Toward Open Smart Cities
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URISA BeSpatial'18 Keynote May 2, 2018 University of Toronto, Mississauga Campus
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Toward Open Smart Cities
- 1. Toward an Open Smart Cities URISA BeSpatial'18 Keynote May 2, 2018 University of Toronto, Mississauga Campus Dr. Tracey P. Lauriault Assistant Professor of Critical Media and Big Data Media Studies and Communication Carleton University Tracey.Lauriault@Carleton.ca orcid.org/0000-0003-1847-2738 @TraceyLauriault
- 2. Open Smart Cities in Canada Project Funded by: GeoConnections Lead by: OpenNorth Project core team: • Rachel Bloom & Jean-Noe Landry, Open North • Dr. Tracey P. Lauriault, Carleton University • David Fewer, LL.M., Canadian Internet Policy and Public Interest Clinic (CIPPIC) • Dr. Mark Fox, University of Toronto • Research Assistants Carleton University • Carly Livingstone • Stephen Letts Project collaborators: • Expert Smart City representatives from the cities of: 1. Edmonton 2. Guelph 3. Montréal 4. Ottawa • Collaborators include experts from the provinces of: 1. Ontario 2. British Columbia T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 3. Smart City Context in Canada
- 4. Smart City Challenge • Launched November 2017, Submission submitted April 24, 2018 • Municipalities, regional governments, & Indigenous communities • Community not-for-profit, private sector company, or expert • $300 million Smart Cities Challenge in 2017 Budget 4T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 5. Sidewalk Toronto the PPP Smart City 5
- 6. Research
- 7. Critical approach Data, technology, and infrastructures are considered as more than the unique arrangement of objective and politically neutral facts & things & they do not exist independently of ideas, techniques, technologies, systems, people and contexts regardless of them being presented in that way. T. P. Lauriault, 2012
- 8. Socio-Technological Assemblage Approach Material Platform (infrastructure – hardware) Code Platform (operating system) Code/algorithms (software) Data(base) Interface Reception/Operation (user/usage) Systems of thought Forms of knowledge Finance Political economies Governmentalities - legalities Organisations and institutions Subjectivities and communities Marketplace System/process performs a task Context frames the system/task Digital socio-technical assemblage HCI, Remediation studies Critical code studies Software studies New media studies Game studies Critical Social Science Science Technology Studies Platform studies Places Practices Flowline/Lifecycle Surveillance Studies Critical data studies Algorithm Studies Rob Kitchin 2012
- 9. Smart City Actors • Vendors • Think tanks • Consulting firms • Alliances and associations • Standards organizations • Civil society • Academic • Procurement • Guides, playbooks, Practices • Indicators • Cities T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 10. Cities • E-Scan of 4 cities + 1 Prov. 1. Edmonton 2. Guelph 3. Ottawa 4. Montreal 5. Ontario Smart Grid • Development of semi-structured interview instrument • City officials generously participated in 90 min phone interviews • Interviews were recorded & transcribed • City officials responded to follow-up questions & will validated a final draft • The following was collected: • visions and strategies • reasons for deploying smart city initiatives • beneficiaries • governance models • deployment strategies • citizen engagement • “openness” and open data • access to smart city data • smart city business models • procurement • challenges & benefits. T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 11. Edmonton - Smart City Initiative The smart city is “about creating and nurturing a resilient, livable, and workable city through the use of technology, data and social innovation” T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 12. Guelph - Initiative “The vision of a modern City is one that offers services to customers when and where they want them. A Smart City is one that uses technology to achieve this goal, using technology at every appropriate opportunity to streamline processes and simplify access to city services. This is a city that has all the information it needs, available and accessible, to support effective decision- making” T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 13. Ottawa - Initiative A Connected City • Create a city where all residents and busi-nesses are connected in an efficient, affordable, and ubiquitous way. A Smart Economy • Stimulate economic growth by supporting knowledge-based business expansion and attraction, local entre-preneurs, and smart talent development. An Innovative Government • Develop new and innovative ways to impact the lives of residents and businesses through the creative use of new service delivery models, technology solutions, and