PROJECT REPORT

WIRELESS POWER THEFT MONITORING SYSTEM AND INDICATION AT LOCAL SUBSTATION 2013
RITM, Bangalore. Page 1
CONTENTS
CHAPTERS PAGE NO.
1-INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT 3
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Literature survey
1.3 Problem definition
1.4 Objective of the present work
2-HARDWARE OVERVIEW 9
2.1 Power supply
2.2 Energy meter
2.3 Sensors
2.4 Electromagnetic relay
2.4.1 Working
2.5 Lcd
3-MICROCONTROLLER 20
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 AT89C55WD chip description
3.1.2 Features
3.2 Pin description
4-ENCODER AND DECODER 26
4.1 Working of encoder and decoder
4.2 Encoder
4.3 Decoder
4.4 Pin diagram HT12E
4.5 Features
4.5.1 Encoder
4.5.2 Decoder

5-RADIO FREQUENCY TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER 32
5.1 Block diagram and explanation
5.2 Pin diagram
5.3 Pin description
5.3.1 RF transmitter
5.3.2 RF receiver
6-SOFTWARE USED AND CODINGS 37
6.1 Introduction to embedded systems
6.1.1 Embedded hardware
6.1.2 Embedded software
6.2 Introduction to kiel µ vision 3
6.2.1 Features
6.2.2 Benefits
6.3 C-programming for microcontroller
6.3.1 Consumer side
6.3.2 Substation side
6.4 Flash magic
6.5 Flow chart
7-WORKING OF THE SYSTEM 62
7.2 Circuit diagram
7.3 Operation of the Model
7.3.1 Consumer side
7.3.2 Substation side
8-RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 71
9-ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 74
10-CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 76
REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHY 78

CHAPTER- 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Utility companies have estimated that electricity theft costs them over a billion US
dollars in annual revenues. The purpose of this work is to provide an algorithm for the
design of electricity theft monitoring system which allows violators to be detected at a
remote location. It begins with the analysis of losses in electrical power systems. The bulk
of these losses are caused by electricity theft, rather than other possibilities such as poor
maintenance and calculation and accounting mistakes, though some power systems may
suffer from both. Other aspects discussed include the various forms of theft practices,
methodology for detection of theft, generating the theft case algorithm using the
backtracking algorithm method and communicating these data from the consumer
premises to the substation using Radio Frequency Communication. Appropriate
conclusions and recommendations were given from the information gathered.
According to a research, electricity theft can be in the form of fraud (meter
tampering), stealing (illegal connections), billing irregularities, and unpaid bills. The
evidence of the extent of electricity theft in a sample of 102 countries between 1980 and
2000 shows that theft is increasing in most regions of the world. The financial impacts of
theft are reduced income from the sale of electricity and the necessity to charge more to
consumers.[1]
Electricity theft is closely related to governance indicators where higher levels are
recorded in countries without effective accountability, political instability, low
government effectiveness and high levels of corruption.
Merely generating more power is not enough to meet the present day
requirements. Power consumption and losses have to be closely monitored so that the
generated power is utilized in a most efficient manner. Electrical energy theft ranges
between 3 - 30% in our country. This illegal electricity usage may indirectly affect the
economical status of our country. Also the planning of national energy may be difficult in
case of unrecorded energy usage. [1]
One of the major problems faced by the energy suppliers like KSEB is the illegal
usage of electricity. Electricity theft is a social crime, so it has to be completely

eliminated. This project is named ‘Wireless Power Theft Monitoring System' is
focusing on how to detect and monitor the Electricity Theft at a remote KSEB location.
The proposed system prevents the illegal usage of electricity. At this point
of technological development the problem of illegal usage of electricity can be solved
electronically. Here we use Radio frequency (RF) Technology for wireless
communication.
This project is aimed at developing a system for detection of theft and
backtracking the consumer premises where theft is being carried at the local substation
using radio-frequency technology.
1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY
The man has been and being zeal of finding new technologies in various fields.
Electricity is also one technology where man has developed and canonizing it.
The planet Earth is experiencing the impact of the new millennium. At this
juncture, when we look back at the centuries that have gone by, one can only appreciate
what engineering and technology have contributed to this world. Right from the start,
man has been trying to invent newer things to satisfy his physiological needs. In earlier
day’s food, clothes and shelter were said to be the basic needs of human life. Now the
trend has been changed i.e., Electricity has also become a day to day necessity of life.
Electricity theft is at the center of focus all over the world but electricity theft in
India has a significant effect on the Indian economy, as this figure is considerably high.
The loss due to power theft, as per experts say, are currently 29 % of the total generation,
which equals to Rs 45,000 crores in the year 2009-10. According to experts, if not for
power theft over a decade now, India could have built two mega power plants of around
4,000 MW capacities every year.
Power loss due to theft in 2003-04 was 32.86% and increased to 34.78% in 2006-
07. In 2009-10, it stood at 28.44% but currently the figure is again 29%. It is as high as
51% in Jharkhand, 45% in Madhya Pradesh, 33% in Karnataka and 40% in Bihar. [5]

So in order to overcome the revenue loss due to power theft in our country, we
have made a small attempt through this project. In this project we have used RF
technology, which has very high power frequency.
1.3 PROBLEM DEFINITION:
 Ineffective and inefficient present methods of detecting and preventing.
 Power theft causes a revenue loss along with damage to personal and public property.
 Large amount of power shortage is caused due to power theft.
 One of the challenges in stopping power theft is the difficulty in detecting power
theft. In particular it is difficult to find the exact location where power theft is
occurring.
 Measurement of parameters like power line current and power line voltage has not
been available in a satisfactory way to optimize power network management.

1.4 PROJECT OVERVIEW
Fig 1.4: block diagram
1.4.1 Hardware requirements
1. Energy meter
2. Microcontroller module
3. Sensors & Relays
4. Rf module
5. Power supply system
6. Load
1.4.2 Software requirements
1. Keil µVision3
2. Flash magic
In this project, there are two sections
i) a transmitter sections placed at the consumer premises and
ii)a receiver section placed at the local substation as shown above
Both of the sections are designed by the 8052 micro-controller.
Transmitter Section:
Sensor- There are two sensors-
Meter Pulse Sensor- Its senses if there is any problem in the meter recordings.
Line Sensor- Its senses if any tampering has been done with the lines of the energy
meter.
For designing the sensors we are using a device name Optocoupler.

Microcontroller- The microcontroller we are using is P89V51RD2 manufactured by the
Philips Company.
Relay Driver- Its helps in operating the relay when the microcontroller gives the signal
and converts the 5V of the microcontroller to 12V which is required by the relay to
operate.
Transmitter- It transmits the data encoded by the encoder to the substation unit.
Receiver- It intercepts the radio waves transmitted by the transmitter and send it to the
decoder.

