1) Citation metrics have evolved over time from bibliometrics in the 1960s to more recent metrics like altmetrics and webometrics. They are used to assess the influence of published research. 2) Key citation metrics include the journal impact factor, h-index, and article-level metrics like citation counts and altmetrics. Data sources include Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. 3) Citation indexing links cited and citing articles, allowing researchers to trace the development of ideas over time. Citation analysis helps understand why authors cite other works.

1. Citation Metrics
Vasantha Raju N.
Librarian
Govt. First Grade College-Talakadu
vasanthrz@gmail.com
Department of Library and Information Science, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Post Graduate
Centre, University of Mysore, Chamarajanagar
19-03-2019

2. Timeline Growth of Different Metric Studies
Bibliometrics Informetrics
1969
1990
Librametrics Scientometrics Webometrics
1948
1977
1997
Altmetrics
2010

3. Bibliometrics (1960s)
“The application of mathematical and statistical methods to
books and other media of communication”
- Pritchard
In more generic term Bibliometrics is defined as
“Statistical analysis of written Publications such as books or
articles”
The term was first introduced by Alan Pritchard (1969)

4. Scientometrics (1970s)
Scientometrics is Defined as :
“Quantitative study of science, communication in science, and
science policy”
• The Term- Scientometrics was first coined by Vassily V. Nalimov & Z. M. Mulchenko in 1969
• ‘Scientometrics’ is the Russian equivalent of ‘naukometriya’.
• The Introduction of Science Citation Index (SCI) by Eugene Garfield of Institute for Scientific
Information (ISI) in 1960s
• Scientometrics- Journals was started in the year 1978

5. Informetrics (1990s)
• Informetrics is the study of quantitative aspects of information. This
includes the production, dissemination, and use of all forms of
information, regardless of its form or origin.
• The term ‘Informetrics’ was first proposed by Otto Nacke of West
Germany in 1979

6. • Informetrics is defined as “the study of the quantitative aspects of information
in any form, not just records or bibliographies, and in any social group, not just
scientists. Thus it looks at the quantitative aspects of informal or spoken
communication, as well as recorded, and of information needs and uses of the
disadvantaged, not just the intellectual elite. It can incorporate, utilise, and
extend the many studies of the measurement of information that lie outside the
boundaries of both bibliometrics and scientometrics. …Two phenomena that
have not, in the past, been seen as a part of bibliometrics or scientometrics, but
fit comfortably within the scope of informetrics are: definition and
measurement of information, and types and characteristics of retrieval
performance measures.”
- Tague-Sutcliffe (1992)

7. Webometrics (2000s)
• Webometrics is the quantitative study of web related phenomenon
(Thelwall, Vaughan & Björneborn, 2005).
• According to Björneborn & Ingwersen (2004), webometrics is
defined as "the study of quantitative aspects of the construction
and use of information resources, structures and technologies on
the Web drawing on bibliometric and informetric approaches."
• The term webometrics was first coined by Almind and Ingwersen in
1997

8. Webometrics (2000s)
Webometrics is “the study of web-based content with primarily
quantitative methods for social science research goals using
techniques that are not specific to one field of study"
-Thelwall, 2009
The introduction of Web Impact Factor (WIF) by Ingewersen (1998)
which was similar to that of Web of Science’s (WOS) Journal Impact
Factor (JIF) for assessing the website helped webometrics to establish
as a method to assess the web phenomenon

9. Webometrics (2000s)
• Major area of applications of Webometrics as identified by Mike Thelwall:
• Link Analysis (http://www.webometrics.info/en)
• Web Citation Analysis (Google Scholar, Open Access Journals)
• Search Engine evaluation and (Search Engine log files/User Studies/Social Aspects of
Searching etc)
• Web Data analysis or Measuring Web 2.0 (Election Campaign on the Web, Blog Evaluation,
Twitter Analysis, Facebook analysis, YouTube Analysis)

10. Why We Use Citation Metrics (Bibliometrics to Webometrics)
• Help in Assessing the Influence of Published Research
• Help in Choosing Journals and other contents to the Institutions
• Help in formulating New Science Policies
• Assisting in identifying institutions/individual for Research Funding
• Useful in Identifying Core Periodicals in Particular Field of Study
• Helpful in Identifying Research Trends and Growth of Knowledge
• Assisting for Collaborative Research Participation
• Helpful for Identifying Research strength of a Country/University/Individual, Etc.

11. Citation Analysis/Indexing

12. Concept of Citations
citations symbolize the conceptual association of scientific ideas as
recognized by publishing research authors .
By the references they cite in their papers, authors make explicit
linkages between their current research and prior work in the
archive of scientific literature.