partnerships. T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 14. Montréal – Initiative, Strategy & Action Plan “A smart and digital city means better services for citizens, a universally higher standard of living and harnessing of our metropolis’s resources to ensure its development is in line with the population’s needs” Vice Chair of the Executive Committee, responsible for the smart city, Harout Chitilian T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 15. Ontario Smart Grid The Electricity Act, 1998242 defines a Smart Grid as follows: • (1.3) For the purposes of this Act, the smart grid means the advanced information exchange systems and equipment that when utilized together improve the flexibility, security, reliability, efficiency and safety of the integrated power system and distribution systems, particularly for the purposes of, • (a) enabling the increased use of renewable energy sources and technology, including generation facilities connected to the distribution system; • (b) expanding opportunities to provide demand response, price information and load control to electricity customers; • (c) accommodating the use of emerging, innovative and energy saving technologies and system control applications; or • (d) supporting other objectives that may be prescribed by regulation. 2009, c. 12, Sched. B, s. 1 (5). T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 16. International Best Practices • Chicago • Helsinky • New York • Barcelona • Dublin Open smart cities include: • Rights (GDPR & right to repair) • Are in the public interest • Ethics (Quebec, NyC, Helsinki, Chicago) • Environmental considerations • Critical and meaningful public engagement & dialogue not just consultation • Ecosystems approach (ASDI and Dublin Report) T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 17. Digital Strategies Open Data Open Science Open Platform Open Source Open Government Smart Cities - Openness YesNo MaybeUnlikely Smart Cities/ Precision Ag/ IoT Likely T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 18. Open Data Digital Strategy Open Science IoT Smart City / Prec. Ag. Open Platforms Open Source Open Gov’t Mapping openness onto the smart city requires the Integration digital practices Alllevelsofgovernment T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 19. What did we learn • Smart cities are new & emerging, do citizens know what is coming, and will they be the drivers? • Need to identify issues to be resolved with technology instead of technology looking for issues • More data does not mean better governance • Very few overarching socio-technical and ethical considerations • Requirement for technological citizenship • Is this an innovation bias or is it a smart city that is best for the City and its residents?
- 20. Internet of Things (IoT) • Security & privacy vulnerabilities (hacking) • E-waste – cost, short shelf life • Mission creep - potential • Surveillance / dataveillance potential • Ownership / procurement • Repair – DRM • Device lock in • Archiving - the lack thereof • Reuse – unintended purposes • Sustainability & maintenance & management • Interoperability – the lack therefor • Standards – emerging 20
- 21. Open Smart City Guide V 1.0
- 22. 1. What is a city? T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 23. A city is •a complex and dynamic socio-biological system •territorially bound •a human settlement •governed by public city officials who manage •the grey, blue and green environment •within their jurisdictional responsibility T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 24. 2. What is a smart city? T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 25. A smart city is • technologically instrumented & networked w/ systems that are interlinked & integrated, where vast troves of big urban data are being generated by sensors & administrative processes used to manage & control urban life in real-time (Kitchin, 2018). • where administrators and elected officials invest in smart city technologies & data analytical systems to inform how to innovatively, economically, efficiently & objectively run & manage the city. • The focus is most often to quantify & manage infrastructure, mobility, business & online government services. • a form of technological solutionism. T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 26. 3. What is an open smart city? Dr Tracey P. Lauriault, School of Journalism and Communication, Carleton University