CHAPTER- 2
HARDWARE OVERVIEW

2.1 POWER SUPPLY
In this project, various power supply voltages are required for different
components to work. These requirements of voltages are supplied by the power supply
circuit shown below.
Fig 2.1: Power Supply
A D.C. power supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of
a.c. mains fluctuations or load variations is known as regulated D.C. power supply. It is
also referred as full-wave regulated power supply as it uses four diodes in bridge fashion
with a step down transformer.[7]
This laboratory power supply offers excellent line and load regulation and output
voltages of +5V & +12V at output currents upto one ampere.
1. Step-down Transformer: The transformer rating is 230V AC at Primary and 12-0-
12V/1Amperes across secondary winding. This transformer has a capability to deliver a
current of 1 Ampere, which is more than enough to drive an electronic circuit or varying
load. The 12V AC appearing across the secondary is the RMS value of the waveform and
the peak value would be 12*1.414=16.8 volts. This value limits our choice of rectifier
diode as 1N4007[6], which is having a rating of more than 16V.
2. Rectifier Stage: During each cycle of operation only two of the four diodes conduct
while the other two remains non-conducting. During the positive half cycle of the
secondary voltage, the diodes D1 and D3 are forward biased and conduct and the diodes
D2 and D4 are reversed biased. While during the negative half cycle of operation the

diodes D2 and D4 are forward biased and operate and the diodes D1 and D3 are reversed
biased and does not conduct. The rectifier stage is used to convert a.c to d.c.
3. Filter Stage: Here capacitor C5 is used for filtering purpose and connected across the
rectifier output. It filters the a.c. components present in the rectified D.C. and gives steady
D.C. voltage i.e. pure dc without any distortions. As the rectifier voltage increases, it
charges the capacitor and also supplies current to the load. When the capacitor is charged
to the peak value of the rectifier voltage, rectifier voltage starts to decrease.
As the next voltage peak immediately recharges the capacitor, the discharge period is of
very small duration. Due to this continuous charge-discharge-recharge cycle very little
ripple is observed in the filtered output. The output voltage is higher as it remains
substantially near the peak value of rectifier output voltage. This phenomenon is also
experienced in other form as: the shunt capacitor offers a low reactance path to the a.c.
components of current and open circuit to d.c. component. During positive half cycle the
capacitor stores energy in the form of electrostatic field. During negative half cycle, the
filter capacitor releases stored energy to the load.
2.2 ENERGY METER
Energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed
by a residence, business, or an electrically powered device. Energy meters are typically
calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour (kWh).
Energy meters operate by continuously measuring the
instantaneous voltage (volts) and current (amperes) and finding the product of these to
give instantaneous electrical power (watts) which is then integrated against time to
give energy used (joules, kilowatt-hours etc.). Meters for smaller services (such as small
residential customers) can be connected directly in-line between source and customer. For
larger loads, more than about 200 ampere of load, current transformers are used, so that
the meter can be located other than in line with the service conductors. The meters fall
into two basic categories, electromechanical and electronic.
The electromechanical induction meter operates by counting the revolutions of
an aluminium disc which is made to rotate at a speed proportional to the power. The
number of revolutions is thus proportional to the energy usage.

Electronic meters display the energy used on an LCD or LED display. In addition
to measuring energy used, electronic meters can also record other parameters of the load
and supply such as maximum demand, power factor and reactive power used etc.
2.3 SENSORS
In this project two types of sensors have been used
Meter Pulse Sensor- Meter pulse sensor is used to sense if the pulses generated by the
energy meter are generated at the equal intervals of time with respect to the current
through line sensors and also checks if the pulses are being generated whenever the
current is flowing.
Fig 2.3.1: Meter pulse sensor
Line Sensor- Line Pulse sensor is used to sense if the current from the output of the
energy meter is flowing properly, to sense if the current limit exceeds its threshold value
and to identify if any of the wire has been disconnected from the energy meter.
Fig 2.3.2: Line sensor

For both the sensors a device called an Optocoupler (MCT2E) is used.
Fig 2.3.3: An optocoupler circuit
An optocoupler is essentially an optical transmitter and an optical receiver
connected by a non-conductive barrier. It uses a beam of light to transfer energy from one
circuit element to another, and it can handle incoming voltages of up to 7500V.
The barrier that separates the two side of the optocoupler is made from a
transparent glass or plastic polymer that does not conduct electricity but does conduct
light. The actual physical device of the optocoupler is usually encased in a dark, non-
conductive casing. It is attached into the electric circuit through small metal teeth and has
holes on either end of the small cabinet for wire connections to pass through.
Optocouplers typically come in a small 6-pin or 8-pin IC package, but are
essentially a combination of two distinct devices: an optical transmitter, typically a
gallium arsenide
LED (light-emitting diode) and an optical receiver such as a phototransistor or
light-triggered diac. The two are separated by a transparent barrier which blocks any
electrical current flow between the two, but does allow the passage of light.
2.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the
relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts.
Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from
the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC
mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits;
the link is magnetic and mechanical.

Fig 2.4.1: Internal diagram of relay
Figure 2.4.2: Circuit diagram
2.4.1 WORKING
The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:
 COM = Common, always connected. It is the moving part of the switch.
 NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.
 NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.
When the control signal is low, the pole is between the common (COM) and the
normally connected points. But when the control signal goes high, current flows through

the coils of the relay, thus making it an electro magnet. Due to this electromagnetic effect
the pole is pulled towards the normally open (NO) point. Thus we see that there is closed
path for the current to flow. Hence the device turns on. The device remains in this state
until the control signal to the relay is high.
The coils which provide the magnetic flux to operate a relay are available for
operations on a variety of voltages between 5V and 115V DC and 12V-250V AC at
currents between 5mA and 100mA typical specifications for a low voltage relay suitable
for switching a mains connected load are as follows:
Contract rating: 5A, 30V DC/250 AC
Coil rating: 12V (from 10.9V to 19.5V)
Coil resistance: 205 ohm
Electrical life: 200,000 operations (at full rated load)
Mechanical life: 10 million operations.
2.5 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
The term liquid crystal display (LCD) refers to fact that these components have
a crystalline arrange of molecules, yet they flow like liquid. The construction of a crystal
liquid display contains two glass plates with a liquid crystal fluid in between. The back
plate is coated with thin transparent layer of conductive material, where as front plate has
a photo etched conductive coating with seven segment pattern.
LCD is a display technology that uses liquid crystal that flows like liquid and
bends light. The more the molecules are twisted, the better will be the contrast and
viewing angle.
There are two modes in LCD 8-bit mode and 4-bit mode, we have used 4-bit mode
in our project.

Fig 2.5.1: LCD
Features
 This LCD has 14 pins, an optional backlight and a simple parallel bus interface for
easy communication.
 +5v DC supply from pin VDD
 This module operates in 8-bit mode and 4-bit mode.
 It contains eight data lines (D0-D7), three control lines (E, R/W & RS) and three
power lines (VSS, VDD & VEE).
 Enable (E) pin is to latch information present to its data pins.
 Read/write(R/W) pin used to write and read information to LCD display.
 Register select (RS) decide either to send commands or data to LCD display.
 Using VEE pin contrast of display can be adjusted.

