1. Mini Seminar
on
Massive MIMO and Random Matrix
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
Varun Kumar
(514EC1005)
Under the supervision of
Prof . Sarat Kumar Patra

2. Massive MIMO and Random Matrix
(RMT)
Massive MIMO:
Massive MIMO makes a clean break with current practice through the use of a very
large number of service antennas (e.g., hundreds or thousands) that are operated fully
coherently and adaptively. Extra antennas help by focusing the transmission and
reception of signal energy into ever-smaller regions of space.
Random Matrix Theory:
A wide range of existing mathematical results that are relevant to the analysis of the
statistics of random matrices arising in wireless communications.
• Complex Gaussian random variables are always circularly symmetric, i.e., with
uncorrelated real and imaginary parts, and complex Gaussian vectors are always
proper complex.

3. Most Important Class of Random Matrices:
• Gaussian
• Wigner
• Wishart
• Haar matrices
We also collect a number of results that hold for arbitrary matrix
size.

4. Wireless Channel Model:
𝑦 = ρ𝐺𝑥 + 𝑤 𝐺 = 𝐻𝐷1/2
Where ρ is signal-to-noise ratio, 𝐺M×𝐾 is the channel gain matrix in uplink scenario, 𝑥k×1 is the
transmitted symbol vector of K user and 𝑤M×1 is the noise vector. 𝐷k×𝐾 is diagonal matrix
𝐷 =
𝛽1 … 0
⋮ ⋱ ⋮
0 … 𝛽 𝐾
𝛽 𝑘 = 𝑧 𝑘/(𝑟𝑘/𝑟ℎ) 𝑛
𝑧 𝑘 is the lognormal distributed random variable. 𝑟𝑘 is the kth user location form base station
whereas 𝑟ℎ is the hole distance and n is the path loss exponent. All user in a given cell are
distributed like Poisson point distributed.
𝑟ℎ

5. H is fast faded channel matrix. The primary assumption to make mathematical modal
are as follows
𝐻~Ϲ 𝑀×𝐾
𝐻𝐻 𝐻
~𝑁 0, I 𝐾
𝑤~𝑁(0, σ2
𝑤)
𝐸 𝑥
2
~1
Capacity Formulation:
Shannon Channel Capacity:
𝐶 = 𝐸 log 1 + 𝛾𝑋
𝐶 = 𝐸[log(1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)]

6. Gamma Distribution
Density function 𝑓 ρ =
ρ 𝛼−1 𝑒
−ρ
𝛽
𝛽 𝛼г 𝛼
0 < ρ < ∞
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝛼𝛽, 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝛼𝛽2 𝑆𝐷 = 𝛼𝛽2
Extension of Gamma distribution:
• Chi-Squared Distribution 𝛼 =
𝑑
2
𝛽 = 2 (d= Degree of freedom)
• Exponential Distribution 𝛼 = 1
Role of the Singular Values:
1
𝑀
𝐼 𝑥; 𝑦 𝐻 =
1
𝑀
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑑𝑒𝑡 𝐼 + ρ𝐻𝐻 𝐻
=
1
𝑀
𝑖
𝑀
log(1 + 𝜌λ𝑖(𝐻𝐻 𝐻
))
=
0
∞
log 1 + 𝜌𝑥 𝑑𝐹 𝐻𝐻 𝐻(𝑥)
With transmitted signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
𝜌 =
𝑀𝐸[||𝑥||2
]
𝐾𝐸[||𝑤||2]

