Astrofísica relativista – Focus: Astrofísica de ondas gravitacionales y agujeros negros – El caso LIGO GW150914 Por: Herman J. Mosquera Cuesta (Ph. D. en Astrofísica) Resumen: Astrofísica relativista define el campo de investigación respecto de la estructura y evolución del Universo (y su taxonómico contenido astronómico) que incorpora la teoría de la gravedad desarrollada por Albert Einstein en 1915. La Teoría General de la Relatividad describe la interacción gravitacional entre cualquier forma de materia-energía y el espacio-tiempo mismo. En este seminario presentaré un resumen panorámico de mis contribuciones en esta área. En virtud de las más recientes observaciones realizadas por los observatorios de ondas gravitacionales LIGO en USA (The Binary Black Hole Merger GW150914), abordaré particularmente la Astrofísica de Agujeros Negros, y de Ondas de Curvatura (Radiación Gravitacional). On my research on relativistic astrophysics – Overview: Astrophysics of black holes and gravitational waves – The case of LIGO GW150914 By: Herman J. Mosquera Cuesta (Ph. D. in Astrophysics) Summary: Relativistic astrophysics is a major field of research on the structure and evolution of the Universe (including its astronomy taxonomical contents) which calls for the theory of gravity introduced by Albert Einstein in 1915. The General Theory of Relativity depicts the inextricable gravitational interaction between any sort of matter-energy and the space-time itself. In this seminar, I will deliver a panoramic overview around my contributions to this field of research. As a timely issue, I will focus mainly on the astrophysics of black holes and gravitational waves, as regards the most recent observations (The Binary Black Hole Merger GW150914) performed by the USA LIGO (laser interferometric gravitational-wave observatories).

1. Overview: Astrophysics of black holes and gravitational waves
– The case of LIGO Event GW150914
https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/video/ligo20160211v3 Press Conference Announcement at NSF/USA
By: Herman J. Mosquera Cuesta (Ph. D. in Astrophysics) | COLCIENCIAS – Programa Nacional de Ciencias Básicas
/ Ciencia Espacial

2. Summary: Relativistic astrophysics is a major field of research on
the structure and evolution of the Universe (including its astronomy
taxonomical contents) which calls for the theory of gravity
introduced by Albert Einstein in 1915. The General Theory of
Relativity depicts the inextricable gravitational interaction between
any sort of matter-energy and the space-time itself. In this seminar, I
will deliver a panoramic overview around my contributions to this
field of research. As a timely issue, I will focus mainly on the
astrophysics of black holes and gravitational waves, as regards the
most recent observations (The Binary Black Hole Merger
GW150914) performed by the USA LIGO (laser interferometric
gravitational-wave observatories).
Did really such event observe a BH binary system ? --- Is that event an actual observation of GWs ?

3. Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (1915)
• Escriba una breve descripción general o un resumen del proyecto

4. What a Gravitational Wave is ? … According to Einstein: A v_prop = c
(Stereoscopic) Transverse Wave of (Spatial Strain) Curvature !! ---
Generated by Time-Variations of Source Mass 4-pole Moment

5. Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (1915)

6. Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (1915)

7. Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (1915)

8. Space-Time Warping by GWs

9. Binary Black Holes and GW Emission
LIGO EVENT GW 150914 (2015)
What a BH is According to GTR? --- A Spacetime discontinuity
where everything sinks in, i. e. Laws of Physics Diverge !!
What a GW is?
According to GTR: A Binary BH is

10. What Stephen Hawking Really Meant When He Said There
Are No Black Holes - A decades-old paradox returns

11. HJMC Views on the Formation of Astrophysical Black Holes
http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0217732310033633

12. HJMC Views on the Formation of Astrophysical Black Holes

13. Observations of binary black holes in some galaxies
• X-Rays and Infrared Images of a quasar
designated PSO J334.2028+01.407, pictured by
Pan-STARRS1 Medium-Deep Survey. It had a
periodic cycle of brightening and dimming instead,
repeating this cycle every 542 days.
• The astronomers quickly realized that what they
were looking at was not one active black hole, but
two very close together, making one orbit of each
other over this 542 day period.

