SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 5
Download to read offline
UNIT ONE
1.1 General concepts
Grammar is the study of words and their function. In its wider sense it may include
phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Since grammar is a science, it must describe
and analyze the basic facts of speech, and explain and interpret the laws governing the
behaviour of language.
Phonology studies the pronunciation of words.
Morphology studies the form of the words.
Syntax is the part of the grammar that studies the relation of words in sentences.
Semantics studies the meaning of sentences.
Word is the maximal unit of morphology and the minimal unit in syntax.
Morpheme is a word or part of a word that has meaning. It is the minimal unit with
meaning.
Examples: Dogs (the plural s) comes (s for third person singular) es and s
(plural and third person singular), Past tense (ed).
Sentence is the basic unit of discourse. It is a group of words that makes a complete
statement of some kind.
Clause is a subdivision of a sentence containing a subject and a predicate.
It can be of types, dependent and independent clause.
E.g. Susan will come when the principal says.
Independent dependent
Note: The independent clause can stand alone. The dependent clause needs the
independent clause in order to have sense; it depends on the main clause (the independent
cause).
1.2 Sentence
Sentence is a group of words which expresses a complete thought. It contains a
subject and a predicate.
The subject is a word or group of words denoting that of which something is said. The
subject of a sentence must be a noun (sometimes preceded by a word like the, that, his) or
a noun-equivalent (pronoun).
------noun
Subject ------any word
-------group of words
The predicate is the word or group of words denoting that which is said of the subject.
The predicate must be or must contain a finite verb (one that is capable of having limits of
person and number. Person= 1st
, 2nd
person, etc. Number= singular or plural).
Subject predicate
Snakes crawl.
The bird sang.
His mother washed the car.
He preferred to go away.
A noun is a word like birds, snake, building, John, mother, as used in the sentences
above. Other examples of words commonly used are man, child, lawyer, house, fire, Angela,
etc.
Some of the nouns in the sentence above are preceded by the word the or his. This
word belongs to the word class called determiners. Other common determiners are
A their no all
An this both most
My these some more
Our those many either
Your every much neither
Her each few
Its any several
Personal pronouns: They are often used as substitutes for nouns. They are: I, you,
he, she, it, we, you and they
Object pronouns: Object pronouns are used instead of object nouns, usually
because we already know what the object is. They are: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, and
them
Possessive forms: - Pronouns: They indicate ownership of something. The
possessive pronouns are: mine, yours, hers, his, its, ours and theirs
- Determiners: They modify a noun by attributing ownership to
someone or something. They are: My, your, his, her, its, our, your and their
Demonstrative Pronouns: Demonstrative pronouns are used when one wants to
show something. They are: This, that, these, those
Indefinite pronouns: They refer to things or people without mentioning what or
who they are. The most common are: neither, either, each, both, all, some, many, few,
something, somebody, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, one, none, such,
etc.
- Note: More pronoun types will be studied in unit two
However, the pronouns me, him, her, and them never occur as subject in Standard
English.
You may perhaps have noticed that all of the demonstrative pronouns, many of the
indefinite pronouns, and some of the personal pronouns appear also on the list of the
determiners. These words are determiners when they modify nouns; they are pronouns
when they replace nouns in a sentence. Compare these:
Determiner: That building is crumbling.
Pronoun: That is crumbling. (That must refer to something mentioned or otherwise
indicated elsewhere.)
Determiner: His birds sing.
Pronoun: His sing.
Note: Not all words used as pronouns occur as determiners: For example, he, mine and
somebody never do.
Examples of sentences
Charles is in the navy
S P
For a man to speak of himself is a difficult and delicate matter.
S P
That the earth is round has been proved.
S P
He will say nothing concerning his part in the affair.
S P
After the dance we thanked our hosts and returned home.
P S P
Exercises
 Identify the elements of the sentences below.
1. My scarf is green.
2. Manuel is a remarkable student.
3. Peter, Teresa and Claude are siblings.
4. Looking down from the top of the pass we saw the barren land spread
magnificently before us.
5. Another month of hot weather gradually wore away.
6. For seven years Anthony clerked in a small grocery store.
7. The brilliant and fascinating studies of Mr. Green have been followed by all kinds
of biographical efforts.
8. The new car slid down into a broad.
9. Your ability to decide depends upon your working knowledge of the metric system
10. The White house and the Pentagon called a new press conference
 Decide if the underlined word is working as a pronoun or as a determiner.
1. This car is blue
2. Those are my children.
3. That is the person I talked about.
4. Many students did the activity.
5. Several are in class.
References:
http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/pronounindefinite.htm
http://www.arts.uottawa.ca/writcent/hypergrammar/pronouns.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun

More Related Content

Similar to UNIT_ONE.pdf

Similar to UNIT_ONE.pdf (20)

Pronoun
PronounPronoun
Pronoun
 
Syntax (I Bimestre)
Syntax (I Bimestre)Syntax (I Bimestre)
Syntax (I Bimestre)
 
Semantic
SemanticSemantic
Semantic
 
English 101. Pronouns
English 101.  PronounsEnglish 101.  Pronouns
English 101. Pronouns
 
ENGLISH SYNTAX
ENGLISH SYNTAXENGLISH SYNTAX
ENGLISH SYNTAX
 
Nouns and Pronouns
Nouns and PronounsNouns and Pronouns
Nouns and Pronouns
 
english learning 1 personal pronouns.pptx
english learning 1 personal pronouns.pptxenglish learning 1 personal pronouns.pptx
english learning 1 personal pronouns.pptx
 
Subject verb agreement
Subject verb agreementSubject verb agreement
Subject verb agreement
 
Parts of speech review[1]
Parts of speech review[1]Parts of speech review[1]
Parts of speech review[1]
 
Parts of speech
Parts of speechParts of speech
Parts of speech
 
Lecture1 1 19541-parts of speech
Lecture1 1 19541-parts of speechLecture1 1 19541-parts of speech
Lecture1 1 19541-parts of speech
 
Pronoun presentation-8 (1).pptx
Pronoun presentation-8 (1).pptxPronoun presentation-8 (1).pptx
Pronoun presentation-8 (1).pptx
 
CHAPTER I.doc
CHAPTER I.docCHAPTER I.doc
CHAPTER I.doc
 
Word Class in English
Word Class in EnglishWord Class in English
Word Class in English
 
Grammatical categories and word classes
Grammatical categories and word classesGrammatical categories and word classes
Grammatical categories and word classes
 
Proposal clear
Proposal clearProposal clear
Proposal clear
 
PARTS OF SPEECH.pptx
PARTS OF SPEECH.pptxPARTS OF SPEECH.pptx
PARTS OF SPEECH.pptx
 
nouns
nounsnouns
nouns
 
Noun -ppt
Noun -pptNoun -ppt
Noun -ppt
 
Class 6th-8th NCERT English Grammar for students
Class 6th-8th NCERT English Grammar for studentsClass 6th-8th NCERT English Grammar for students
Class 6th-8th NCERT English Grammar for students
 

More from SistemadeEstudiosMed

More from SistemadeEstudiosMed (20)

Metodologia Aprendizaje Multicanal - ADI22.pdf
Metodologia Aprendizaje Multicanal - ADI22.pdfMetodologia Aprendizaje Multicanal - ADI22.pdf
Metodologia Aprendizaje Multicanal - ADI22.pdf
 
DE-04-COMPRESORES-2022.pdf
DE-04-COMPRESORES-2022.pdfDE-04-COMPRESORES-2022.pdf
DE-04-COMPRESORES-2022.pdf
 
DE-03-BOMBAS Y SISTEMAS DE BOMBEO-2022.pdf
DE-03-BOMBAS Y SISTEMAS DE BOMBEO-2022.pdfDE-03-BOMBAS Y SISTEMAS DE BOMBEO-2022.pdf
DE-03-BOMBAS Y SISTEMAS DE BOMBEO-2022.pdf
 
DE-02-FLUJO DE FLUIDOS-2022.pdf
DE-02-FLUJO DE FLUIDOS-2022.pdfDE-02-FLUJO DE FLUIDOS-2022.pdf
DE-02-FLUJO DE FLUIDOS-2022.pdf
 