- 27. Definition of the Open Smart City V 1.0 An Open Smart City is where residents, civil society, academics, and the private sector collaborate with public officials to mobilize data and technologies when warranted in an ethical, accountable and transparent way to govern the city as a fair, viable and liveable commons and balance economic development, social progress and environmental responsibility. T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 28. 5 Open Smart City Themes 1.Governance 2.Engagement 3.Data & Technology 4.Data Governance 5.Effective and values based smart cities T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 29. 1. Governance in an Open Smart City is ethical, accountable, and transparent. These principles apply to the governance of social and technical platforms which include data, algorithms, skills, infrastructure, and knowledge. T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 30. 30T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 31. Theme 1. Resources arranged as follows: • Ethical Governance • Governance Structures and Participation • Cooperative and Multi-jurisdictional Governance • Accountable Governance • Transparent Governance • Cooperative Governance 31T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 32. 2. An Open Smart City is participatory, collaborative, and responsive. It is a city where government, civil society, the private sector, the media, academia and residents meaningfully participate in the governance of the city and have shared rights and responsibilities. This entails a culture of trust and critical thinking and fair, just, inclusive, and informed approaches. T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 33. T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 34. Theme 2. Resources arranged as follows: • Participatory • Collaborative • Responsive • Trust • Critical Thinking • Fair & Just • Inclusive & Informed T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 35. 3. An Open Smart City uses data and technologies that are fit for purpose, can be repaired and queried, their source code are open, adhere to open standards, are interoperable, durable, secure, and where possible locally procured and scalable. Data and technology are used and acquired in such a way as to reduce harm and bias, increase sustainability and enhance flexibility. An Open Smart City may defer when warranted to automated decision making and therefore designs these systems to be legible, responsive, adaptive and accountable. T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 36. 36
- 37. Theme 3. Resources arranged as follows: • Fit for Purpose • Repaired and Queried • Open Source • Open Standards • Cybersecurity and Data Security • Reduction of Harm and Bias • Local Procurement • Balancing Sustainability T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 38. 4. In an Open Smart City, data management is the norm and custody and control over data generated by smart technologies is held and exercised in the public interest. Data governance includes sovereignty, residency, open by default, security, individual and social privacy, and grants people authority over their personal data. T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 39. T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 40. Theme 4. Resources arranged as follows: • Data Management • Custody of Data • Residency • Open by Default • Security • Privacy • Personal Data Management T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 41. 5. In an Open Smart City, it is recognized that data and technology are not always the solution to many of the systemic issues cities face, nor are there always quick fixes. These problems require innovative, sometimes long term, social, organizational, economic, and political processes and solutions. T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 42. Complex urban social issues needing more than technology for resolution: T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 43. Final Remarks • The Open Smart City Guide V1.0 is a Living Document that will be updated on a regular basis and we are counting on you for your help. • http://www.opennorth.ca/open-smart-cities-guide • Please send feedback, ideas, critiques etc. to • info@opennorth.ca
- 44. Project Outputs • Open Smart Cities in Canada: Environmental-Scan and Case Studies – Executive Summary • (https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/e4fs8/) • Open Smart Cities in Canada: Assessment Report • (https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/qbyzj/) • Open Smart Cities Legal FAQ • (https://cippic.ca/en/Open_Smart_Cities) • Webinars 1 & 2 & 3 • (http://bit.ly/2yp7H8k and https://vimeo.com/247378746) • Open Smart Cities Guide V1.0 • (http://www.opennorth.ca/open-smart-cities-guide) T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
- 45. Thank you T. P. Lauriault, R. Bloom & J.-N. Landry, Open Smart Cities in Canada Project
Notas del editor
- The Open Smart Cities and the V 1.0 of the guide which we are releasing today, closely coincides with the submissions of the proposals to the Infrastructure Canada Smart City Challenge. We were very happy to see in the Challenge the call for engagement and for openness and we hope that this guide will help shape the adoption of openness principles and practices for those who win the challenge. Best of luck!
- As you will see, the V 1.0 of the Open Smart Cities Guide is very different than the PPP Sidewalk Toronto project being developed by Sidewalk Labs a US company owned by Google’s holding company Alphabet Inc. and Waterfront Toronto a corporation created by the Federal Government, The Province of Ontario and The City of Toronto. The Sidewalk Toronto project is significant because of its closed nature, a lack of transparency, the outsourcing to US corporations of the roll out of large government technology. Shortcomings with this approach have been demonstrated with the IBM’s and PwCs (Price Water Cooper) Phoenix experience. Sidewalk raises very problematic issues related to data sovereignty and residency issues in the call for tender, the lack of public consultation on the design of the digital architecture of the project and the lack of contractual transparency and accountability. Discussion about how to upgrade an entire city’s hardware and software when it becomes obsolete or is breached by hackers also isn’t getting the attention it deserves. We need address Canadian territorial autonomy when an entire section of a city becomes governed by a corporation whose head office and servers are outside of Canada. Who are the governors in that context?
- For the purpose of our study, we assumed that data and technology are considered as more than the unique arrangement of objective and politically neutral facts & things & that these do not exist independently of ideas, techniques, technologies, systems, people and contexts regardless of them being presented in that way.
- Co-functioning heterogeneous elements of a large complex socio-technological system – these elements are loosely coupled. They contend that data do not exist independently from the context within which they were created, and the systems and processes that produce them. The Prime2 Data model and platform is no exception. In order to study data in their ‘habitat’ and ‘ecosystem’, Kitchin (2014) offers a socio-technological assemblage approach to guide the empirical analysis of data (See also Kitchin & Lauriault 2014). The assemblage can be conceptualized as a constellation of co-functioning, loosely-coupled heterogeneous elements, and it is these elements that guide data collection. Here, the assemblage is both a tool for research as well as a theoretical framing of data (Anderson et. al 2012). Furthermore, data modelling requires a particular form of logical abstract thinking, in the case of the OSi and 1Spatial those that were involved in the modelling exercise were very senior, experienced and renowned spatial data experts, all formally trained in spatial database design and maintenance as well as spatial analysis at the enterprise level. The design and testing of a model is very labour intensive, re-cursive, and incredibly expensive. At the OSi, this work was not done in house, thus requiring the enactment of a procurement process to cover this major expenditure, and because of this, and because the model is key, it is a high stakes tendering process. For example, infrastructure is not simply hardware and software it is the systems of thought that led to its creation including how object oriented modeling came to be and how that model materializes into code and algorithms which reformulated the entire data production flowline and its association with not only the equipment used by surveyors, but the entire database stack. It is only by looking at the model and how it came to be through database specifications and requirements, the observation of data production on site in real time and in communication with database designers and mangers, that attributes of an infrastructure’s assemblage can be observed in their state of play. The process of modelling is situated in the domain of object oriented programming, the semantic web, GIScience, modelling software, taxonomies, the burgeoning database and GIS industry, modelling schemas, mathematics, consulting firms, and offshore data re-engineering companies.
- Before we dive into the guide, we want to remind you that most smart cities are framed by what we call “shapers” who are primarily from industry, vendors, consulting firms, private and government led alliances, but also standards organizations, and indicator systems developed by consulting firms and to a lesser extent civil society organizations and academia. In addition, we often saw metaphors such as the City as A Platform, and the city in a box or running the city from the palm of your hands or from your iphone. Which seems to over simplify the complexity of cities.
- This part of the research consisted of collecting publicly available smart city data and information about the cities of Edmonton, Guelph, Ottawa and Montreal. We developed a semi-structured interview instrument and city officials generously participated in interviews, follow-up questions and report validation. As you can see here we collected quite a bit of information. We will briefly introduce the initiatives, components, spatial data and provide a brief summary for each city. Additional information about governance structures, procurement and openness is provided to you in the appendix to this slide deck.
- In their recently released Smart City to Intelligent Community Strategy they have defined their smart city as being “about creating and nurturing a resilient, livable, and workable city through the use of technology, data and social innovation”. Their strategy was created internally and is being communicated with the public. A road map is forthcoming and their strategy is integrated with their urban plans.
- The city does not yet have a smart city strategy but does include the smart city in its corporate technology strategic plan and defines its smart city in terms of service delivery and the use of technology to support goals and evidence based decision making.