14. If This is True: What Other (Electromagnetic) Radiations
Are Emitted by Coalescing Astrophysical Binary BHs ?
Accurate Simulations of Binary Black-Hole Mergers in Force-Free Electrodynamics
Daniela Alic (Potsdam, Max Planck Inst.), Philipp Mosta (Potsdam, Max Planck Inst. & Caltech), Luciano
Rezzolla (Potsdam, Max Planck Inst. & Louisiana State U.), Olindo Zanotti (Trento U.), Jose Luis
Jaramillo (Potsdam, Max Planck Inst.). Apr 2012. 17 pp.
Published in Astrophys.J. 754 (2012) 36
On the detectability of dual jets from binary black holes
Philipp Moesta, Daniela Alic (Potsdam, Max Planck Inst.), Luciano Rezzolla (Potsdam, Max Planck
Inst. & Louisiana State U.), Olindo Zanotti (Potsdam, Max Planck Inst.), Carlos
Palenzuela (Canadian Inst. Theor. Astrophys. & Louisiana State U.). Sep 2011. 4 pp.
Published in Astrophys.J. 749 (2012) L32
The missing link: Merging neutron stars naturally produce jet-like structures and can power
short Gamma-Ray Bursts
Luciano Rezzolla, Bruno Giacomazzo, Luca Baiotti, Jonathan Granot, Chryssa Kouveliotou, Miguel
A. Aloy. Jan 2011. 6 pp.
Published in Astrophys.J. 732 (2011) L6

15. HJMC contribution to the research in relativistic
astrophysics: Gravitational Waves
Gravitational wave bursts from soft gamma-ray repeaters: Can they be detected?
Herman J. Mosquera Cuesta, J.C.N. de Araujo, O.D. Aguiar, J.E. Horvath
Jan 1998. 5 pp.
Published in Phys.Rev.Letts. 80 (1998) 2988-2991
Back reaction of Einstein's gravitational waves as the origin of natal pulsar
kicks
Herman J. Mosquera Cuesta (ICTP, Trieste & Rio de Janeiro, CBPF & Rio de Janeiro,
CLAF).
Dec 2000. 5 pp.
Published in Phys.Rev. D65 (2002) 061503
http://inspirehep.net/search?ln=it&p=find+author%3A+mosquera+cuesta&of=hb&action_se
arch=Cerca&sf=earliestdate&so=d

16. HJMC contribution to the research in relativistic
astrophysics: GWs

17. HJMC contribution to the research in relativistic
astrophysics: GWs

18. HJMC contribution to the research in relativistic
astrophysics: GWs

19. HJMC contribution to the research in relativistic
astrophysics: GWs

20. HJMC contribution to the research in relativistic
astrophysics: GWs

21. HJMC contribution to the research in relativistic
astrophysics: GWs

22. HJMC contribution to the research in relativistic
astrophysics: GWs

23. Relativistic Community States: INTERFEROMETRIC DETECTION OF
GRAVITATIONAL WAVES Is The Definitive Test For General Relativity