Fig 2.5.2 Pin diagram
Pin no Name Function
1 Vss Ground
2 Vdd +ve supply
3 Vee Contrast
4 RS Register Select
5 R/W Read/Write
6 E Enable
7 D0 Data bit0
8 D1 Data bit1
9 D2 Data bit2
10 D3 Data bit3
11 D4 Data bit4
12 D5 Data bit5
13 D6 Data bit6
14 D7 Data bit7
Table 2.5.1: Pin description

RS- Register Select:
There are 2 very important registers in LCD; the Command Code register and the Data
Register.
If RS=0, the Code register is selected, allowing user to send command
If RS=1, the Data register is selected allowing to send data that has to be displayed.
RW- ReadWrite:
RW input allows the user to write information to LCD or read information from it. How
do we read data from LCD? The data that is being currently displayed will be stored in a
buffer memory DDRAM. This data could be read if necessary.
If RW=1, then set for Reading
RW=0, then set for Writing
E- Enable:
The enable Pin is used by the LCD to latch information at its data pins. When data is
supplied to data pins, a high to low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the LCD
to latch the data present in the data pins.
E=1 then 0, set the LCD a Toggle
The following table gives description about different commands to program LCD.
COMMAND DESCRIPTION CODE
Clear Display Clears the display and returns the cursor to the home
position (address 0)
01h
Return Home Returns the cursor to the home position (address 0).
Also returns a shifted display to the home position.
DD RAM contents remain unchanged.
02h
Entry Mode Set
(These are
performed during
data write/read.)
Decrement cursor + No display shift 04h
Decrement cursor + Display shift 05h
Increment cursor + No display shift 06h
Increment cursor + Display shift 07h
Display ON/OFF Display Cursor Blink of the

Control character at the
cursor position
Display OFF Cursor OFF OFF 08h
ON 09h
Cursor ON OFF 0Ah
ON 0Bh
Display ON Cursor OFF OFF 0Ch
ON 0Dh
Cursor ON OFF 0Eh
ON 0Fh
Cursor & Display
Shift
(DD RAM contents
remain unchanged.)
Decrement cursor + No display shift 10h
Increment cursor + No display shift 14h
Display shift left + No cursor movement 18h
Display shift right + No cursor movement 1Ch
Function Set 4 bit data + 1 line display + 5x7 dots/char 20h
4 bit data + 1 line display + 5x10 dots/char 24h
4 bit data + 2 line display + 5x10 dots/char 2Ch
8 bit data + 2 line display + 5x10 dots/char 3Ch
Set CG RAM
Address
Sets the CG RAM address (00h to 3Fh).
CG RAM data can be read or altered after making this
setting.
40h to
7Fh
Set DD RAM
Address
Sets the DD RAM address (00h to 7Fh).
Data may be written or read after making this setting.
80h to
FFh
Table 2.5.2: Commands to program LCD

CHAPTER- 3
MICROCONTOLLER

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Microcontroller is a central processing unit of a general purpose digital computer.
The by-product of microprocessor development was the microcontroller. Microcontroller
incorporates all the features that are found in microprocessor. However, it has also added
features to make a complete microcomputer system on its own. The microcontroller has
on-chip (built-in) peripheral devices. These on-chip peripherals make it possible to have a
single-chip microcomputer system
There few more advantages of built-in pepipherals:
Built –in pepipherals have smaller access times hence speed is more
Hardware reduces due to single –chip microcomputer system
Less hardware reduces PCB size and increases reliability of the system
The prime use of microcontroller is to control the operation of a machine using a
fixed program that is stored in ROM and that does not change over the life time of the
system. The design approach of the microcontroller mirrors that of the microprocessor
make a single design that can be used in as many application as possible in order to sell,
hopefully, as many as possible.
The microcontroller design uses a much more limited set of single and double byte
instructions that are used to move code and data from the internal memory to the ALU
 8 bit controller
 16 bits address line
 8 bits data line
 128 bytes RAM
 4 Kbytes ROM
 16 bit timers divided into two 8bit timers
 UART(Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)
 4 ports

Fig 3.1 :Block diagram of 8051 Micro-controller
3.1.1 AT89C55WD chip description
The AT89C55WD is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller
with 20K bytes of Flash programmable read only memory and 256 bytes of RAM. The
device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density non-volatile memory technology
and is compatible with the industry standard 80C51 and 80C52 instruction set and
pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be user programmed by a
conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C55WD is a powerful microcomputer
which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control
applications.
3.1.2 FEATURES
The AT89C55WD provides the following standard features: 20K bytes of Flash,
256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector, two-level
interrupt architecture, a full-duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.
In addition, the AT89C55WD is designed with static logic for operation down to zero

frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode
stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt
system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but
freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next external
interrupt or hardware reset.
3.2 PIN DESCRIPTION
Fig 3.2: 8051 Micro-controller pin diagram
Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. Port 0 pins that have ‘1’s
written to them float, and in this state can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 is also
the multiplexed low-order address and data bus during accesses to external code and data
memory. In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when transitioning to ‘1’s.
Port 0 also receives the code bytes during the external host mode programming, and
outputs the code bytes during the external host mode verification. External pull-ups are
required during program verification or as a general purpose I/O port.
Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 pins are
pulled high by the internal pull-ups when ‘1’s are written to them and can be used as
inputs in this state. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally pulled LOW will source

current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. P1.5, P1.6, P1.7 have high current drive of
16 mA. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during the external host mode
Programming and verification.
Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. Port 2 pins are
pulled HIGH by the internal pull-ups when ‘1’s are written to them and can be used as
current (IIL)
Because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 sends the high-order address byte during fetches
from external program memory and during accesses to external Data Memory that use 16-
bit address (MOVX@DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when
Transitioning to ‘1’s. Port 2 also receives some control signals and a partial of high-order
address bits during the external host mode programming and verification.
Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. Port 3 pins are
pulled HIGH by the internal pull-ups when ‘1’s are written to them and can be used as
current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 3 also receives some control signals
and a partial of high-order address bits during the external host mode programming and
verification.
Program Store Enable: PSEN is the read strobe for external program memory. When the
device is executing from internal program memory, PSEN is inactive (HIGH). When the
device is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each
machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to
external data memory. A forced HIGH-to-LOW input transition on the PSEN pin while
the RST input is continually held HIGH for more than 10 machine cycles will cause the
device to enter external host mode programming.
Reset: While the oscillator is running, a HIGH logic state on this pin for two machine
cycles will reset the device. If the PSEN pin is driven by a HIGH-to-LOW input transition
while the RST input pin is held HIGH, the device will enter the external host mode,
otherwise the device will enter the normal operation mode.