- Like Guelph, Ottawa does not have an official smart city strategy but does have some existing smart city components. There is no formal governance structure as of yet however, the City plans to establish a Smart City Sponsor Group that will make decisions about developing the City’s future smart city framework. The framework will work towards providing an official definition and the Group will report to the Finance and Economic Development Committee (a cross departmental committee that reports directly to City Council).
- Montreal, has the most mature smart city initiative out of the four cities we examined. The city has developed the Montreal Smart and Digital Strategy, and considers a smart and digital city to be better services for citizens, a universally higher standard of living and harnessing the metropolis’s resources to ensure its development is in line with the population’s needs” The city has established a governance structure which includes a smart and digital office, and have published their Smart and Digital action plan, and is now working on success indicators to measure the progress of their smart and digital initiative. The strategy emerged directly from citizens for proposals and the city chose 70 of these proposals, and Smart City experts were then brought in to help adopt, execute and advise on these projects.
- Innovation is more than efficiency, production and cost savings, it is also innovative public policy
- Smart cities might be associated with digital strategies, but are unlikely to be integrated or to consider open science, nor open government, and may have open data as a program but data produced by the smart city are not open, and algorithms, platforms and code are also not open in practice.
- We recommend the mapping of current open practices onto existing smart city practices and also the Integration digital practices within and between levels of government. The practices of open science, open government, and open data as well as open source, could be mapped onto the smart city, not unlike the way that ASDI/SDI has done so, but also should be more engaged with the public and be in the public interest and more outward facing. To do so, offices at all levels of government need to work in closer proximity to each other and integrate their work with these principles since they are the key actors shaping these practices.
- We also want to foreground that smart cities are a large socio-technological IoT application, and while they are not framed as such it is important to think of the many devices being installed in the environment and plugged into a large urban platform. With IoT and smart cities, we rarely see in the more technologically enthusiastic literature issues such as privacy, cybersecurity, and/or how technology intended for one purpose may suddenly be used for something else such as surveillance and dataveillance, this a process called mission creep. We therefore suggest that city official and governments consider these issues at the start.
- Iqaluit St Johns Newfoundland St John New Brunswick
- We also examined the literature and practices related to openness to come to what we understand what an open smart city might be. We refined this definition, we consulted experts, refined it again, and we took it out for a few test drives in public forums. We will now proceed to define what we think an Open Smart City is, and we will break it down into 5 themes and we hope to hear your thoughts about this during and after the webinar in the Q & A. First: In an Open Smart City, residents, civil society, academics, and the private sector collaborate with public officials to mobilize data and technologies when warranted in an ethical, accountable and transparent way to govern the city as a fair, viable and liveable commons and balance economic development, social progress and environmental responsibility.
- The definition is further expanded along the following 5 themes starting with governance. Governance Engagement Data & Technology Data Governance Effective and value-based smart cities
- The UN Habitat for a Better Urban Future, defines governance in laypersons terms “as the many ways that institutions and individuals organize the day-to-day management of a city, and the processes used for effectively realizing the short term and long-term agenda of a city’s development. Urban governance [in a way] is the software that enables the urban hardware to function”. Some of the resources that we have compiled here emphasize different aspects of governance for example The Open Government Partnership and the Open Data Charter are well established governance practices that can be mapped onto open smart cities and be part of strategies. The Province of Quebec has created a useful Smart Cities for the Public Good guide with ethical questions and checklists to aid decision makers And the City of Barcelona as member of the Electronics Watch project factors in the full production cycle of technology and data when they procure to mitigate human rights abuses in factories and environmental waste. The Ontario Smart Grid has taken a team based approach to managing the third party resale of data while the Grid is a multi-jurisdictional process managed by a very complex governance structure which we hope you will read more about in the guide and in the Assessment Report. The City of Chicago formed a mayor’s advisory council to bridge the digital divide with its smart city While Barcelona has developed a whistle blowing platform called DECIDIM where citizens can report corruption and track projects and proposals The City of New York has a Digital Playbook which aim to make government simple, welcoming all residents, and foster trust And like Barcelona, je fais MTL is a way for residents to keep track of smart city projects also the City has adopted the Open Contracting Data Standard to openly report what it procures and includes a way to visualize procurement data. In this guide we structured all of these resources and more into the following categories Ethical Governance, Governance Structures and Participation, Cooperative and Multi-jurisdictional Governance, Accountable Governance, Transparent Governance and Cooperative Governance. We look forward to your suggestions in the Q & A.
- In terms of meaningful participation, the IAP2 public participation spectrum and values are tools to assess the quality of public engagement and to self assess approaches. The cities of Guelph and Edmonton plan to include citizen representation on their smart city governance committees. We have observed meaningful collaboration in Montreal via the co-creation of projects and these can be seen in Montreal’s smart city action plan. In addition, the city of Guelph has collected via their customer relationship management software requests for technologies from the public that were then incorporated into their RFPs. Responsiveness has been observed through digital services initiatives and innovations. The civic user test (CUT) group in Chicago consulted resident volunteers on the design of digital services and their methodology. Also, standards such as the Open311 API are being deployed by cities in Canada to enable more responsive governance and the Open Data standards directory provides a centralized inventory of open data standards. TRUST Transparency and broader debate are a prerequisite for building public trust. The co-creating of governance and privacy guidelines in the Chicago urban sensing project the Array of Things has provided more transparency and public participation in decision making. While in Canada Tech Reset is promoting critical debate and calling for more transparency to build trust so that public interests will be protected and to mitigate mission creep in Sidewalk Toronto. CRITICAL THINKING has been seen in the case of the Programmable City project, which actively works with decision makers of Smart Dublin to translate research into policy interventions and affect the thinking and work of public sector officials and bodies. Fair and JUST: Indicator systems for cities, whether they are smart, resilient, or sustainable, should recognized that conflict and inequality are inherent characteristics of any city. Therefore, to inform progress and missions of open smart cities, indicators that value subjective well being such as the OECD measures and that are reflective of social advocacy emergent from conflict should be used to supplement for quantitative/fact based methods. Inclusive an Informed: There are initiatives to increase and improve access to digital literacy, skills, and knowledge among women, people with physical disabilities, and low income residents. Barcelona’s Digital City operationalizes gender equity and emphasizes increasing the number of women in science and technology. The G3ICT and the Smart Cities for All initiative ensure that smart cities include people with physical disabilities. Also, Connect Chicago runs smart health centers in low income areas that have Health IT Navigators to help local residents connect to their personal information and to find reliable resources. Now I will pass it over to Tracey
- Open smart cities enable ethical, transparent, accountable, and cooperative models of governance and meaningful civic engagement and some of these properties can be embodied in the design of technologies, processes and data practices. The following are examples of how these are applied in real terms. 1. For example The NYC guidelines on IoT deployment include privacy & transparency, infrastructure, security, and operations & sustainability. 2. Again the 3Gict is mentioned as it includes tools and techniques for smart City and Digital Inclusion programs. 3. the Right to Repair Association lobbies for the right to fix and for the ability to query AI, software and hardware. 4. The City of Helsinki’s open APIs ecosystem, CitySDK, ensures that data about public information are open and this is accompanied by a Harmonized Smart City APIs “Cookbook” 5. The UK Government’s Digital Service Standard also specifies that new source code be open and publishes an Open Source Procurement Toolkit. The City of Guelph for example cites the Toolkit in their Open Government Action Plan. In addition it also specifies the use of open standards and common platforms for public services and has published an open standards principles guide. 6. In addition, the Canadian Internet Policy and Public Interest Clinic (CIPPIC) published a Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) on open source and licenses. Tool. 7. While Mayor's Office of Data Analytics in NY has an Open Analytics Library, to showcase and educate the public about how agencies use data and open source software and this is accompanied by project management guidelines all posted on GitHub. 8. The ThingsNetwork on the other hand is a global open source and decentralized approach to building an IoT network where members contribute source code, place a gateway on the console, and plug and play with their applications. 9. The Smart and Digital City Strategy for the city of Montreal includes open, interoperable, and technological architecture as goals and this is part of smart city procurement. 