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Zoonoses ug
1.
2. Zoonoses are disease and infections of animals
Causative agents are transmitted between animals and
humans
3. Origin – Not exactly …! Who knows..!
Zoonotic diseases have been known since antiquity
Bubonic plague and rabies were known since biblical
times
More than 150 zoonoses have been recognized
In recent years several new zoonotic diseases have
emerged
E.g. KFD, Monkey Pox etc.,
Apart from morbidity and mortality they cause great
economic losses Particularly in animals, meat, milk and
other foods and products of animal origin
4. As usual…!
Developing countries suffer much severe losses than
developed countries
Less well developed public health and veterinary services
and partly because of their unfavourable climatic and
environmental conditions
Zoonoses and human health are matters of particular
concern in India
Because nearly 80% of India’s population is rural and live
in close contact with domestic animals and often not far
from wild ones
5. Definition
Zoonoses have been defined “Those disease and infections
(the agents of) which are naturally transmitted between
(other) verterbrate animals and man”
Zoonoses have been classified in terms of their reservoir
hosts, whether these are men or lower vertebrate animals…
6. Classified in terms of their reservoir host...
Anthropo-zoonoses:
Infections transmitted to man from lower vertebrate
animal, eg. Rabies
Zooanthroponoses:
Infections transmitted from man to lower vertebrate
animals
However these terms have also been used
interchangeably for all diseases found in both animals
and man, eg. TB
7. Amphixeonoses:
Has been used for infections maintained in both man and
lower vertebrate animals that may be transmitted in either
direction, eg. Staphylococcal infections
Euzoonoses
Diseases in which humans are an obligatory host of the agent,
eg. Taenia solium and Taenia saginata
8. Classification based upon the type of life
cycle of the infecting organism
Four categories:
1.Direct Zoonoses:
Transmitted from an infected vertebrate host to a
susceptible vertebrate host
By direct contact, by fomite or by mechanical vector
Agent itself undergoes little (or) no propagative changes
and no essential developmental change during transmission
Examples: Rabies, Trichinosis and Brucellosis
9.
10. 2. Cyclo – zoonoses:
Require more than one vertebrate host species
No invertebrate host, in order to complete the
developmental cycle of the agent
Ex: Human taeniases, echinococcosis and
pentastomid infections
11.
12. 3.Meta – Zoonoses
Transmitted biologically by invertebrate vectors
Invertebrate- agent multiplies (or) develops or both and
there is always an extrinsic incubation (prepatent) period
before transmission to another vertebrate host is possible
Ex: Arbovirus, Plague, Schistosomiasis
13.
14. 4.Sapro-zoonoses:
Have both vertebrate host and a non-animal developmental
site or reservoir
Organic matter (including food), soil and plants are
considered to be non-animal
Ex: Various forms of larva migrants and some of the
mycoses
15.
16.
17.
18.
19. Common Zoonotic Diseases
Bacteria Rickettsia Virus Parasite Fungus
Anthrax Scrub
typhus
Rabies Taeniasis
Plague Murine
typhus
Yellow
fever
Echinococco
sis
Brucellosis Tick typhus Japanese
encephaliti
s
Leishmaniasi
s
Zoonotic
dermatophyt
es
Leptospiros
is
Q fever KFD Toxoplasmos
is
Salmonellos
is
Chikungun
ya
20. Collection of specimens:
Specimen are collected according to the site of lesion
Laboratory diagnosis tests for bacterial, rickettsial,
parasitic and fungal zoonosis
Laboratory diagnosis:
Lab diagnosis is important for the diagnosis of zoonoses
In humans and animals this is based on
Isolation
Serology
Autopsy
21. BACTERIAL Zoonotic Diseases
Bacteria Sample Microscopy Culture Serology Others
Cutaneous
anthrax
Fluid from
eschar
Gram
positive
bacilli
NA –Medusa
head
Ascoli’s
thermoprecipi
tin
Lysis by
gammaphage
Pulomonary
anthrax
Sputum
stool
BAP-String of
pearls
ELISA Direct
fluorescence
antibody test
Intestinal
anthrax
McFadyean’s
reaction
Gelatin stab-
Inverted fir
tree
Acute
brucellosis
(Undulent
fever)
Blood Gram
negative
coccobacilli
Casteneda
method
Std
agglutination
test
ELISA, CFT
SKIN test
22. BACTERIAL Zoonotic Diseases
Bacteria Sample Microscopy Culture Serology Others
Bubonic
plague
Fluid from
buboes
sputum
Gram
negative
bacilli,
bipolar
staining
NA, BAP Passive
hemagglutination
PCR
Pneumonic
plague
Blood Safety pin
appearance
Chee broth
(Stalactitie
growth)
Salmonellosis Stool
Food
Gram
negative
bacilli
MacConkey
agar, wilson
and blair
medium
Widal test
23. BACTERIAL Zoonotic Diseases
Bacteria Sample Microscopy Culture Serology Others
Leptospirosis Blood
Urine
Dark ground
microscope,
spirochete
Karthof’s
medium
Stuart’s
medium
Fletcher’s
medium
Microscopic
agglutination
test
Tuberculosis
(M.bovis)
Sputum Acid fast
bacilli
L J medium
27. RICKETTSIAL ZOONOSES
Rickettsial diseases
1. Typhus group Agent Vectors reservoirs
a. Epidemic typhus R. prowazekii Louse Humans
b. Murine typhus R. typhi Flea Rodents
c. Scrub typhus R. tsutsugamushi mite* Rodents
2. Spotted fever group
a. Indian tick typhus R. conorii Tick* Rodents, dogs
b. Rocky mountain
spotted fever
R. rickettsii Tick* Rodents, dogs
c. Rickettsial pox R. akari Mite* Mice
3. Others
a. Q fever C. burnetii Nil Cattle, sheep, goats
b. Trench fever Rochalimaea
quirttana
Louse Humans
28. Laboratory procedures for Rickettsial
zoonoses:
Disease Sample Culture Serology
Scrub
typhus
Blood Yolk sac of
chick embryo
Weil-Felix
test
Murine
typhus
Blood Yolk sac of
chick embryo
Weil-Felix
test
Indian Tick
typhus
Blood Yolk sac of
chick embryo
CFT