24. LIGO EVENT GW 150914 – IMPLICATIONS and
PERSPECTIVE FOR GW ASTRONOMY

25. LIGO event GW150914 observed by detectors at Livingston and
Hanford

26. LIGO EVENT GW 150914 – IMPLICATIONS and
PERSPECTIVE FOR GW ASTRONOMY

27. LIGO EVENT GW 150914 – IMPLICATIONS and
PERSPECTIVE FOR GW ASTRONOMY

28. LIGO event GW150914 observed by detectors at Livingston and
Hanford

29. ABSTRACT
A gravitational-wave transient was identified in data recorded by the Advanced LIGO detectors
on 2015 September 14. The event, initially designated G184098 and later given the name
GW150914, is described in detail elsewhere. By prior arrangement, preliminary estimates of the
time, significance, and sky location of the event were shared with 63 teams of observers
covering radio, optical, near-infrared, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths with ground- and
space-based facilities. In this Letter we describe the low-latency analysis of the gravitational
wave data and present the sky localization of the first observed compact binary merger. We
summarize the follow-up observations reported by 25 teams via private Gamma-ray
Coordinates Network Circulars, giving an overview of the participating facilities, the gravitational
wave sky localization coverage, the timeline and depth of the observations. As this event turned
out to be a binary black hole merger, there is little expectation of a detectable electromagnetic
signature. Nevertheless, this first broadband campaign to search for a counterpart of an
Advanced LIGO source represents a milestone and highlights the broad capabilities of the
transient astronomy community and the observing strategies that have been developed to
pursue neutron star binary merger events. Detailed investigations of the electromagnetic data
and results of the electromagnetic follow-up campaign will be disseminated in the papers of the
individual teams.
LOCALIZATION AND BROADBAND FOLLOW-UP OF GW150914
- Preprint Article to be Published by LIGO Science Team -

30. A critical review of event GW150914 observed by LIGO - Laser
Interferometer GW Observatories (Hanford, WA – Livingston, LA)
Main arguments: Signal traveled greater
than light
• The light distance between Hanford (H1)
and Livingston (L1) detectors is 10ms.
The PRL paper argues (see its Fig. 1)
that signal arrived to H1 after 6.9+0.5
−0.4 ms later.
• Given that 1) GRT predicts that GWs
propagates at the speed of light, c …,
and 2) Supposing that the GW Wfront
first hit L1.
• Then, accepting that 1) GWs do exist
and, 2) event GW150914 observed them:
• One concludes that GWs moved form L1
to H1 with a velocity v ≅ 1.45 c > c !!
Unacceptable from both GRT and SRT.
The most plausible explanation
• The main argument of paper is given at
page 3: ‘Over 0.2 s, the signal increases
in frequency and amplitude in about 8
cycles from 35 to 150 Hz, where the
amplitude reaches a maximum. The most
plausible explanation for this evolution is
the inspiral of two orbiting masses, m1
and m2, due to gravitational-wave
emission.’
• That’s a very strong demand !!
• Some questions immediately arise:
• 1. Why such a typical wave pattern
should be associated to the non directly
observed concept of ‘black hole’, and
especially to its more sophisticated
version‘, coalescence of rotating BHs’?
• 2. What is the logical legitimation for
accepting ad hoc of a non previously and
independently detecting physical object
(BH), as hypothetically existed in order to
claim for a more advanced observation
(GWs)?
GRT Approx/. with Post Newtonian
Expansions
• Soon after, one reads that: ‘At the lower
frequencies, such evolution is
characterized by the chirp mass’ as
described at [4] (miscitation !)
• Remember that:: It is broadly accepted
that GRT dropped away Newtonian
theory.
• Nonetheless, when we want to perform
GR computations we come back to
Newton’s gravitational potential, but
expanded in a more sophisticated form,
rather than solving the direct Einstein’s
field equations.
• Once again, such GTR does not hold for
describing a binary system !!

31. A critical review of event GW150914 observed by LIGO - Laser
Interferometer GW Observatories (Hanford, WA – Livingston, LA)
Main arguments: Where did time effects go?
• GRT predicts gws alter the ‘spacetime’, and
not only space.
• In all the experiment however there is not even
one remark about what is the effect of GWs to
clocks?
• How can we measure frequencies without
having solved the time problem?
• Keep in mind that the main equation of the
paper is the “chirp mass” (frequency f and its
time derivative`˙f ).
• The only reference about time is: ‘Data
collection is synchronized to Global Positioning
System (GPS) time to better than 10 μs [66].
Timing accuracy is verified with an atomic
clock and a secondary GPS receiver at each
observatory site.’
The most plausible explanation
• The main argument of paper is given at page
3: ‘Over 0.2 s, the signal increases in
frequency and amplitude in about 8 cycles
from 35 to 150 Hz, where the amplitude
reaches a maximum. The most plausible
explanation for this evolution is the inspiral of
two orbiting masses, m1 and m2, due to
gravitational-wave emission.’
• That’s a very strong demand !!
• Some questions immediately arise:
• 1. Why such a typical wave pattern should be
associated to the non directly observed
concept of ‘black hole’, and especially to its
more sophisticated version‘, coalescence of
rotating BHs’?
• 2. What is the logical legitimation for accepting
ad hoc of a non previously and independently
detecting physical object (BH), as
hypothetically existed in order to claim for a
more advanced observation (GWs)?
Fundamental problems of weak field
approximation: Energy definition related to GWs
• The main problem is when we try to study the
energy that GWs is supposed to transfer as
waves.
• The first attempt was a first order expansion of
the metric (see Sean Carroll’s General
Relativity Class Notes -- differential geometry):
• g_{mu nu} = n_{mu nu} + h_{mu nu} (2)
• Thus for energy definition we have to move to
at least a second order approximation of the
form : (3)