7. Some important property of random vector and random
matrices
• Let 𝑝 ≜ [𝑝1, 𝑝2 𝑝3….. 𝑝 𝑛] 𝑇
and 𝑞 ≜ 𝑞1, 𝑞2 𝑞3….. 𝑞 𝑛
𝑇
be mutually independent 𝑛 × 1 vectors whose
elements are i.i.d zero mean random variables (RVs) with 𝐸 𝑝𝑖
2
= σ 𝑝
2
and 𝐸 𝑞𝑖
2
= σ 𝑞
2
i=1,2…n
Then from the large numbers we have
1
𝑛
𝑝 𝐻
𝑝 → σ 𝑝
2
and
1
𝑛
𝑝 𝐻
𝑞 → 0 as n→ ∞
From the Lindeberg-Levy central limit theorem, we have
1
𝑛
𝑝 𝐻
𝑞
𝑑
→
CN(0, 𝜎 𝑝 𝜎 𝑞) as n→ ∞
𝑑
→
denotes the convergence of distribution
• Gaussian Matrix:
A standard real/complex Gaussian m × n matrix H has i.i.d. real/complex zero-mean Gaussian entries with
identical variance 𝜎2
=
1
𝑚
. The p.d.f. of a complex Gaussian matrix with i.i.d. zero-mean Gaussian entries
with variance 𝜎2
is
(𝜋𝜎2
)−𝑚𝑛
𝑒𝑥𝑝
−𝑡𝑟(𝐻𝐻 𝐻
)
𝜎2

8. • Wigner Matrices
Let W be an n × n matrix whose (diagonal and upper-triangle) entries are i.i.d.
zero-mean Gaussian with unit variance. Then, its p.d.f. is
(2)− 𝑛
2 𝜋−𝑛2/2 𝑒𝑥𝑝
−𝑡𝑟(𝑊2)
2
while the joint p.d.f. of its ordered eigenvalues λ1 ≥ ... ≥ λn is
1
(2𝜋)−𝑛/2
𝑒−
1
2 𝑖
𝑛
λ 𝑖
2
𝑖=1
𝑛−1
1
𝑖!
𝑖<𝑗
𝑛
(λ𝑖 − λ𝑗)2
Wishart Matrices:
The m × m random matrix A = HH† is a (central) real/complex Wishart matrix with n
degrees of freedom and covariance matrix Σ, (A ∼ Wm(n, Σ)), if the columns of the m ×
n matrix H are zero-mean independent real/complex Gaussian vectors with covariance
matrix Σ. The p.d.f. of a complex Wishart matrix A ∼ Wm(n, Σ) for n ≥ m is
𝑓𝐴
(𝐵)
=
𝜋−𝑚(𝑚−1)/2
𝑑𝑒𝑡 𝑛 𝑖=1
𝑚
𝑛 − 𝑖 !
exp −𝑡𝑟 Σ−1 𝐵 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐵 𝑛−𝑚

9. Some Useful Property of Whishart Matrix:
• 𝐸 𝑡𝑟 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑊~𝑊𝑚(𝑛, 𝐼)
• 𝐸 𝑡𝑟 𝑊2 = 𝑚𝑛(𝑚 + 𝑛)
• 𝐸 𝑡𝑟2 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑛(𝑚𝑛 + 1)
For a central Wishart matrix 𝑊~𝑊𝑚(𝑛, 𝐼) with n>m,
𝐸 𝑡𝑟 𝑊−1 =
𝑚
𝑛 − 𝑚

10. Other Application:
• Single-user matched filter
• De-correlator
• MMSE
• Optimum
• Iterative nonlinear

11. Conclusion:
• Random matrix results have been used to characterize the fundamental limits of the
various channels that arise in wireless communications.
• Random matrix theory is very useful to converge the very large matrix size. In stead
of solving point to point multiplication addition subtraction and large number of
channel realization it easily converge to expected value.

12. References:
1. A. M. Tulino and S. Verdú, “Random matrix theory and wireless communications,” Foundations Trends
Communication. Inf. Theory, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–182, June 2004
2. H. Q. Ngo, E. G. Larsson, and T. L. Marzetta, “Energy and spectral efficiency of very large multiuser MIMO systems,”
IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 1436–1449, Apr. 2013.
3. A Goldsmith, Wireless Communication, Cambridge university press, 2005
4. Andrew Gelman , John B. Carlin , Hal S. Stern , David B. Dunson, Aki Vehtari, Donald B. Rubin ,`` Bayesian Data
Analysis’’ (Chapman & Hall/CRC Texts in Statistical Science) 3rd Edition 2013
5. M. Matthaiou, M. R. MacKay, P. J. Smith, and J. A. Nossek, “On the condition number distribution of complex
Wishart matrices,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 1705–1717, Jun. 2010
6. G. Stewart, Matrix Algorithms: Basic Decompositions. Philadelphia, PA: SIAM, 1998.