other biometric scans that rely on 13 to liver and gall bladder,
60 points. Only one Iris must be observed. The pancreas, resp irato r
Identification Technologist rely on the argument that organs, cardiovascular
the differences between the left and right eyes is s y s te m , ly mp hati c
statistically insignificant and that the error rate is system, spleen, genitalia,
something like 1 in a million of 1.2 million, auto nom ic nervous
something like 1 in 10^52. Iridologist will point out s ys te m , b r a i n a n d
that there can be and may be found significant disorders of the spinal
differences in the left ane right irises and use these column. It has also been
considered a marker of
personality traits. While Iridology will not name
5
diseases from signs in the eye, iris examination is
Example: Lee Siow Mong, The useful in determ ining the general health level,
Chinese Art of Studying the Head, Face and constitution, inherent w eakness or strength ,
Hands ©1989, Eagle Trading Sdn Bhd, biochemical deficiencies, toxins and their location(s)
Malaysia. and stages of inflammation.8 Two other forms of
noninvasive eye examinations are Sclerology and
6
Lad, Vasant, Ayurveda, The pu pil tonus observations. From recen t
Science of Self Healing ©1984, Lotus Press, correspondence on Sclerology we have seen claims
Santa Fe, N.M., 60-62; Ros, Frank, The Lost of the sclera clearly identifying what was medically
Secrets of Ayuvedic Acupuncture, ©1994,
Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, WI. 108-112.
8
See Appendix IV and
7
Ib Lad 62-68; and Ros, 112-115. http://cnri.edu/index.htm .
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5. diagnosed as liver cancer that had metastasised from Current Uses. Finger scans can accomplish
the bowel. The sclera is the white area of the eye. for use in identification in two to three seconds.
Of course the pupil is that dark spot in the middle They are used in forensics, security and even at
that we look through and its shape and size, with home uses such as to lock ones computer.
total or partial deformations may be observed as a Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems
sign of many things, including impending Cerebral (AFIS) are used throughout the country and
hemorrhages or clotting that could be accompanied Lockheed Martin recently completed a one hundred
by coma or paralysis. These are all capable of million dollar contract for the FBI to install and
biometric analysis. implement this program for its vast records.
III. RETINA SCANNING Methods and Accuracy of Finger
Scanning. Three methods of scanning are currently
This technology has been around since the used, silicon plates, optical and ultrasound. The
1930 and is still one of the ultrasound may be the most accurate as it reads
most accurate around, through the dirt and grime. The silicon plate is very
depending on the scanning cost effective and can be incorporated into small-
retinal patterns through scale devices. It depends on identification of the
the pupil by a viewer patterns from the the DC current passing between
placed about ½ inch from the finger and the silicon capacitor plate. Optical is
the eye. The eye follows a the oldest method.
green light that illuminates
the inside of the eye to One aspect of finger scanning has long been
reveal the unique pattern used in medicine. That is the observation of
blood vessels. fingernails. Using the fingernails for medical
diagnostics is found in basic Physical Examination
Uses. Retina handbooks. See Appendix II, Nail Diagnosis.
scans have historically be used for high end security
applications. They benefit from having the smallest V. HAND SCANNING
of the templates used in biometrics. They may be
more easily disturbed by eye damage that iris A typical hand scan is produced by a digital
scanning. camera taking a 100 digital measurements of the size
and proportions of the hand and converting them into
IV. FINGER SCANNING a template Typically it reads the top and sides,
identifying shapes, sizes and internal measurements.
Finger Scanning as understood by In health technologies the scan w ould go beyond this
identification technologists and fingerprinting need not only to identify these features, but also the
to be distinguished. The scanning equipm ent is still complete palmar surface, details of the fingernails,
required to take an image of the entire fingerprint, and add in the fingerprints. So health uses would
but the full print is not stored. Only certain key data require some expansion of the current scanning
from the print is stored that is sufficient to match it modalities.
to a later acquired image of the print, or partial print.
From an original scan identified features are Part of hand scanning involves comparisons
converted to a digital template and stored for later of finger lengths. It has long been suspected by hand
use through mates by the computer softw are. This analysts that when the ring finger exceeds the length
differs from the need of the Health Technologists of the index finger that reaches a normal length, it is
who would require the storing for comparison
complete patterns for reference w ith pattern types for
diagnostic purposes.
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6. a sign of a risk taker. 9 Interesting support for this markers in the hands, such as bipolar mood disorder,
observation can be seen from the recent reports that cancer, congenital defects, coronary heart disease
the length of the ring finger is specifically influenced and diabetes just to get us
by the availability of testosterone during gestation.10 to D in the alphabet.
Uses of Hand Scanning. Currently this The reason for this
method is used for lower level security clearances can be found in
where security is desired, but must live with understanding the w ay
convenience and ease of use. Thus it is used in the these patterns develop. At
INSPASS (Immigration and Naturalization Service the top of each palm below
Passenger Accelerated Service System) at airports to the fingers, in the areas that
speed frequent travelers and bypass passport control. the palmists call the mounts
Israel is considering or implementing such of Jupiter, Saturn, Apollo
technology (Basel) in turnstiles at check points and Mercury, are the apical
between its territory and Gaza and the West Bank. pads. At the end of the
Even Disneyland is considering using such a fingers, opposite the nails, on the distal phalange, the
technology to speed crowds. But it is new , not as fingerprints form. On each site, the formation begins
accurate yet as other methods nor is it the most at about the 10 th week of gestation at two places in
inexpensive. each of these areas, at the tip, or distal end, and in the
proximal (lower) third. In those locations we begin
Health and Character Analysis. Parts of to see ridge development. The prints grow in a radial
the hand have long been observed as a diagnostic manner from these two central foci. On the
tool in medicine, and gesture has traditionally been fingertips will form the arches, w horls, loops or other
observed in making character assessments. So using pints as the twin growths interact and are influenced
the hand as a biometric diagnostic tool is not new. no only by their genetics, but by the surrounding
Doctors are trained to observe the fingernails for environment. This allows for the tremendous variety
signs of disease. (See nail diagnosis Appendix II). of possible patterns. Prints can reflect problems that
The dermatoglyphics, those furrow s and ridges on occurred during development as possibly illustrated
the palm side of the hand in figures 15, 16, 19, 21, 22 and 24 below (Appendix
and the soles of the feet, I). Theoretically one could count the num ber of
have long been the subject different prints, estimated from three to 48 or more,
of diagnostic inqu iry. and vary their location on the five fingers of each
Appendix III contains a hand and estimate there w ould be a near infinite
long list of conditions that variety of fingerprint hand types. But practically far
have been related to fewer combinations have been found.11 Estimates
based on population studies appear to indicate that
considering the actual varieties of fingerprints
9
displayed in populations in combinations over all ten
. Campbell, E.D., Encyclopedia of fingers, there will typically be for a little over of
Palmistry, ©1996, Perigee Division Berkley 7,000 differential pairs of hands based on fingerprint
Putnam, N.Y. p. 60. types. Some prints are very rare, and even more
10
Manning, J.T. and P.E. Burdred (A
new predictor of disease predisposition?
11
Medical Hypothesis 54:855-7. 2000; and J. T. Avdeychik, Oleg S.& Lagerstrom,
Manning, J.T., Baron-Cohen, S. Wheelwright, Kenneth A., Dispensation of Dermatoglyphic
S., and G. Sabders, G., The 2nd to 4th digit Whorl Patterns on the Hands' Nail Phalanges
ratio in autism. 2001, Developmental Medicine © 1999
and Child Neurology 42:160-64. http://www.humanhand.com/dispensation.html
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7. comm on prints are rare rarer on certain fingers. To The new born baby is not a tabula rosa, a
see some of the wondrous prints that can be blank slate to be written upon by life’s experiences,
produced, refer to the Appendix I. or a blank hard drive to be programed.15 The child
comes into the world w ith a full set of basic drives,
The time of formation is critical. The character traits and abilities to react and programs
proximal and m iddle phalanges begin to develop designed for his or her survival and propagation. He
their papillary ridges in the 12 th week of gestation. or she has established biological templates of
There is strong evidence that the afferent neural character at least since the establishment of the
development plays an important role in the spatial flexion creases by the tenth or eleventh week of
and temporal sequence of the papillary ridge gestation, and the dermatoglyphics set as early as the
formation, thus, the dermatoglyphic map of the tenth to thirteenth week of gestation. We can read
hand.12 The flexion creases have established before them in the fingerprints, the palmar dermatoglyphics
the prints.13 Dermatoglyphics are formed during the and the flexion lines.16 The hand forms a true spring
last part of the embryonic period under genetic sway board into modern biometric analysis of psychology
and do not change thereafter. They also reflect and general health from the very birth of the child.