11. The Getting Smarter about Smart Cities report published by the Government of Ireland includes privacy and security recommendations. 13. In Canada right now a Multistakeholder Process: for Enhancing IoT Security is ongoing and has published useful resources related to vulnerabilities, standards, policies, and etc. 14. the Reduction of Harm and Bias in automated processes is key, and The New York City’s Council has passed a bill to establish a task force to make recommendations to make software uses more transparent especially when it comes to automated decision-making. 15. In Europe, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) will legislate a right to explanation to improve transparency about decision-making, access, and algorithms. 16. While organizations like the Community Control Over Police Surveillance (COPS) a civil liberties partnership aims to ensure that a regulated process is in place to examine automated programs that target and police people in 20 US cities. 17 -18. The Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency in Machine Learning (FAT/ML) coordinates the work of critical scholars and publishes principles for accountable algorithms and a social impact statement for algorithms. 19. Local and Sustainable Procurement is a way to support local companies in lieu of only relying on large multinationals located outside of Canada. The Forum for the Future’s Sustainable Procurement Tool, includes strategies to support local procurement and the production cycle. 21. The Guelph’s Civic Accelerator Program also supports local suppliers for innovative solutions to address city’s business needs. 22. Finally, while Sustainability is often a goal the procurement of millions of IOT does not align with those smart city goals and the full production cycle of technology is rarely taken into. As discussed earlier e-Watch is an example while the City of Seoul Sharing City initiative is a consumption reduction process. The guide these examples and more and are organized under the headings of: Fit for Purpose Repaired and Queried Open Source Open Standards Cybersecurity and Data Security Reduction of Harm and Bias Local Procurement
- The fourth characteristic concerns data governance, It states that,
- Data management considers the full data lifecycle, from collection to preservation, and this includes technologies, source code, sensors and etc. The geomatics community and scientists have been using remote and sensor-based technologies, situationally aware analytics, augmented reality and 3D visualization and algorithms to model urban and environmental systems. Some geomatics and science based actors include Centre for Open Science, Canada’s Spatial Data Infrastructure, Arctic SDI, Ocean Networks Canada, and OGC. In terms of residency, we have seen concerns raised about outsourcing e-communications outside national boundaries ( see the ‘Seeing Through the Cloud report’) and also have observed the way that Estonia’s government is innovatively retaining control of their crucial data stored abroad via the establishment of a data embassy. Open by default is a principle specified in the International Open Data Charter and Open Knowledge International provides a go to definition for open data. Other related organizations in Canada are the Open Data Institute and powered by data. Data security is an important consideration for open smart cities which Tracey has discussed. In addition, data privacy is another commonly raised concern and is linked to security. There are numerous resources and actors working on promoting privacy by design and researching privacy implications raised by smart cities. This include the future of privacy forum, which has a repository of smart city resources on privacy, the surveillance studies centre at Queens University, and Privacy Analytics Inc. who have advised on de-indentifying smart meter data in Ontario. Finally, models and technologies are emerging that aim to grant people access and authority over their personal data and with whom they are shared. This includes Finland’s MyData model, Estonia’s X-road interoperability layer, and the green button initiative adopted by Ontario’s Ministry of Energy.
- Cities are faced with a number of complex socio economic issues that require more than technological solutionist approaches to their resolution and there is a concern that the data and networked urbanism type of smart city will not focus on these. In an open smart city, issues such as homelessness, aboriginal people living in urban areas, accessibility, refugee settlement and food security are but some of the systemic issues that should not be ignored because there is not IoT application that will fix these and smart and innovation social processes are required and should be valued in order to resolve issues.
- Please see the following resources created during the course of this 1 year project. These include: Executive Summary of a smart city E-Scan and 5 Canadian case studies A Cities Assessment Report Our V1.0 Guide The CIPPIC FAQ Webinars 1 and 2