DE-01-INTRODUCCION-2022.pdf
DE-01-INTRODUCCION-2022.pdfDE-01-INTRODUCCION-2022.pdf
DE-01-INTRODUCCION-2022.pdf
 
Clase 3 Correlación.ppt
Clase 3 Correlación.pptClase 3 Correlación.ppt
Clase 3 Correlación.ppt
 
Clase 2 Medidas Estadisticas.ppt
Clase 2 Medidas Estadisticas.pptClase 2 Medidas Estadisticas.ppt
Clase 2 Medidas Estadisticas.ppt
 
Clase 1 Estadistica Generalidades.pptx
Clase 1 Estadistica Generalidades.pptxClase 1 Estadistica Generalidades.pptx
Clase 1 Estadistica Generalidades.pptx
 
nociones básicas de la comunicación.pdf
nociones básicas de la comunicación.pdfnociones básicas de la comunicación.pdf
nociones básicas de la comunicación.pdf
 
¿Cómo elaborar un Mapa Mental?
¿Cómo  elaborar un  Mapa Mental?¿Cómo  elaborar un  Mapa Mental?
¿Cómo elaborar un Mapa Mental?
 
Unidad 1 Planificación Docente
Unidad 1 Planificación Docente Unidad 1 Planificación Docente
Unidad 1 Planificación Docente
 
hablemos_pp2_inf.pptx
hablemos_pp2_inf.pptxhablemos_pp2_inf.pptx
hablemos_pp2_inf.pptx
 
UNIDAD 3 FASE METODOLOGICA.pptx
UNIDAD 3 FASE METODOLOGICA.pptxUNIDAD 3 FASE METODOLOGICA.pptx
UNIDAD 3 FASE METODOLOGICA.pptx
 
UNIDAD 2 FASE PLANTEAMIENTO ANTECEDENTES Y BASES TEORICAS.ppt
UNIDAD 2 FASE PLANTEAMIENTO ANTECEDENTES Y BASES TEORICAS.pptUNIDAD 2 FASE PLANTEAMIENTO ANTECEDENTES Y BASES TEORICAS.ppt
UNIDAD 2 FASE PLANTEAMIENTO ANTECEDENTES Y BASES TEORICAS.ppt
 
Unidad I SEMINARIO DE INVESTIGACION DE TRABAJO DE GRADO.ppt
Unidad I SEMINARIO DE INVESTIGACION DE TRABAJO DE GRADO.pptUnidad I SEMINARIO DE INVESTIGACION DE TRABAJO DE GRADO.ppt
Unidad I SEMINARIO DE INVESTIGACION DE TRABAJO DE GRADO.ppt
 
Lineamientos_Trabajos de Grado_UNEFM-nov-2009.pdf
Lineamientos_Trabajos de Grado_UNEFM-nov-2009.pdfLineamientos_Trabajos de Grado_UNEFM-nov-2009.pdf
Lineamientos_Trabajos de Grado_UNEFM-nov-2009.pdf
 
unidad quirurgica.pdf
unidad quirurgica.pdfunidad quirurgica.pdf
unidad quirurgica.pdf
 
Cuidados preoperatorios.pdf
Cuidados preoperatorios.pdfCuidados preoperatorios.pdf
Cuidados preoperatorios.pdf
 
Cirugía..pdf
Cirugía..pdfCirugía..pdf
Cirugía..pdf
 
Cirugía Ambulatoria2.pdf
Cirugía Ambulatoria2.pdfCirugía Ambulatoria2.pdf
Cirugía Ambulatoria2.pdf
 

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptxHMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
 
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxGoogle Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
 
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxTowards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
 
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
 
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
 
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdfUnit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
 
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - EnglishGraduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
 
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdfHoldier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
 
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
 
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptxHMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
 
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptxHow to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
 
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
 
SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentation
SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning PresentationSOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentation
SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentation
 
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan FellowsOn National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
 
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdfUGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
 
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
 
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
 
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptxBasic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
 
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding  Accommodations and ModificationsUnderstanding  Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
 
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning ExhibitSociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
 