environmental factors present at the time. They thus Individual identity is either a small part or the sum
give indication of the stability or otherwise of total of all that, but current technologies are only
development at that early stage. As such we believe focusing on the very smallest part of that puzzle.
they form markers for nonspecific insults during the
embryonic period that destabilizes the developmental Hand scanning for aptitudes and character
control systems and may result in congenital traits has many advantages over most other major
malformations of any organ undergoing current psychological assessments.17 The major tests can
epigenesis.14
Dermatoglyphics in Congenital Spinal
12
Moore, SJ, Munger, BL, The Early Deformities
Ontogeny of the Afferent Nerves and Papillary Spine 1997, Apr 22:775-9; A. C. Bogle, T.
Ridges in Human Digital Glabrous Skin, Brain Reed, and R. J. Rose, Replication of
Res Dev Brain Res 1989 Jul 1; 48(1):119-41 Asymmetry of a-b Ridge Count and
See also Dermatoglyphic books below and Behavioral Discordance in Monozygotic
Stevens CA, Carey JC, Shah M, Bafley GP, Twins, Behavior Genetics, 24 (1) Jan. 1994,
Development of Human Palmar and Digital pp. 65-72.
Flexion Creases, J Pediatr 1988 Jul; 113(1 PT
15
1):128-32. For example, see generally Ridgley,
Mat, Nature via Nurture, Genes, Experience,
13
Kimura S, Kitagawa T, & What Makes Us Human ©2003, Harper
Embryological Development of Human Collins, N.Y., N.Y.
Palmar, Plantar, and digital Flexion Creases,
16
Anat Rec 1986 Oct; 216(2):191-7. See also Encyclopedia of Palmistry, supra.,
Lacroix B, Wolff-Q uenot MJ, Haffen K, Early and bibliography therein, and
Human Hand Morphology: an Estimation of http://www.edcampbell.com/PalmD-History.ht
Fetal Age, Early Hum Dev 1984 Feb; m
9(2):127-36
17
For descriptions of leading current
14
Glodberg CJ, Fogarty EE, Moore DP, psychological assessments see generally
Dowling FE, Fluctuating Asymmetry and Major Psychological Assessment Instrum ents
Vertebral Malformation. A Study of Palmar 2 nd Ed. Sharles S. Newmark ©1996, Simon &
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8. typically take from twenty five minutes to an hour FUTURE MARKETS
and a half to adm inister. A hand scan should be
adm inistered in under a minute. Most psychological A full home health care appliances and
tests will depend on some language and software are possible long range future markets,
communication skills, which can bring in the need either in modules or as complete units, probably
for interpreters , or m ake th em unfeasible directly interfacing with primary care organizations.
administering to persons who do not speak the This advance could follow the clinical and
language of the tester. Hand scans do not depend on institutional market saturation of medical history and
language. Hand analysis, like other biometric diagnostic applications. Future work of members of
observations, does not depend upon the subject’s test IBMBS could bring health care back into the home
taking skills or reading or mathematical with full doctor visits as necessary. Future persons
comprehension in tests. The tests do not need to be who would join in the market would be HM O’s, the
designed to identify untruthfulness, refusal to insurance industry, labor and industry departm ents
respond, lack of attention of the subject during the and employers who need to monitor health of
test. Just check the hand for foreign objects, such as employees, as well as clinics and hospitals around
paste on fingerprint patterns. the world.
Biom etric analysis could play an
VI. VOICE SCANNING indispensable roll in many future pharmaceutical
developm ents and applications, from discovery and
A template of ones voice can be created testing to prescriptions and follow up. We expect
based upon its distinctive qualities such as tone, that this type of rapid analysis will aid the
pitch and volume. It is new in the digital pharmaceutical industry as an easily applicable
identification technologies uses, but the process of research tool in establishing which patients are more
using voice assessment has quite a history and was likely to respond favorably to what drugs and who
used in the Soviet judicial system for years. That may be more likely to suffer adverse effects, and
scanning technology and should be am enable to perhaps assist on reducing time from developm ent to
further health and character identification purposes. market.
Again, this is nothing new. Mothers have been
listening for the different sound from their children Entire new structures for data management
since time immemorial to understand the needs. and storage of health information will be necessary,
with appropriate care for related laws concerning
various levels of privacy protection. As our work
underpins more and more the organic basis of mental
VII. SIGNA TU RE SCAN NING (Dy namic infirmities, we will see behavioral biometrics used
Signature Verification) extensively to understand and classify the nature of
the internal-external conflicts, socially unacceptable
This is based on a variation of the long drives and failures to thrive. We will also see
established and accepted practices of handwriting behavioral biometrics used in career placement in
analysis, graphology, both used judicially and in government and industry, and extensive use in career
Human Resource practices. It requires a digital print counseling and individual curriculum developm ent.
of the signature that records key aspects, including All of these benefits not only will result in a vast
pressure, speed of writing or stroke direction to decreases in certain non productive current costs
create a template for later use. because of poor placement of human resources, but
allow more focused and productive use of human
effort and capital in the future. Indeed, industry and
accounting could begin to look to hum an resources
Shuster; and Psychological Testing 6 th Ed. not as a total expense item. but as part of the
capitalization of the enterprise as the result of
Anne Anastasi ©1988, Prentice Hall.
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9. developing auditable values of these resources using through the use of the speed gained through
the knowledge gained through the study of biometric scanning and computer analysis and is not
behavioral and m edical biometrics. In this era of dependent on the language of the em ployee, so it is
globalization it will add human resources as a very applicable to persons of all nationalities. CEO’s
tangible part of the balance sheet of any enterprise. familiar with the general human resource needs of
their enterprises, could experience great relief from
GROSS REVENUES being at the mercy of their manager’s families,
friends and cronies in who is hired, fired and
The total gross revenue from Biometric promoted.
Disciplines, without the input of Behavioral and
Medical Biometrics, are expected to grow from $399 INTERESTED IN FURTHER
million in 2000 to $1.9 billion by 2005. 18 We INFORMATION?
estimate that current technologies cover less than
.5% of potential applications for biometrics over the Contact Ed C ampbell, 206 783 3410, or
next ten to fifteen years, and most of the growth will www.edcampbell.com, or write to Ed Campbell,
not be in identification but in analysis of the subjects 9534 14 th Avenue NW,
scanned. Seattle, WA 98117-2308
or send an inquiry through
THE LABOR - HR MARKET this web site. See
Appendix II for further
This discussion does not include any detailed reference to scientific
analysis of the potential markets for behavioral and journals and literature on
medical Biometrics products and services in these subjects. R eturn to
medicine, education, defense, law enforcement, civil original w eb site
service and government, all of which are large, and ww w.ibmbs.org.
some of which will dwarf the human resource
markets.
Business HR M arket: In the United States
there are almost 600,000 firms employing over APPENDIX I – NAIL DIAGNOSIS
twenty people and together they employ over 80% of
the private w orkforce, approximately 90 million TAKING A CLOSER LOOK
people.19 Behavioral Biometrics could offer the
only way verifiable way for CEO ’s, plant and AT YOUR NAILS
division managers and head hunters to evaluate and
track any detailed comparable analysis of the values Changes in toenails and fingernails may indicate
of the aptitudes, character and potential reliability of specific types of illnesses. Following are some of
these employees to his or her business, as the more com mon nail problems and what they
individuals, team members and in the aggregate. could mean:
Such a survey, breakdown and individual evaluation,
Nail bending - Rheumatoid arthritis.
Brittle nails - Vitamin A, calcium or iron
deficiency, thyroid problems, impaired
18 kidney function or circulation problems.
Revenues:
http://www.finger-scan.com/finger-scan_mark Clubbed purple nails (rise upward and
et_report.htm curl around the fingertip) - Lung, liver,
colon or heart disorders.
19 Deep blue nails - Pulmonary obstruction
such as asthma or emphysema.
http://www.bizstats.com/businesses.htm
i

10. Flat, spoon- shaped nails - Vitamin B. 12 APPENDIX II
deficiency, anemia or thyroid disease. DERMATOGLYPHIC REFERENCES
Horizontal ridges (Beau's lines) - Flu,
malnutrition, hormonal disorders or STUDIES SHOWING SIGNIFICANCE OF
anemia. DERMATOGLYPHICS
Horizontal- white streaks 'Sickle cell
disease, heart disease. Hodgkin's disease FOR POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC USE
or kidney failure.
Lengthwise grooves -Kidney disorders
and/or Associational Reference
iron deficiency; also associated with-
general aging.
Affective Disorders
Pitted nails - Psoriasis,-eczem a or
Dermatoglyphic Studies in Affective
parasites.
Disorders> An Appraisal
Splitting-vertical "nails Calcium
Balgir RS: Biol Psychiatry 1982 Jan;
deficiency-tendency to develop arthritis.
17:69-82
Thick nails - Blood is not circulating
properly.
Ankle and Foot Surgery Treatment Success
Vertical red streaks Rheumatoid arthritis,
Dynamic Footprints: Adjuvant Method for
high blood pressure or psoriasis.
Postoperative Assessment of Patients after
White spots , Zinc deficiency Calcaneal Fractures.
White nails - Liver or kidney disorders or Dudkiewicz I, Levi R , Blankstein A , et al.:
anemia, Isr Med Assoc J (Israel), May 2002, 4(5)
Yellow nails - Diabetes, liver problems, p349-52
trouble with the respiratory-or lymph
systems. Anky losing Spondylitis
White moon area turns red - Heart Dermatoglyphics and Ankylosing
problems. Spondylitis
White moon area turns slate blue - Lung Gömör B, Petrou P: Clin Rheumatol 1994
trouble or overexposure to silver. Jun 13:265-8
Downw ard curved nail ends - Heart,
liver or respiratory problems. Autistic Children
Nails that chip or crack easily - Comparative Dermatoglyphic Study of
Nutritional and/or mineral deficiency. Autistic, Retarded, and N ormal Children
Hartin, PJ, Barry, RJ, J. Autism Dev
Source: Medical Resource Center, See also Discord 1979 (:233-46)
Mosby’s Guide to Physical Examination, Seidel,
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D, et al.: Braz J Med Biol Res (Brazil),
Feb 2001, 34(2) p155-63 Alter, Milton, and Blanka Schaumann,
Dermatoglyphics in Medical Disorders,
Is Reduced Dermatoglyphic a-b Ridge Springer-Verlag, 1976.
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Prints, Palms and Soles An Introduction to
Dermatoglyphics, ©1943 The Blakiston Company Willson, Frank R. MD , The Hand, ©1998,
- Philadelphia Vintage Books, division of Random House (1999)
Durham, Norris M and Plato, Chris C., editors Wolff, Dr. Charlotte, Studies In Handreading,
Trends in Dermatoglyphic Research (Studies in with preface by Aldous Huxley, Alfred A. Knopf,
Human Biology Vol. 1, Kenneth M. Weiss, Editor) New York, 1937.
Kluwer A cadem ic Publishers, Dordrecht, Hoston
London, ©1990 Wolff, Charlotte, Human Hand, The, Alfred A.
Knopf, 1943.
Durham, Norris M., Kathleen M. Fox and Chris C.
Plato, The State of Dermatoglyphics, the Science Wolff, Charlotte, Hand in Psychological
of Finger and Palm Prints, Mellen Studies in Diagnosis 1952 Philosophical Library, New Y ork
Anthropology, Vol. 2, Edwin M ellen Press,
Lewiston • Queenston • Lampeter ©2000.
APPENDIX IV – IRIDOLOGY
Elbualy, Musallam and Schindeler, Joan D., IRIDOLOGY REFERENCES
Handbook of Clinical Dermatoglyphs,
University of Miami Press, Coral Gables, Fla., Bamer, Donald R., Applied Iridology and
1971. Herbology © 1982, Bi World Publishers, Orem,
Utah
Holtzman, A rnold, Applied Handreading, (1983)
The Greenw ood Chase Press, Toronto. For more Deck, Josef, Principles of Iris Diagnosis ©1965,
updated inform ation oh is work see English ©1985 published by author, U.S.
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Loesch, Danuta Z., Quantitative Deck, Josef, Differentiation of Iris Markings
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Pathology, Oxford Monographs on Medical Distributor Medicina Biologica, Portland, Or.
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Mavalwala, Jamshed Editor, Dermatoglyphics, Woodland Books, Provo, Utah
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Publishers, Jensen, Bernard, The Science and Practice of
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16. Hall, Dorothy, Iridology, How the Eyes Reveal
Your Health and Y our Personality, © 1980,
Keats Publishing, Inc., New Canaan, CN.
Schimmel, H.W., Constitution and Disposition
from the Eye, © 1984 PASCOE , Giessen
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Donsbach University, 1983.
Seattle, Washington
© 2002, 2003 Edward D. Campbell, JD
Amida Biometrics, L.L.C.
9534 14 th Avenue Northwest
Seattle, Washington 98117-2308
Phone (206) 783 3410
Facsimile (206) 784 2206
viii