AAB Advances in IPM 2014

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Farmers know there is a war with pests, diseases and weeds to produce our food. Do you? We are building the #croprotect website to help farmers and agronomists access info on IPM

Ciencias

The vulnerability of crops to attack
by pests, diseases and weeds and
the need for crop protection
Toby Bruce

Reducing
risks and
impacts of
pesticide
use on
human
health and
environment

Royal Society: “There is a pressing
need for the ‘sustainable
intensification’ of global agriculture in
which yields are increased without
adverse environmental impact and
without the cultivation of more land”.
A second green revolution which is knowledge intensive
rather than input intensive?
Royal Society (2009) Policy document 11/09

Are we losing the war?
Reducing
risks and
impacts of
pesticide
use on
human
health and
environment

Promoting
IPM and
use of
alternatives
Not if we fight back with innovations in IPM

For successful promotion, establishment and support for IPM, two
things are vital:
① Research and development of alternative approaches to
crop protection
② Knowledge exchange and transfer to growers and
agronomists

“CROPROTECT”
Information sources
Grower input on their local
crop protection challenges
Which pests, weeds,
diseases are a problem?
Information delivery
- solutions relevant to the location &
its specific problems
Industry and academic
Identify best practices for
pest management
Information processing +
design of IPM systems
Geographic
information system
Include cropping history
Web portal
Novel combinations of tactics
New solutions as alternatives to
pesticides
①
②
③
④
⑤

“CROPROTECT”
Better access to info about
crop protection

“CROPROTECT”
N D J F MAMJ J A S ON D J F MAMJ J A S ON D J F MAMJ J A S O
Build a network of farmers and agronomists interested
in pioneering the system
Design a user interface through which farmers and
agronomists can enter details (module 1)
Conduct a test run of the system to determine the main
problems faced
Design and build the geographic information system
(module 2)
Build the knowledge bank of potential solutions (module
3)
Determine the best practices for managing specific
pests, weeds and diseases (module 4)
Automate the system so that best practise solutions can
be matched with site specific problems (module 5)
Test run and obtain feedback from pioneer farmers and
agronomists
Optimise and refine the system
Upscale and roll out to farmers and agronomists for the
whole UK with a promotional campaign
2014 2015 2016 2017

The address for the actual website will be
http://croprotect.rothamsted.ac.uk

WAKE UP, THE WAR IS REAL !
This will require: 10 X INVESTMENT
COOPERATION
HIGH QUALITY INNOVATIVE SCIENCE
REGULATORY APPROVALS

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Presentation at the Science Media Centre, 13 Nov 2017 It is vital to find new ways to protect crops from pests. Approaches are briefly discussed and previous research on orange wheat blossom midge is provided as a success story. I am setting up a new group at Keele University which will test hypotheses geared toward better understanding insect-plant interactions and finding new way of managing pests.

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Insects possess a highly sensitive and sophisticated nervous system capable of detecting pico-gram amounts of volatile chemicals and resolving these signals in space and time to millisecond accuracy. This allows them to use volatiles to judge the quality of potential hosts and to signal to each other. They process these volatile signals and react differently to them according to the blend composition, the context within which they are perceived, previous experience and how the odours are released over time. For example, Aphis fabae, is attracted to a blend of host odours but repelled by the same compounds if released individually and Sitobion avenae is repelled by alarm pheromone (E)-β-farnesene but only if exposed to a short burst and not if there is prolonged exposure. Positive responses can become accentuated if they are associated with a reward. Adjusting behavioural responses gives insects the flexibility to adapt to changing environments with different host availability and by integrating many signals they get a more robust picture of their external environment. Both aphids and their parasitoids are under selective pressure to maximise their fitness by optimising host location by finding good quality hosts and avoiding poor quality hosts. For example, Sitobion avenae can recognise fusarium head blight infected wheat plants and avoid them. Conversely, plants are under selective pressure to avoid being eaten by either reducing attraction of aphids or increasing attraction of parasitoids. Aphids are stealthy herbivores which induce fewer volatiles when feeding compared to chewing herbivores, however, aphid parasitoids are able to recognise plants which are attacked by aphids. Furthermore, uninfested plants which are connected belowground by mycorrhizae can also attract aphid parasitoids. Another consideration is hyperparasitism which potentially adds a complicating factor if signals plants release to attract primary parasitoids also attract hyperparasitoids. There are opportunities to exploit volatile signals in pest management both in terms of repelling pests and attracting their natural enemies but their deployment strategies need to have at least the same level of sophistication as the insects they are designed to manage.

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Context. WASP-76 b has been a recurrent subject of study since the detection of a signature in high-resolution transit spectroscopy data indicating an asymmetry between the two limbs of the planet. The existence of this asymmetric signature has been confirmed by multiple studies, but its physical origin is still under debate. In addition, it contrasts with the absence of asymmetry reported in the infrared (IR) phase curve. Aims. We provide a more comprehensive dataset of WASP-76 b with the goal of drawing a complete view of the physical processes at work in this atmosphere. In particular, we attempt to reconcile visible high-resolution transit spectroscopy data and IR broadband phase curves. Methods. We gathered 3 phase curves, 20 occultations, and 6 transits for WASP-76 b in the visible with the CHEOPS space telescope. We also report the analysis of three unpublished sectors observed by the TESS space telescope (also in the visible), which represents 34 phase curves. Results. WASP-76 b displays an occultation of 260±11 and 152±10 ppm in TESS and CHEOPS bandpasses respectively. Depending on the composition assumed for the atmosphere and the data reduction used for the IR data, we derived geometric albedo estimates that range from 0.05 ± 0.023 to 0.146 ± 0.013 and from <0.13 to 0.189 ± 0.017 in the CHEOPS and TESS bandpasses, respectively. As expected from the IR phase curves, a low-order model of the phase curves does not yield any detectable asymmetry in the visible either. However, an empirical model allowing for sharper phase curve variations offers a hint of a flux excess before the occultation, with an amplitude of ∼40 ppm, an orbital offset of ∼−30◦ , and a width of ∼20◦ . We also constrained the orbital eccentricity of WASP-76 b to a value lower than 0.0067, with a 99.7% confidence level. This result contradicts earlier proposed scenarios aimed at explaining the asymmetry observed in high-resolution transit spectroscopy. Conclusions. In light of these findings, we hypothesise that WASP-76 b could have night-side clouds that extend predominantly towards its eastern limb. At this limb, the clouds would be associated with spherical droplets or spherically shaped aerosols of an unknown species, which would be responsible for a glory effect in the visible phase curves.

Asymmetry in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76 b

Sérgio Sacani

LUNULARIA -features, morphology, anatomy ,reproduction etc.

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AAB Advances in IPM 2014

1. The vulnerability of crops to attack by pests, diseases and weeds and the need for crop protection Toby Bruce

2. Are we losing the war?

3. “High yielding varieties”

4. really?

8. Why is it needed?

10. Reducing risks and impacts of pesticide use on human health and environment

11. Promoting IPM and use of alternatives

12. Royal Society: “There is a pressing need for the ‘sustainable intensification’ of global agriculture in which yields are increased without adverse environmental impact and without the cultivation of more land”. A second green revolution which is knowledge intensive rather than input intensive? Royal Society (2009) Policy document 11/09

13. Are we losing the war? Reducing risks and impacts of pesticide use on human health and environment

14. Promoting IPM and use of alternatives Not if we fight back with innovations in IPM

15.

16. For successful promotion, establishment and support for IPM, two things are vital: ① Research and development of alternative approaches to crop protection ② Knowledge exchange and transfer to growers and agronomists

17. For successful promotion, establishment and support for IPM, two things are vital: ① Research and development of alternative approaches to crop protection This will require: 10 X INVESTMENT ② Knowledge exchange and transfer to growers and agronomists COLLABORATION HIGH QUALITY INNOVATIVE SCIENCE REGULATORY APPROVALS

18. For successful promotion, establishment and support for IPM, two things are vital: ① Research and development of alternative approaches to crop protection ② Knowledge exchange and transfer to growers and agronomists

19. “CROPROTECT” Information sources Grower input on their local crop protection challenges Which pests, weeds, diseases are a problem? Information delivery - solutions relevant to the location & its specific problems Industry and academic Identify best practices for pest management Information processing + design of IPM systems Geographic information system Include cropping history Web portal Novel combinations of tactics New solutions as alternatives to pesticides ① ② ③ ④ ⑤

20. “CROPROTECT” Better access to info about crop protection

21. “CROPROTECT” N D J F MAMJ J A S ON D J F MAMJ J A S ON D J F MAMJ J A S O Build a network of farmers and agronomists interested in pioneering the system Design a user interface through which farmers and agronomists can enter details (module 1) Conduct a test run of the system to determine the main problems faced Design and build the geographic information system (module 2) Build the knowledge bank of potential solutions (module 3) Determine the best practices for managing specific pests, weeds and diseases (module 4) Automate the system so that best practise solutions can be matched with site specific problems (module 5) Test run and obtain feedback from pioneer farmers and agronomists Optimise and refine the system Upscale and roll out to farmers and agronomists for the whole UK with a promotional campaign 2014 2015 2016 2017

22. The address for the actual website will be http://croprotect.rothamsted.ac.uk

23. WAKE UP, THE WAR IS REAL ! This will require: 10 X INVESTMENT COOPERATION HIGH QUALITY INNOVATIVE SCIENCE REGULATORY APPROVALS

24. Healthy Harvests !

AAB Advances in IPM 2014

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AAB Advances in IPM 2014