External Access Enable: EA must be connected to VSS in order to enable the device to
fetch code from the external program memory. EA must be strapped to VDD for internal
program execution. However, Security lock level 4 will disable EA, and program
execution is only possible from internal program memory. The EA pin can tolerate a high
voltage of 12 V.
Address Latch Enable: ALE is the output signal for latching the low byte of the address
during an access to external memory. This pin is also the programming pulse input
(PROG) for flash programming. Normally the ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1¤6 the
crystal.
Frequency and can be used for external timing and clocking. One ALE pulse is skipped
during each access to external data memory. However, if AO is set to ‘1’, ALE is
disabled.
NC: No Connect
XTAL 1(Crystal 1): Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and
Input to the internal clock generator circuits.
XTAL2 (Crystal 2): Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
VDD: Power supply
VSS: Ground.

CHAPTER- 7
ENCODER AND DECODER

4.1 Working of encoder and decoder
Fig 4.1: Shows the working of HT12E
The RF module is often used along with a pair of encoder/decoder. The encoder is
used for encoding parallel data for transmission feed while reception is decoded by a
decoder, HT12E- HT12D, HT640-HT648, etc. are some commonly used encoder/decoder
pair ICs.

4.2 Encoder
Fig 4.2: Circuit of HT12E as an Encoder
Encoders are software programs that are used for compressing information. Often,
the function of an encoder will also allow for the conversion of data from one format to
another. While there are several types of programs that accomplish this for text data,
the encoder is usually associated with audio and video.
The encoder being used in this project is HT12E, it is used in order to transmit
data from the consumer premises to the substation through radio frequency technology.
In this project, the encoder HT12E gets the information from the microcontroller
and converts it into a radio wave signal of frequency 433.92MHz and sends it to the
transmitter antennae.

4.3 Decoder
Fig 4.3: Circuit 0f HT12D as a Decoder
A decoder is a device which does the reverse operation of an encoder, undoing the
encoding so that the original information can be retrieved. The same method used to
encode is usually just reversed in order to decode. It is a combinational circuit that
converts binary information from n input lines to a maximum of 2n
unique output lines
The decoder being used in this project is HT12D, it is used to receive the RF waves and
convert them in the form of the original data and sends it to the microcontroller at the
substation premises.

4.4 Pin Diagram of HT12E
Fig 4.4: Pin diagram of HT12E
4.5 Features
4.5.1 Encoder
 18 PIN DIP
 Operating Voltage : 2.4V ~ 12V
 Low Power and High Noise Immunity CMOS Technology
 Low Standby Current and Minimum Transmission Word
 Built-in Oscillator needs only 5% Resistor
 Easy Interface with and RF or an Infrared transmission medium
 Minimal External Components

4.5.2 Decoder
 18 PIN DIP, Operating Voltage : 2.4V ~ 12.0V
 Low Power and High Noise Immunity, CMOS Technology
 Low Stand by Current, Trinary address setting
 Capable of Decoding 12 bits of Information
 8 ~ 12 Address Pins and 0 ~ 4 Data Pins
 Received Data are checked 2 times, Built in Oscillator needs only 5% resistor
 VT goes high during a valid transmission
 Easy Interface with an RF of IR transmission medium
 Minimal External Components

CHAPTER-5
RADIO FREQUENCY TRANSMITTER &
RECEIVER

5.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND EXPLANATION
Fig 5.1: Data transmission & reception
RF refers to radio frequency, the mode of communication for wireless
technologies of all kinds, including cordless phones, radar, ham radio, GPS, and radio and
television broadcasts.RF technology is so much a part of our lives we scarcely notice it
for its ubiquity. From baby monitors to cell phones, Bluetooth® to remote control
toys, RF waves are all around us. RFwaves are electromagnetic waves which propagate at
the speed of light, or 186,000 miles per second (300,000 km/s).
The frequencies of RF waves, however, are slower than those of visible light,
making RF waves invisible to the human eye.

A RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The
transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 434 MHz. An RF transmitter
receives serial data and transmits it wirelessly through RF through its antenna connected
at pin4. The transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.The transmitted data is
received by an RF receiver operating at the same frequency as that of the transmitter.
5.2 Pin diagram of rf transmitter and receiver module
Fig 5.2 Pin Diagram of RF transmitter/receiver

5.3 Pin Description:
5.3.1 RF Transmitter
Pin
No
Function Name
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Serial data input pin Data
3 Supply voltage; 5V Vcc
4 Antenna output pin ANT
5.3.2 RF Receiver
Pin
No
Function Name
2 Serial data output pin Data
3 Linear output pin; not connected NC
8 Antenna input pin ANT
The encoder-decoder pair supports 4 bit parallel data. The circuit has two parts
transmitter and the receiver. In the transmitter part we are using HT12E for encoding data
from parallel to serial. The serial output from the encoder is fed to the data IN of the RF
transmitter. Four switches namely SW0, SW1, SW2, SW3 are used to input data to the
decoder. These switches are push button switches with active low states. (I.e. when you
press it, the data input will be ‘0’ and in the released state data input will be ‘1’. The
default state is ‘1’).

At the receiver section we are having RF receiver and HT12D decoder IC. The
serial data from the receiver is fed into to the serial input of the decoder. The parallel data
is displayed with the help of LED’s.

CHAPTER- 6
SOFTWARE USED AND CODINGS

6.1 Introduction to Embedded systems
Embedded systems have tremendously grown in recent years, not only in their
popularity but also in their complexity; gadgets are increasingly becoming intelligent and
autonomous. Refrigerators, air conditioners, automobiles, mobile phones etc, are some of
the common examples of device with built in intelligence. These devices function based
on operating and environmental parameters.
The intelligence of smart device resides in embedded systems. An embedded
system, in general, incorporates hardware, operating systems, low level software binding
the operating system and peripheral devices, and communication software to enable the
system to perform the pre-defined function, an embedded system performs a single, well
defined task, is tightly contained, in reactive and computes results in real time.
Let us take the detail look at these features of embedded systems:
Single functioned:
An embedded system executes a specific program repeatedly, for example pager is
always pager. In contrast a desktop system executes variety of program like spread sheets,
word processor, etc. however, there are exceptions wherein.
An embedded systems program is updated with newer program versions. Cell
phones are examples of being updated in such a manner.
Tightly constrained:
All computing systems have constraints on design metrics but those on embedded
systems can be especially tight, a design metric is a measure of a systems implementation
which is a measure of systems implementations which include cost size, performance and
power.
Reactive and real time: many embedded systems must continually react to the
changes in the systems and must compute certain results in the real time without delay.

6.1.1 Embedded hardware:
An embedded hardware need a microcontroller and all kind of microcontroller
used in them are quite varied. A list of some of some of them familiar are zilog z8 family,
Intel 8051/808188/x86 families. Motorola 68k family and power pc family.
6.1.2 Embedded software:
The software for the embedded systems is called firmware. The firmware will be
written in assembly languages for time or resources critical operations or using higher
languages like c or embedded c. the software will be simulates using microde simulators
for the target processor.
Since they are supposed to perform only specific tasks these programs are stored
in read only memory (ROM’s).