UNIT_ONE.pdf

  • 1. UNIT ONE 1.1 General concepts Grammar is the study of words and their function. In its wider sense it may include phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Since grammar is a science, it must describe and analyze the basic facts of speech, and explain and interpret the laws governing the behaviour of language. Phonology studies the pronunciation of words. Morphology studies the form of the words. Syntax is the part of the grammar that studies the relation of words in sentences. Semantics studies the meaning of sentences. Word is the maximal unit of morphology and the minimal unit in syntax. Morpheme is a word or part of a word that has meaning. It is the minimal unit with meaning. Examples: Dogs (the plural s) comes (s for third person singular) es and s (plural and third person singular), Past tense (ed). Sentence is the basic unit of discourse. It is a group of words that makes a complete statement of some kind. Clause is a subdivision of a sentence containing a subject and a predicate. It can be of types, dependent and independent clause. E.g. Susan will come when the principal says. Independent dependent
  • 2. Note: The independent clause can stand alone. The dependent clause needs the independent clause in order to have sense; it depends on the main clause (the independent cause). 1.2 Sentence Sentence is a group of words which expresses a complete thought. It contains a subject and a predicate. The subject is a word or group of words denoting that of which something is said. The subject of a sentence must be a noun (sometimes preceded by a word like the, that, his) or a noun-equivalent (pronoun). ------noun Subject ------any word -------group of words The predicate is the word or group of words denoting that which is said of the subject. The predicate must be or must contain a finite verb (one that is capable of having limits of person and number. Person= 1st , 2nd person, etc. Number= singular or plural). Subject predicate Snakes crawl. The bird sang. His mother washed the car. He preferred to go away. A noun is a word like birds, snake, building, John, mother, as used in the sentences above. Other examples of words commonly used are man, child, lawyer, house, fire, Angela, etc. Some of the nouns in the sentence above are preceded by the word the or his. This word belongs to the word class called determiners. Other common determiners are
  • 3. A their no all An this both most My these some more Our those many either Your every much neither Her each few Its any several Personal pronouns: They are often used as substitutes for nouns. They are: I, you, he, she, it, we, you and they Object pronouns: Object pronouns are used instead of object nouns, usually because we already know what the object is. They are: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, and them Possessive forms: - Pronouns: They indicate ownership of something. The possessive pronouns are: mine, yours, hers, his, its, ours and theirs - Determiners: They modify a noun by attributing ownership to someone or something. They are: My, your, his, her, its, our, your and their Demonstrative Pronouns: Demonstrative pronouns are used when one wants to show something. They are: This, that, these, those Indefinite pronouns: They refer to things or people without mentioning what or who they are. The most common are: neither, either, each, both, all, some, many, few, something, somebody, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, one, none, such, etc. - Note: More pronoun types will be studied in unit two However, the pronouns me, him, her, and them never occur as subject in Standard English. You may perhaps have noticed that all of the demonstrative pronouns, many of the indefinite pronouns, and some of the personal pronouns appear also on the list of the determiners. These words are determiners when they modify nouns; they are pronouns when they replace nouns in a sentence. Compare these: Determiner: That building is crumbling.
  • 4. Pronoun: That is crumbling. (That must refer to something mentioned or otherwise indicated elsewhere.) Determiner: His birds sing. Pronoun: His sing. Note: Not all words used as pronouns occur as determiners: For example, he, mine and somebody never do. Examples of sentences Charles is in the navy S P For a man to speak of himself is a difficult and delicate matter. S P That the earth is round has been proved. S P He will say nothing concerning his part in the affair. S P After the dance we thanked our hosts and returned home. P S P Exercises Identify the elements of the sentences below. 1. My scarf is green. 2. Manuel is a remarkable student. 3. Peter, Teresa and Claude are siblings.
  • 5. 4. Looking down from the top of the pass we saw the barren land spread magnificently before us. 5. Another month of hot weather gradually wore away. 6. For seven years Anthony clerked in a small grocery store. 7. The brilliant and fascinating studies of Mr. Green have been followed by all kinds of biographical efforts. 8. The new car slid down into a broad. 9. Your ability to decide depends upon your working knowledge of the metric system 10. The White house and the Pentagon called a new press conference Decide if the underlined word is working as a pronoun or as a determiner. 1. This car is blue 2. Those are my children. 3. That is the person I talked about. 4. Many students did the activity. 5. Several are in class. References: http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/pronounindefinite.htm http://www.arts.uottawa.ca/writcent/hypergrammar/pronouns.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun