1. PREPARED BY- SWEETY SINGH
M.F.Sc.
Department of Aquaculture
Fisheries College and Research Institute
Tuticorin
Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalitha Fisheries University
2. FEED INGREDIENTS
Animal and fish feed ingredients are for the most part
by products from the human food processing
industry .. •
Feed ingredients are produced following the extraction
of high value food from raw materials which are
considered unsuitable for human consumption. •
3. Cont...
A wide variety of ingredients are available for use in fish
and crustacean feeds, they are
1. Grasses
2. Legumes
3. Miscellaneous fodder pants
4. Fruits and vegetables
5. Root crops
6. Cereals
7. Oil-bearing seed and oil cakes
8. Animal products
9. Miscellaneous feed stuffs
10. additives
4. 1. Grasses
Grasses are normally
utilized either fresh or
in the form of hay or
silage.
Grasses are added very
limited in fish foods.
Dried grass used in
shrimp feeds as a source
of carotenoids.
Grasses are of limited
value in fish feeds
except for herbivorous
fish.
5. 2. Legumes
The leaves and stems of
legumes are not much use in
aquaculture, except the plants
like alfalfa, ipil-ipil etc...
Legumes are rich in protein
(20-50%) and minerals.
Leguminous seeds are rich in
lysine but poor in
methionine..
Eg: acacia, clover, lucerne,
ground nut(peanut) gram,
lentil, locust beans, chickpea,
guar, ipil-ipil, beans, field
peas, mug peas, soya beans
etc...
6. 3. Miscellaneous fodder plants
The leaves and other areal
part of many plants, other
than those specifically
grown for fodder are
classified as miscellaneous
fodder.
These parts are washed
and dried and used as leaf
meal.
These feeds have an
advantage that it can not
deteriorate the water
quality.
7. 4. Root crops
Root crops , with some
exceptions , are very deficient
in protein, calcium,
phosphorous and vitamins.
Waste from root crops can be
utilised in small quantities in
compound feeds, but generally
many required heat treatment
to destroy the toxins they
contain.
Some root crops have an extra
important in aquaculture that
is , they give stability to feed in
water.
So they use as binders...
Eg: potato, cassava, yams,
carrots
8. 3. Cereals
cereals and cereal by
products , despite their
high carbohydrate content
form an important
component in fish feeds
.they act as a good binder.
Cereals also rich in protein
and lipid content of diet .
Though deficient in some
amino acid (eg: lysine) .
They can be used to
balance high animal and
vegetable protein content .
9. 4. Oil bearing seed by-products
Many plants are farmed
specifically for oil extraction,
and a vast quantity of by
products are coming from the
vegetable oil industry.
These are used widely in animal
feed production like
aquaculture.
They are high in protein and low
in protein , so potential content
for aquaculture feed
formulation.
Eg: soya bean, groundnut,
mustard, sunflower, palm,
coconut, sesame, poppy, cotton
etc...
10. 7. Animal by products
1. fish meal-
The fish meal as marketed
in India is pulverised dry
fish.
Most of this powder is
prepared from beach
dried miscellaneous fish
and crustaceans, often
termed trash fish.
The protein content of
fish meal often range
from 50 to 65%.
11. 2. Fish solubles
Fish solubles are the
water material
remaining after the
oil is removed from
the liquid pressed
out during the
manufacture of fish
meal.
It is very high in B
group of vitamin.
12. 3.Fish silage
It is prepared from ground
trash fish, waste fish head,
viscera prawn waste, small
crabs and mixed with a
mixture of acids such as
HCl/ H2SO4 and propionic
or formic acid to cause
liquifaction and to prevent
bacterial decomposition.
The resulting liquid used as
a ingredient for fish feed.
13. 4. Crustacean meals
Source- small prawns,
prawn heads, mantis
shrimp, crabs and krill.
They are good attractants
for prawns.
Crude protein level varies
from 30 to 50% depending
upon size and species.
Good source of cholestrol,
carotenoids, chitin, calcium,
iron, mangnese, choline,
niacin, pantothenic acid.
14. 5. Molluscan meals
Source- small squids,
cuttle fish, clams,
mussels, snails.
Excellent attractants and
growth promoting
properties.
Good source of essential
amino acid and fatty
acids vitamin and
minerals.
15. 6.Poultry feather and by-product
meals
Source- poultry viscera,
feet, heads and
undeveloped eggs has
crude protein in the
range of 45 to 60%.
Good source of essential
amino acids, calcium,
phosphorus, iron, zinc,
choline, niacin,
pantothenic acid
riboflavin and
cyanocobalamin.
16. 7. Slaughter house waste
Source- dried
pulverised or spray
dried blood meal, meat
meal, bone meal, liver
meal.
Containing 75-85%
crude protein.
17. 8. Milk by products
Whole milk powder and
skimmed milk powder
have essential amino
acids.
Containing 13% crude
protein.
good diets for
salmonids.
18. 9. Chicken egg
Having 46% crude
protein, 43%lipid and
4% ash.
Good source of essential
amino acid,
pantothenic acid,
cyanocobalamin,
riboflavin, iron and
zinc.
19. 10. Silkworm pupae
High in
chitin and
the lipid
which is
prone to
rancidity
pose
problems.
20. 8. Miscellaneous feed stuffs
Many ingredients have
potential use in
aquaculture feeds,
however their value has
not yet been fully
assessed.
Some of these
ingredients are
conventional or non
conventional.
The conventional .
These are include the
sugarcane molasses, leaf
protein concentrate,
minerals , sea weeds
etc...