6.2 Introduction to Keil µVision3
Fig 6.2: Keil µVision3 Main window
The µVision3 IDE is a Windows-based software development platform that
combines a robust editor, project manager, and makes facility. µVision3 integrates all
tools including the C compiler, macro assembler, linker/locator, and HEX file generator.
The µVision3 IDE offers numerous features and advantages that help you quickly and
successfully develop embedded applications. They are easy to use and are guaranteed to
help you achieve your design goals.
6.2.1 Features
1. The µVision3 Simulator is the only debugger that completely simulates all on-chip
peripherals.
2. Simulation capabilities may be expanded using the Advanced Simulation Interface
(ASI).

3. µVision3 incorporates project manager, editor, and debugger in a single environment.
4. The µVision3 Device Database automatically configures the development tools for the
target microcontroller.
5. The µVision3 IDE integrates additional third-party tools like VCS, CASE, and
FLASH/Device Programming.
6. The ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter supports both debugging and flash programming with
configurable algorithm files.
7. Identical Target Debugger and Simulator User Interface.
8. The Code Coverage feature of the µVision3 Simulator provides statistical analysis of
your program’s execution.
6.2.2 Benefits
1. Write and test application code before production hardware is available.
Investigate different hardware configurations to optimize the hardware design.
2. Sophisticated systems can be accurately simulated by adding your own peripheral
drivers.
3. Safety-critical systems can be thoroughly tested and validated. Execution analysis
reports can be viewed and printed for certification requirements.
4. Accelerates application development. While editing, you may configure debugger
features. While debugging, you may make source code modifications.
5. Quickly access development tools and third-party tools. All configuration details are
saved in the µVision3 project.
6. The same tool can be used for debugging and programming. No extra configuration
time required.
7. Shortens your learning curve.
8. Mistakes in tool settings are practically eliminated and tool configuration time is
minimized.

The µVision3 screen provides you with a menu bar for command entry, a tool bar
where you can rapidly select command buttons, and windows for source files, dialog
boxes, and information displays. µVision3 lets you simultaneously open and view
multiple source files.
µVision3 has two operating modes:
1. Build Mode: Allows you to translate all the application files and to generate executable
programs. The features of the Build Mode are described under Creating Applications.
2. Debug Mode: Provides you with a powerful debugger for testing your application. The
debug mode is described in Testing Programs.
In both operating modes you may use the source editor of µVision3 to modify your
source code. The debug mode adds additional windows and stores an own screen layout.

6.3 C PROGRAMMING FOR MICROCONTROLLER
6.3.1Consumer side
#include"Variable.h"
#include"adc8591.h"
void main(void)
{
CUT_OFF = LOW;
DATA_IP = HIGH;
for(gucloop=0; gucloop<=15; gucloop++)
ucMeterDisplay[gucloop] = 0x20;
LCD_INIT();
Prep_lcd_Write_Data("Energy Meter",LINE1_ADDR, "Theft Cntrl System",
LINE2_ADDR);
MSDelay(200 );
serial_Init();
Prep_lcd_Write_Data("Energy Meter",LINE1_ADDR, "Theft Cntrl System",
LINE2_ADDR);
bcd_units = Data_read_24C32(UNIT_LOC);
hex_unit =
byte_bcd_to_hex_conversion(bcd_units);
ucPrePaidUnits = hex_unit;
bcd_units = Data_read_24C32(PULSE_LOC);
//read pulses
hex_unit =
byte_bcd_to_hex_conversion(bcd_units);
ucUnitPulse = hex_unit;
CUT_OFF = HIGH;
while(1)
{
ADC_Value();
byte_hex_to_bcd_conversion(ucPrePaidUnits);

ucMeterDisplay[1] = ucbcd100;
ucMeterDisplay[4] = ' ';
ucMeterDisplay[8] = ':';
byte_hex_to_bcd_conversion(ucUnitPulse);
Prep_lcd_Write_Data_lcd("UNIT : Pulse",LINE1_ADDR,
&ucMeterDisplay[0], LINE2_ADDR);
}
while(1);
}
void timer_Interrupt(void) interrupt 1 //10MS TIMER INTERRUPT
{
static unsigned int idata ucpulseCount=10;
TR0 = 0;
TL0 = RELOADLOW0;
TH0 = RELOADHI0;
TR0 = 1;
if(DATA_IP == 0)
{
ucpulseCount--;
if(ucpulseCount == 0)
{
ucpulseCount = 10;
ucUnitPulse++;

Data_Write_24C32(PULSE_LOC,ucUnitPulse);
if((ucUnitPulse % PULSE) == 0)
{
ucPrePaidUnits++;
ucUnitPulse = 0;
Data_Write_24C32(UNIT_LOC,ucUnitPulse);
}
}
}
}
void serial_Init(void)
{
unsigned char int_temp = 0;
////////////////////// Timer 0 10 ms init //////////////////////////
IE = 0;
TR0 = 0;
TL0 = RELOADLOW0;
TH0 = RELOADHI0;
int_temp = TMOD;
int_temp |= 0X01;
TMOD = int_temp;
TR0 = 1;
int_temp = IE;
int_temp |= 0x02;
IE = int_temp;
TF0 = 0;
int_temp = IE;
int_temp |= 0x80;
IE = int_temp;
//////////// Timer 1 serial init with 2400 baud rate /////////////////
int_temp = PCON;
int_temp |= 0x80;
PCON = int_temp;
TMOD |= 0x20;

TH1=0xFA; // 9600 Baudrate
SCON=0x50;
TR1 = 1;
TI = 1;
RI=0;
ES = 1;
PS=1;
}
void MSDelay(unsigned int delay)
{
unsigned int i,j;
for(i=0;i<delay;i++)
for(j=0;j<2000;j++);
}
void MSDelay_lcd(unsigned int delay)
{
unsigned int i;
for(i=0;i<delay;i++);
}
void serial(void) interrupt 4
{
unsigned char temp_char;
if(TI)
{
TI = 0;
}
else
if(RI)
{
temp_char = SBUF;
RI = 0;
}
}
void byte_hex_to_bcd_conversion(unsigned char tmp_hex_value)

{
int hex_value = (int)tmp_hex_value;
unsigned char hex_wt; /* variable to store the weights of hex no */
ucbcd100 = ucbcd10 = ucbcd1 = 0;
hex_wt = 0x64; /* hex digit 3 weight value */
while(1)
{
hex_value -= hex_wt;
if(hex_value<0)
break;
ucbcd100++;
}
ucbcd100 = ucbcd100 + 0x30;
hex_value += hex_wt;
hex_wt = 0xA; /* hex digit 2 weight value */
while(1)
{
hex_value -= hex_wt;
if(hex_value<0)
break;
ucbcd10++;
}
ucbcd10 = ucbcd10 + 0x30;
hex_value += hex_wt;
// i2cbcd=((ucbcd10<<4)|hex_value);
ucbcd1 = hex_value+0x30;
}
void LCD_INIT(void)
{
write_instr_bit(0x38);//8-bit data -2-line display
MSDelay(10);
write_instr_bit(0x0e);//cursor on
MSDelay(10);
write_instr_bit(0x01);//clear display

