Various chemical methods to convert Graphite to Graphene. Hummer's method, pot oxidation method, etc

1. Graphene and Graphene Oxide:
Synthesis, Properties,
and Applications
Presented By: Sheama Farheen Savanur

2. Introduction
Graphene is an exciting material. [ 1 ] It has a large theoretical
specific surface area (2630 m 2 g − 1 ), high intrinsic mobility
(200 000 cm 2 v − 1 s − 1 ), [ 2 , 3 ] high Young’s modulus ( ∼ 1.0 TPa) [
4 ]
and thermal conductivity ( ∼ 5000 Wm − 1 K − 1 ), [ 5 ] and its optical
transmittance ( ∼ 97.7%) and good electrical conductivityamong many
other potential applications

3. Properties
a)Morphology and Structure
The graphene honeycomb lattice is composed of two equivalent sub-lattices of
carbon atoms bonded together with σ bonds.
Each carbon atom in the lattice has a π orbital that contributes to a delocalized
network of electrons.
freely suspended graphene has ‘intrinsic’ ripples, observed by transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) studies.
The microscopiccorrugations (Figure 1b ) were estimated to have a lateral
dimension of about 8 to 10 nm and a height displacement of about 0.7 to 1 nm
Ripples can be induced, [ 40 ] suggesting that the local electrical and optical
properties of graphene could be altered through ‘ripple-engineering’ for
possible application in devices.
Apart from ‘intrinsic’ corrugations, graphene in real 3D space can have other
‘defects,’ including topological defects (e.g., pentagons, heptagons, or their
combination), vacancies edges/cracks, adsorbed impurities, and so on

4. TEM images with a stated sub-Ångstrom resolution showed that both ‘armchair’ and ‘zigzag’ confi
gurations could be formed during the edge reconstruction and ‘zigzag’ edges were observed to be
particularly stable under electron irradiation at 80 kV acceleration voltage.

5. b) Electronic Properties

6. c) Mechanical Properties
The mechanical properties of monolayer
graphene including the Young’s modulus
and fracture strength have been investigated by atomic force
microscopy (AFM)
It was reported that
defect-free graphene has a Young’s modulus
of 1.0 TPa and a fracture strength of 130 GPa.