32. A critical review of event GW150914 observed by LIGO - Laser
Interferometer GW Observatories (Hanford, WA – Livingston, LA)
Sean Carroll’s Notes on General Theory of Relativity
• He explains to us:
• ‘In fact we have been cheating slightly all along. In discussing the effects of gravitational waves on test
particles, and the generation of waves by a binary system, we have been using the fact that test particles
move along geodesics.
• But as we know, this is derived from the covariant conservation of energy-momentum, ∇μ Tμ = 0. In the order
to which we have been working, however, we actually have partial μ T_μnu = 0, which would imply that test
particles move on straight lines in the flat background metric.
• This is a symptom of the fundamental inconsistency of the solve the weak field equations to some
appropriate order, and then justify after the fact the validity of the solution’.. In practice, the best that can be
done is to solve the weak field equations to some appropriate order, and then justify after the fact the validity
of the solution’.
• Following next his analytical presentation it is necessary to define:
• with G^(2)_numu the part of Einstein’s tensor that is second order in
perturbation. weak field limit.
• But the notation treats t_μnu as a tensor, which is not true.
• Making things more sensitive, it is not even invariant under gauge
transformations (infinitesimal diffeomorphisms)
• The remedy to the problem is not a
• satisfactory one, provided the extremely difficult extensions of GTR.
• As for our current issue, the approximations of two black holes are far
away from the simplified two body problem described at page 159 of
Carroll’s Class Notes on GTR.

33. Summarizing
• We saw that event GW150914 has some main issues that need top be further clarified:
• it violates the upper limit of light’s speed !!
• it is based on a concept (‘black hole’) that has not been observed independently before
• it has quietly inserted non altered space (arms) and time (clocks) components.
• it uses weak field approximation which suffers from several mathematical problems.
Specially ‘cos it struggles with point-like particles, instead of actual astrophysical objects
• We have to wait until a reasonable sample of similar events have been reported in order
to argue that we have reached at such strong results.
• Notice similarly that it cannot be defined any kind of Statistics with sample N = 1. Thus all
statistical claims of the paper, although maybe technically correct, cannot be accepted
under the main spirit of statistical thinking: the sample of experiments.

34. Relevant References
• [1] A. Einstein, N¨aherungsweise integration der feldgleichungen der gravitation,
Sitzungsber. K. Preuss. Akad.Wiss., Phys.-Math. Kl. 1916 (1916) 688–696.
• [2] A. Einstein, ¨Uber gravitationswellen, Sitzungsber. K. Preuss. Akad.Wiss. 1918
(1918) 154–167.
• [3] B.P. Abbott et al., Observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole
merger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 (2016) 061102. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116. 061102.
• [4] L. Blanchet et al., Gravitational-radiation damping of compact binary systems to
second post-newtonian order, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 (1995) 3515–
• [5] L. Blanchet et al., Gravitational waveforms from inspiralling compact binaries to
second-post-newtonian order, Classical and Quantum Gravity 13 (4) (1996) 575.
http://stacks.iop.org/0264-9381/13/i=4/a=002
• [6] LSC, Ligo/gallery (2016). https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/gallery
• [7] S. M. Carroll, Lecture notes on general relativity, arXiv:gr-qc/9712019.