MSDelay(10);
write_instr_bit(0x06);//increment cursor
MSDelay(10);
}
void write_instr_bit(unsigned char value)
{
LCD_DATA=value;
REG_SELECT=0;
LCD_CS=1;
MSDelay(1);
LCD_CS=0;
}
void Prep_lcd_Write_Data(unsigned char *line1, unsigned char Line1Addr,
unsigned char *line2, unsigned char Line2Addr)
{
unsigned char i;
MSDelay_lcd(1);
write_instr_bit(Line1Addr);
for(i=0; line1[i] !=NULL_00; i++)
{
LCD_DATA=line1[i];
REG_SELECT=1;
LCD_CS=1;
MSDelay_lcd(5);
LCD_CS=0;
}
{
LCD_DATA=line2[i];
REG_SELECT=1;
LCD_CS=1;
MSDelay_lcd(5);

LCD_CS=0;
}
}
void Prep_lcd_Write_Data_lcd(unsigned char *line1, unsigned char Line1Addr,
{
unsigned char i;
{
LCD_DATA=line1[i];
REG_SELECT=1;
LCD_CS=1;
MSDelay_lcd(5);
LCD_CS=0;
}
{
LCD_DATA=line2[i];
REG_SELECT=1;
LCD_CS=1;
MSDelay_lcd(5);
LCD_CS=0;
}
}
unsigned char byte_bcd_to_hex_conversion(unsigned char bcd_value)
{
return((((bcd_value & 0xF0) >> 4) * 10) + (bcd_value & 0x0F));
}
unsigned char Data_read_24C32(unsigned int data_addr)
{
unsigned char address_lower_byte=0,address_msb_byte=0x00,ok=0,hex_val=0;
CLOCK_SCL = LOW;

CLOCK_SDA = HIGH;
CLOCK_SCL = HIGH;
CLOCK_SDA = LOW;
CLOCK_SCL = LOW;
data_write(WRITE_CONTROL_BYTE);
eeprom_ack();
address_msb_byte=(data_addr&0X0f00)>>8;
address_lower_byte=(data_addr&0X00ff);
data_write(address_msb_byte);
eeprom_ack();
data_write(address_lower_byte);
eeprom_ack();
CLOCK_SCL = HIGH;
CLOCK_SDA = HIGH;
CLOCK_SDA = LOW;
data_write(READ_CONTROL_BYTE);
eeprom_ack();
hex_val=0x20;
hex_val=data_read();
eeprom_ack();
CLOCK_SDA = LOW;
CLOCK_SCL = HIGH;
CLOCK_SDA = HIGH;
return(hex_val);
}
unsigned char data_read()
{
unsigned char i;
unsigned char uctemp=0;
CLOCK_SCL = LOW;
for(i=0; i<8; i++)
{
CLOCK_SCL = HIGH;
uctemp <<= 1;

uctemp |= CLOCK_SDA;
CLOCK_SCL = LOW;
}
// Soft_Delay_Service(10);
return(uctemp);
}
void data_write(unsigned char data_to_write)
{
unsigned char i;
for(i=0; i<8; i++)
{
CLOCK_SCL = LOW;
CLOCK_SDA = (data_to_write & BIT_D7)? 1 : 0;
CLOCK_SCL = HIGH;
CLOCK_SCL = LOW;
CLOCK_SCL = LOW;
data_to_write<<=1;
}
}
void eeprom_ack(void)
{
unsigned char index;
CLOCK_SCL = HIGH;
index = CLOCK_SDA;
CLOCK_SCL = LOW;
CLOCK_SDA= HIGH;
}
void Data_Write_24C32(unsigned int data_addr,unsigned char data_data)
{
unsigned char address_lower_byte=0,address_msb_byte=0x00,ok=0;//,i;
CLOCK_SCL = LOW;
CLOCK_SDA = HIGH;
CLOCK_SCL = HIGH;
CLOCK_SDA = LOW;

CLOCK_SCL = LOW;
data_write(WRITE_CONTROL_BYTE);
eeprom_ack();
address_msb_byte=(data_addr&0X0f00)>>8;
address_lower_byte=(data_addr&0X00ff);
data_write(address_msb_byte);
eeprom_ack();
data_write(address_lower_byte);
eeprom_ack();
//for(i=0;i<10;i++)
//{
data_write(data_data);
eeprom_ack();
// }
CLOCK_SDA = LOW;
CLOCK_SCL = HIGH;
CLOCK_SDA = HIGH;
}
void ADC_Value(void)
{
i2c_read(0x9E,0x41,&d[0]); //read
ADC RESULT from channel 0 PUT 0X43
if((d[0] == 255))
{
CUT_OFF = LOW;
Prep_lcd_Write_Data(" Theft ",LINE1_ADDR,"
Detected ", LINE2_ADDR);
MSDelay(50);
if(!ONE)
{
SBUF = 'A';
MSDelay(50);

}
if(!TWO)
{
SBUF = 'B';
MSDelay(50);
}
if(!THREE)
{
SBUF = 'C';
MSDelay(50);
}
if(!FOUR)
{
SBUF = 'D';
MSDelay(50);
}
}
i2c_read(0x9E,0x44,&d[3]); //read ADC RESULT
from channel 3 PUT 0X46
}
void TxdCommandToModem(unsigned char *s)
{
while(*s!=NULL_00)
{
SBUF = *s;
MSDelay(1);
s++;
}
MSDelay(10);
}

6.3.2 Substation side microcontroller program
#include<reg52.h>
#include"variable.h"
void main(void)
{
LCD_INIT();
BUZZER = 0;
serial_Init();
Prep_lcd_Write_Data("Theft Control",LINE1_ADDR, "Monitoring
System", LINE2_ADDR);
MSDelay(50);
while(1)
{
if(SBUF == 'A')
gbunit_flag1 = 1;
if(SBUF == 'B')
gbunit_flag2 = 1;
if(SBUF == 'C')
gbunit_flag3 = 1;
if(SBUF == 'D')
gbunit_flag4 = 1;
if(gbunit_flag1)
{
BUZZER = 1;
gbunit_flag1 = 0;
Prep_lcd_Write_Data("#64 Vijayanagar",LINE1_ADDR,
"Bangalore", LINE2_ADDR);
TxdCommandToModem("#64 Vijayanagar
Bangalorern");
MSDelay(50);
BUZZER = 0;
MSDelay(50);
}
else if(gbunit_flag2)