13. distinction between "citation" and "reference"
• If Paper R contains a bibliographic footnote using and describing Paper
C, then
• R contains a reference to C,
• C has a citation from R.
• The number of references a paper has is measured by the number of
items in its bibliography as endnotes, footnotes, etc.,
• The number of citations a paper has is found by looking it up [in a]
citation index and seeing how many others papers mention it."
Source: Price D. J. D. Little science, big science. and beyond. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.

14. …..To start, it is important to clarify the
terminological distinction between
"citation“[6] and "reference". In his classic
book Little Science, Big Science, Derek
Price gave a clear definition of both terms.
He said: "It seems to me a great pity to
waste a good technical term by using the
words citation and reference
interchangeably. I therefore propose and
adopt the convention that if Paper R
contains a bibliographic footnote using and
describing Paper C, then R contains… R contains a reference to C,
[6] The concept of citation indexing: A unique and
innovative tool for navigating the research
literature. Current Contents, January 3, 1994.
Paper C
Paper R
Little science, big science...and beyond.
This is my first Current Contents® (CC®) essay
under the rubric of Citation Comments. As
discussed in last week's CC, this new monthly
feature will focus on the applications of the
Institute for Scientific Information's (ISI's)
databases. 1 An appropriate topic to launch this
new series is perhaps the most rudimentary -- the
basic concept of citation indexing.
To start, it is important to clarify the
terminological distinction between "citation" and
"reference". In his classic book Little Science, Big
Science, Derek Price gave a clear definition of both
terms. He said: "It seems to me a great pity to
waste a good technical term by using the words
citation and reference interchangeably. I therefore
propose and adopt the convention that if Paper R
contains a bibliographic footnote using and
describing Paper C, then R contains a.
C has a citation from R.
adopted from : Mathew, N. (n.d.). Citation indexing. Retrieved from http://ist.psu.edu/faculty_pages/giles/IST497/presentations/Mathew.ppt

15. Why Do We Cite? As Identified by Dr. Eugene garfield
• Paying homage to pioneers.
• Giving credit for related work (homage to peers).
• Identifying methodology, equipment, and the like.
• Providing background reading.
• Correcting one’s own work.
• Correcting the work of others.
• Criticizing previous work.
• Substantiating claims.
• Alerting researchers to forthcoming work.
• Providing leads to poorly disseminated, poorly indexed, or uncited work.
• Authenticating data and classes of fact (such as physical constants).
• Identifying original publications in which an idea or concept was discussed.
• Identifying the original publications describing an eponymic concept or terms.
• Arguing against the work or ideas of others.
• Disputing the claims of others to have been first with their work.

16. Citation Indexing
• Introduced by Dr. Eugene Garfield of Institute of Scientific Information
(Web of Science) in 1950s.
• Citation indexing makes links between books and articles that were written in
the past and articles that make reference to ("cite") these older
publications. In other words, it is a technique that allows us to trace the use of
an idea (an earlier document) forward to others who have used ("cited") it.
• The citation indexes were originally designed primarily for information
retrieval. Helps for identifying the relevant research papers independent of
language, title words, or author keywords

17. Citation Data Sources: Few Examples
• Web of Science (WoS) (Over 18,000 high impact journals) (Publications Output,
Citation Counts)
• Scopus (Over 23,700 peer-reviewed journals) (Publications Output, Citation Counts)
• Google Scholar (scholar.google.com) (Publications Output, Citation Counts)
• CiteSeerX (Computer Science)
• Journal Citation Report (JCR) (Impact Factor)
• Scimago Ranking (Journal Ranking)
• Essential Science Indicators (Hot papers, Emerging Fields)

18. Citation Metrics

19. Types of Citation Metrics
Journal Metrics
• Journal Impact Factor (JIF), CiteScore, SJR
Article-Level Metrics
Author Metrics
• Citation Count, Altmetrics, FWCI
• h-index, FWCI

20. Journal Metrics
• Journal Impact Factor Measures the quality and the prestige of the journal
• Impact Factor measures the impact of journal, not the individual articles
• Help us to identify top journals in a given field of study
• Ease the collection development process in libraries

21. Journal Impact Factor
Impact Factor Calculation:
Calculation of 2018 IF of a journal:
A = the number of times articles published in 2016 and 2017 were cited by indexed journals
during 2018.
B = the total number of "citable items" published in 2016 and 2017.
C= A/B = 2018 impact factor
A
Citations in 2018 to
2016-2017 articles
B
Number of Articles
Published in 2016 &
2017
C
Impact Factor (A/B)
Journal of Oncology 150 60 2.5