{
BUZZER = 1;
gbunit_flag2 = 0;
Prep_lcd_Write_Data("#165
Jayanagar",LINE1_ADDR, "Bangalore", LINE2_ADDR);
TxdCommandToModem("#165 Jayanagar
Bangalorern");
MSDelay(50);
BUZZER = 0;
MSDelay(50);
}
{
BUZZER = 1;
gbunit_flag3 = 0;
Prep_lcd_Write_Data("#1036 J.P
Nagar",LINE1_ADDR, "Bangalore", LINE2_ADDR);
TxdCommandToModem("#1036 J. P Nagar
Bangalorern");
MSDelay(50);
BUZZER = 0;
MSDelay(50);
}
{
BUZZER = 1;
gbunit_flag4 = 0;
Prep_lcd_Write_Data("#3 Yelahaka
",LINE1_ADDR, "Bangalore", LINE2_ADDR);
TxdCommandToModem("#3 Yelahaka
Bangalorern");
MSDelay(50);
BUZZER = 0;
MSDelay(50);

}
else
{
BUZZER = 0;
}
}
while(1);
}
//serial init with 9600 baud
void serial_Init(void)
{
IE = 0; //disabling interrupts
TR0 = 0; //starting all the timer should be off by
TR1 = 0; // clearing timer flags:tr0,tr1,tf0.
TF0 = 0;
ET0 = 0; //enabling timer 0 interrupt
PCON = 0x80; //doubling the baud rate
TMOD |= 0x21; //select timer1 in mod2 & timer0 in mod0
TH1 = 0xFA; // initialise the timer1 value for baud rate
with 9600
SCON = 0x50; // 8-bit UART & run enable
TR1 = 1; // timer1 on
TI = 0;
RI = 0;
ES = 1; //Enable seriel interrupt
PS = 1; //Higher pririty to seriel interupt
EA = 1; //Enable ALL Interrupt
}
//serial interrupt handling
void serial(void) interrupt 4
{
unsigned char temp_char;
if(TI)
{

TI = 0;
}
else
if(RI)
{
temp_char = SBUF;
RI = 0;
}
}
void TxdCommandToModem(unsigned char *s)
{
while(*s!=NULL_00)
{
SBUF = *s;
MSDelay(1);
s++;
}
MSDelay(10);
}
void LCD_INIT(void)
{
write_instr_bit(0x38);//8-bit data -2-line display
MSDelay(10);
write_instr_bit(0x0e);//cursor on
MSDelay(10);
MSDelay(10);
write_instr_bit(0x06);//increment cursor
MSDelay(10);
}
//func to send commands to lcd
void write_instr_bit(unsigned char value)
{
LCD_DATA=value;

REG_SELECT=0;
LCD_CS=1;
MSDelay(1);
LCD_CS=0;
}
void Prep_lcd_Write_Data(unsigned char *line1, unsigned char Line1Addr,
{
unsigned char i;
MSDelay_lcd(1);
write_instr_bit(Line1Addr);//to display in line one or the cursor moves to initial
position of line one
for(i=0;((line1[i]!=NULL_00) && (i<16)); i++)
{
LCD_DATA = line1[i];
REG_SELECT=1;
LCD_CS=1;
MSDelay_lcd(5);
LCD_CS=0;
}
write_instr_bit(Line2Addr);//to display in line two or the cursor moves to initial
position of line two
for(i=0; ((line2[i]!=NULL_00) && (i<16)); i++)
{
LCD_DATA = line2[i];
REG_SELECT=1;
LCD_CS=1;
MSDelay_lcd(5);
LCD_CS=0;
}
}
//to create some delay
void MSDelay(unsigned int delay)

{
unsigned int i,j;
for(i=0;i<delay;i++)
for(j=0;j<1200;j++);
}
void MSDelay_lcd(unsigned int delay)
{
unsigned int i;
for(i=0;i<delay;i++);
}

6.4 FLASH MAGIC
Flash Magic is Windows software from the Embedded Systems Academy that
provides access to all ISP features like programming, reading and erasing the flash
memory, setting the baud rate. It provides a clear and simple user interface.
Below is the screenshot of the main window of Flash Magic.
Fig 6.4.1: Flash magic main window
1. Select the desired COM port, baud rate, desired device and the oscillator
frequency.
2. Erase the desired memory block. This is optional.
3. Load the HEX file generated from KEIL software.
4. Select Verify after programming option.
5. Click on Start.
Once started the progress information and a progress bar will be displayed at the
bottom of the main window.

6.5 Flowchart:

CHAPTER- 7
WORKING OF THE SYSTEM

Fig 7.1: Block Diagram
Power Supply:
The power supply in normal terms is used to energise the circuit. The input to the
power supply block in the block diagram is 230V, 50Hz ac. The rectifier used here is a
bridge rectifier. Which is a highly efficient rectifier, it is used to convert AC into DC. The
output of the rectifier is DC but it is not free from distortions. To remove the distortions,
we have used a capacitive filter. This makes the output distortion less DC. The output of
the power supply is 12 volts which is directly given to the relay to operate and other is
output is given to the voltage regulator LN7805 which further regulates the voltage to 5
volts which is suitable for the microcontroller to operate.
Microcontroller:
Microcontroller is used to control the operation and to control other devices. The
micro-controller used here is P89V51RD2. It is manufactured by Philips. The
microcontroller works by 5volts. Its features are:

 8 bit controller
 16 bits address line
 8 bits data line
 128 bytes RAM
 4 Kbytes ROM
 16 bit timers divided into two 8bit timers
 UART(Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
 4 ports
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display):
 LCD is a display technology that uses liquid crystal that flows like liquid and bends
light. The more the molecules are twisted, the better will be the contrast and
viewing angle.
 There are two modes in LCD 8-bit mode and 4-bit mode, we have used 4-bit mode
in our project.
Serial Converter:
The CPU uses 12v logic where as the microcontroller works on 5v logic. For
conversion purpose, a serial converter RS232 is used. RS 232 is used in order to avoid the
signal from becoming weak.
Line Sensor and Meter Pulse Sensor:
Line Pulse sensor is used to sense if the current from the output of the energy
meter is flowing properly, to sense if the current limit exceeds its threshold value and if
any of the wire is disconnected from the energy meter.
Meter pulse sensor is used to sense if the pulses generated by the energy meter
are generated at the same interval of time with respect to the current through line sensors
and also if the pulses are generating whenever the current is flowing.
For both the sensors we have used a device called an Optocoupler (MCT2E).
An optocoupler is essentially an optical transmitter and an optical receiver
connected by a non-conductive barrier. It uses a beam of light to transfer energy from one
circuit element to another, and it can handle incoming voltages of up to 7500V. The

barrier that separates the two side of the optocoupler is made from a transparent glass or
plastic polymer that does not conduct electricity but does conduct light.
The actual physical device of the optocoupler is usually encased in a dark, non-
conductive casing. It is attached into the electric circuit through small metal teeth and has
holes on either end of the small cabinet for wire connections to pass through.
Relay:
In this project Electromagnetic relays are being used, they are constructed with
electrical, magnetic and mechanical components, have an operating coil and various
contacts and are very robust and reliable.
The relay used in our project has one Normally Open and one Normally closed terminals.
Personal Computer:
It is connected to the receiver end at the local substation. Connected serially to the
microcontroller of the receiver section at the substation which locates the exact house or
premises where power theft is being carried out.

7.2 Circuit diagrams
Fig 7.2: Circuit Diagram of the Transmitter Section

Fig 7.3: Circuit Diagram of the Receiver Section

7.3 Operation of the model
There are two parts in this project,
Consumer Side
Substation side
In our project we are using RF technology to communicate between the two parts
of this project for data transmission.
7.3.1 CONSUMER SIDE:
Fig 7.3.1: consumer side model
There are various kinds of energy meters available but we are using a digital
energy meter as now a day’s all the old type of meters have been replaced by the digital
type of energy meters.
The energy meters has four ports of which two ports are connected to the supply
from the substation (one is phase and another is neutral) and two ports are for supplying
the power to the loads at the consumer premises. The neutral terminals of both the input
and the output sides are shorted inside the meter.

The input to the LED of the optocoupler for the meter pulse sensor is given from
the calibration terminal of the energy meter and the output of the phototransistor of the
optocoupler circuit is connected to the microcontroller.
For the line pulse sensor the input to the optocoupler circuit is given by the phase
of the input to the energy meter and the neutral of the energy meter and the output from
the optocoupler is given to the microcontroller.
The microcontroller receives the data from the sensors and sends it to the encoder
where the data is converted into radio waves of 433.92MHz and transmitted by the
transmitter.
The supply from the substation is passed to the consumer side through the energy
meter in order to record the power being used, the meter pulse sensor receives a pulse
after one full digit rotation from the digital energy meter and LED glows green. The line
sensor detects the abnormalities in the current flow and also if any terminal of the energy
meter is disconnected. If the sensors doesn’t receive the pulses after a specific period of
time the LED turns red and the data is given to the microcontroller which in turn
transmits the data through the transmitter.

7.3.2 SUBSTATION SIDE:
Fig 7.3.2: Substation side model
The radio waves sent by the consumer module is received by the receiver and it is
decoded by the decoder in its original form of data and is then sent to the microcontroller.
If there has been any tampering or discrepancies done with the meter by the consumer the
buzzer gives an alarm and the exact location at which the power theft is being carried out
is shown on the personal computer at the substation, so that the person at the substation
can go and have a check.

CHAPTER- 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

8. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this project we are dealing with two types of meter tampering. They are
1. Fiddling with the meter lines which are sensed by the Line sensor.
2. Disconnecting the internal parts of the meter in order to avoid meter recordings which
can be sensed by the Meter Pulse Sensor.
The energy meter input takes in the 230 volts from the supply and from its output
one line is given to a 12-0-12 volts step-down transformer which steps down the voltage
to 12volts and then it is converted into pure dc voltage by the help of full wave bridge
rectifier and a capacitive filter which is further given to the relay as the relay has an
operating voltage of 12 volts.
The other line from the output of the energy meter is directly given to the load that
is a bulb in our model.
The output from the bridge rectifier is also given to the voltage regulator LN7805
for regulating the voltage to 5 volts which is suitable for the microcontroller to operate.
An encoder-decoder is used for converting the data into the radio wave and again
reconverting the radio waves into the original form of data.
In this project, the message for properly working energy meters or any tampering
being done with is displayed on the computer at the substation with the help of Hyper
Terminal Software for the person operating, to keep a check. It also gives the exact
location where the power theft is being carried out if any.
When the energy meter works normally i.e. no tampering has been done with it
then the message displayed by the computer in the Hyper Terminal window shows as
follows with each pulse getting generated by the meter pulse sensor:
In this project, we have designed the model to detect two types of discrepancies:
when any of the lines are removed from the meter terminal due to tampering being done
to the meter the line sensors senses it and it sends the data to the microcontroller which is
then with the help of encoder HT12E is transmitter by the transmitter unit from the
consumer premises, which is intercepted by the receiver at the substation and further

decoded by HT12D for the microcontroller to ring an alarm by the buzzer and
demonstrate the exact location of power theft on the computer at the substation.
When the inner circuit of the energy meter is disconnected from the input and
output of the energy meter in order to avoid the recordings of the meter readings the
meter pulse sensor detects it and it is sent to the microcontroller and further displayed on
the substation computer.
In order to reset the system a reset button in both the transmitter and receiver
module is provided which could be pressed in order to start a fresh.

CHAPTER-9
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

9.1 ADVANTAGES
• Easy installation.
• It is easy to identify the exact place where power theft is going on.
• Economical and less maintenance.
• We can implement this method in industrial and domestic applications.
9.2 DISADVANTAGES
• Interruption of the power supply at the load during the operation.
• It needs an additional power circuit for the operation of the Micro-Controller at
every individual house.

CHAPTER -10
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

10.1 CONCLUSION
In order to overcome the revenue losses due to power theft in our country, we
have made a small attempt through this project. By this work we can conclude that the
power theft can be effectively curbed, ‘Wireless Power Theft Monitoring System At
The Local Substation', proves useful to the people who use it and helps in eliminating
illegal usage of electricity by working reliably and satisfactorily, thus saving the revenue
loss to the electricity supplying authority in future which incur due to power theft.
10.2 SCOPE FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
Fig 10.2: Block diagram for power theft monitoring and billing system
This project can be further developed by adding an automatic billing system
which would display the amount of power consumed by each consumer at the substation
which would further reduce the labour cost and time.
In order to have automatic billing system, the 4 bit RF module has to be replaced
by an 8 bit RF module and an EPROM (Erasable programmable read only memory) has
to be added at the substation end for the display of the units consumed by each consumer.

REFERENCES
1. Publication of Little Lion Scientific R&D, Islamabad Pakistan, Journal of
theoretical and Applies Information Technology,30th
April 2011
2. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.o
rg%2Fiel5%2F4918025%2F4918026%2F04918176.pdf%3Farnumber%3D49181
76&authDecision=-203
3. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.o
rg%2Fiel5%2F4035454%2F4078480%2F04078503.pdf%3Farnumber%3D40785
03&authDecision=-203
4. T. B. Smith, “Electricity Theft: a Comparative Analysis”, Energy Policy, Volume
32, Issue 18, December 2008; 2003, pp. 2067 – 2076.
5. http://www.financialexpress.com/news/a-strategy-to-cut-mounting-power-
losses/554513/0
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. For microcontroller 8051 we have referred the text book by Mohammed Ali
Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi, “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded
System” Pearson Education,2003
2. Kenneth J Ayala, “The 8051 Microcontroller Architecture, Programming and
Applications”, 2nd
edition, Penram International,1996.
3. Publication of Little Lion Scientific R&D, Islamabad Pakistan, Journal of
theoretical and Applies Information Technology,30th
April 2011
4. www.datasheets.com
5. Uday A. Bakshi & Mayuresh V. Bakshi, “Switchgear and Protection” Technical
Publications, February 2011
6. David A Bell, “Operational Amplifiers and Linear IC’s”,PHI 2008
7. Robert L.Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, “Electronic Devices and Circuit
Theory”,Pearson Education,9th
Edition.

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