22. Journal Impact Factor
Source of Data for identifying Journal Impact Factor:
 Web of Science Citation Data
Where Do you Find Citation Data and Number
 Journal Citation Report (JCR)-Subscription

24. Journal Metrics: CiteScore
Source: http://libguides.lb.polyu.edu.hk/journalimpact/citescore#sthash.JTR2s3rF.WzNmgZe0.dpbs

25. Journal Metrics: CiteScore
Source of Data for identifying CiteScore:
• Scopus Citation Data
Where do you Find this Data & Number?
• Scopus (https://www.scopus.com/sources) -Free

27. Journal Metrics: SCImago Journal Rank Indicator (SJR)
SCImago Journal Rank Indicator is a measure of journals' influence or prestige. It
expresses the average number of weighted citations received in the selected year by the
documents published in the journal in the three previous year
Source of Data for Identifying SCImago Journal Rank
 Scopus Citation Data
How to Find SJR Indictor?
 SCImago Journal & Country Rank (https://www.scimagojr.com)- Free

30. Article-Level Metrics
Article Level metrics helps measure the impact of individual articles
 Article Citation Count
 Web of Science (WoS), Scopus and Google Scholar provides article citation counts
 Altmetrics
 It measure the quality and quantity of attention that a scholarly article has received
through social media (Twitter, Facebook, Mendeley, CiteuLike, blog, ResearchGate,
etc.)
 Field Weight Citation Impact (FWCI)
 Scopus provides FWCI for articles published by journals it indexes

31. Web of Science Title Search

32. Google Scholar Article Search

33. Google Scholar Article Search-Showing Cited Items

34. Altmetrics
Altmetrics tracks Article level metrics through:
Usage Data
• Clicks/Page Views
• Downloads
Mentions on Social
Media platforms
• Blog posts
• Comments, shares,
likes in Facebook,
Twitter etc.
Interest in
Reading/Citing
• Bookmarks, saves,
subscription
• Readership in
citation manager
such as Mendeley

35. Altmetrics Attention Schema in Color Donut
Source: https://www.altmetric.com/

36. Altmetrics –Author Level metrics in Publisher Website
(Example)

37. Altmetrics Attention Score Card

38. Author Metrics: h-index and FWCI
h-index
• h-index quantify an individual’s scientific research output
• It measures both the scientific productivity and the scientific impact of a scientist.
• The index was suggested in 2005 by Jorge E. Hirsch, a physicist at UCSD, as a tool
for determining theoretical physicists' relative quality and is sometimes called the
Hirsch index or Hirsch number.
How h-index is calculated
• If I have an h-index of 7, at least 7 of my paper have been cited by 7 times each
Source of Data for Identifying h-index
• Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar provides h-index and it differ in each
index
• How to find h-index for an Author/Researcher/Faculty
• Web of Science –Researcher ID
• Scopus- Scopus Author ID
• Google Scholar- Google Scholar (Author) Profile

39. h-index Author Metrics in Web of Science (WoS)

40. h-index Author Metrics in Scopus through Author Search

41. h-index Author Metrics in Google Scholar

42. • Increase the visibility of your research by having Research Profile
either in Google Scholar/WoS Researcher ID/Scopus Author
ID/ORCID
• Share Research results in Social Media Platforms
• Use different metrics to get a holistic view of impact of journals,
articles, and author
• Publish your research in open access peer-reviewed journals
• Use various metrics to have comprehensive view of your
research impact.
• Use citation metrics with a caution!

43. Information Sources Used for Preparing this Presentation
• https://www.slideshare.net/yeopinpin/demystifying-citation-impact-2017-
may?b=&from_search=8&qid=948c6a23-12eb-46b0-bd49-afd645e0d50b&v=
• https://www.slideshare.net/ntunmg/scholarly-impact-metrics-traditions
• https://researchguides.uic.edu/if
• http://libguides.lb.polyu.edu.hk/journalimpact/citescore#sthash.JTR2s3rF.59jnXCw8.dpbs
• http://www.open.ac.uk/library-research-support/bibliometrics/pros-and-cons-bibliometrics
• https://www.cwts.nl/pdf/CWTS_bibliometrics.pdf
• https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/media/departmental/informationservices/pdf/intro-bibliometrics1711.pdf
• http://www.isaje.net/uploads/1/0/1/0/101072524/understanding_journal_metrics.pdf
• https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000231938

44. Thank You
?
Courtesy: OCLC