1. Unit 2:
Revolutions
We will be studying five revolutions.
1. English Civil War 1642
2. American Revolution 1776
3. French Revolution 1789
4. Russian Revolution 1917
5. Chinese Civil War 1911
Create a timeline with these revolutions.

2. General Concepts
 What is the difference between personal
identity and national identity?
 What is a revolution?

3. Unit 2.1 English Civil War
 Where is England?

4. England

5. 3 Names for This Place
England
Great Britain
United Kingdom

6. –Examine the
image on the
next slide.
–What do you
think is going on?

8. 3 stages to the English Civil War
1 English Civil War
2 Restoration
3 Glorious Revolution

9. Henry VII
Arthur Henry VIII Margaret Mary
Mary I Elizabeth I Edward VI James V
"Bloody Mary" King of
Scotland
Mary Stuart
Queen of
Scotland
James I
Charles I
Civil War
Commonwealth
Oliver Cromwell
Charles II James II
"Merry Monarch"

10. Reasons for the English Civil War
 James I disagreed with Parliament.
 What kinds of things do you think they
would disagree about?

11. Problems between the
King and Parliament
 Authority—James I believed
in divine right and absolutism;
Parliament felt king should be
limited by Parliament
 Money—James I has to ask
Parliament for money to
finance government and
life style

12. Problems between the
King and Parliament
 Religion—The church of England
was the Anglican Church. Many
English wanted all Catholic rituals
removed;
 James I arranged a marriage
of his son (Charles) to a a
Catholic princess.

13. What is Parliament?
 A group representing the citizens of a
country.
 A group that meets to discuss laws and
other public issues.

14. Reasons for the English Civil War
 Majorproblems between Parliament &
King over issues of
–Authority
–Money
–Religion

15. Vocabulary Quiz:
What is divine right?
A. King has power to rule from people.
B. King has the power to rule from Congress.
C. King has power to rule from Parliament.
D. King has power to rule from God.

16. Does it matter what religion the
King has?
 Whymight the English be afraid of the
Catholic religion?
 Whatmight happen if the next king is
Catholic?

17. Charles I Comes to Power
 James I died in 1625, & his son
Charles I became king
 Charles was ―worse‖ than
James:
–Charles believed in divine
right & absolute monarchy;
refused to discuss ideas with
Parliament—only called
Parliament when he needed money

18. Petition of Rights
 Parliament got fed up with Charles I &
refused to give him money unless
signed Petition of Rights in 1628:
–King could not jail people
without a good reason
–King could not make taxes
without Parliament's approval
–King could not keep his soldiers in
peoples’ homes & could not use army
to maintain order during peacetime

19. Civil War
 CharlesI was really mad at
Parliament & refused to call another
Parliament for 11 years.
 Conflictbetween supporters
of King (Royalists) &
Parliament grew so bad that
a civil war was inevitable

20. Henry VII
Arthur Henry VIII Margaret Mary
Mary I Elizabeth I Edward VI James V
"Bloody Mary" King of
Scotland
Mary Stuart
Queen of
Scotland
James I
Charles I
Civil War
Commonwealth
Oliver Cromwell
Charles II James II
"Merry Monarch"

21. Civil War
 War between Royalists vs
Roundheads (supporters of
Parliament) lasted for 5 years
 The leader of the Roundheads
was Oliver Cromwell.
 Roundheads won & beheaded the
king.

23. Opinion Poll:
Do you think the Charles I should
have been executed?
A. Strongly agree
B. Somewhat agree
C. Somewhat disagree
D. Strongly disagree
Why?

24. After the Civil War
 England had a government with
no king & ruled by Parliament
 Oliver Cromwell led England, but
not by democracy—
 He became a dictator!

25. After the Civil War
 Cromwell forced strict religious rules
on people of England:
 Illegal to wear makeup
 Illegal to go see sports
 ―merrymaking‖ &
―amusement‖ were illegal
 Citizenshated living this way & began
to want to bring back a king again

26. I despise
Oliver Cromwell kings and
mosquitoes!
 Died in 1660
 Suffered from Malaria

27. The Restoration (1660)
After Cromwell died, there
was no one to replace him.
This is always a challenge
for governments.
Who will rule?
How will we decide?

28. The Restoration (1660)
Restoration means to put
back in place.
England removed the
monarchy in 1649.
England restored the
monarchy in 1660.

29. Restoration
 People wanted a king again
 1660, Charles II became King
 Called the ―Merry Monarch‖
because he brought back
theatres, sporting events and
dancing
 AND he got along with
Parliament!!

30. What do you think Charles II did
to get along with Parliament?

31. Restoration Government
What Charles II did:
1.Charles II did not try to
rule by Divine Right & did
not threaten Parliament’s
authority.

32. Habeas Corpus*
2. Passed Habeas Corpus.
Everyone guaranteed a trial;
can’t be held in jail forever
*Habeas Corpus: produce the body (of
evidence)

33. No Theocracy
3. Anglicanism was official
religion, but treated other
religions equally.

34. Benefits of the Restoration
 Parliament created a
Constitutional Monarchy based on
two documents:
–the Magna Carta limited the power
of the King.
–the Petition of Right guaranteed
rights of the people

35. Problems of the Restoration:
Charles II needed more
money than Parliament was
willing to give.
He made an agreement with
Louis XIV of France to
convert to Catholicism in
exchange for money

36. Problems of the Restoration:
 Who will be the next king?
 CharlesII had no children;
when he dies, his Catholic
brother will be king.
 Whyis Parliament afraid of a
Catholic king?

37. Thisis
James II

38. Glorious Revolution
Reasons for the revolution:
 James II ignored Parliament’s religious laws,
and appointed Catholics to government
positions.
 Parliament was worried the throne would go
to James II son (another Catholic).
 Parliament encouraged William of Orange
(ruler of the Netherlands) to invade and take
over.

39. Glorious Revolution (Cont)
 James II fled to France when he
realized he had little support from
England.
 This peaceful transfer of power was
called the Glorious Revolution.
 Why was it considered peaceful?

40. William and Mary
 William and Mary swore an oath that
they would govern the people of
England.
 Parliament passed the Bill of Rights of
1689.
– This made it clear that Parliament was in
control.

41. What is a constitutional monarchy?
A. Form of government in which monarch’s
power is limited by the constitution.
B. Form of government in which monarch’s
power is unlimited by the constitution.
C. Form of government where Parliament is
in control.
D. Form of government where Parliament is
not in control.

42. What is habeas corpus?
A. People have to be tried.
B. People cannot be held in prison
w/o just cause or w/o a trial.
C. People need to be read their
Miranda rights.
D. People have to have an attorney
present at trial.

43. American
Revolution
1776

44. England and Imperialism
 England had the best Navy in the world
 England bought and sold items from
around the world
 England set up colonies to help the
English buy and sell MORE.
 The United States began as 13 English
colonies.

45. Reasons for Revolution
 The Navigation Act
of 1651
English colonies
couldn’t sell anything
to anyone other than
Britain.

46. Reasons for Revolution
 The French and Indian War
 1754 -The French want to take colonies
away from the English in North America
Indian tribes
helped fight on
both sides.

47. Who won the French
and Indian War?
Britain

48. Reasons for Revolution
Stamp Act of 1765
Colonists must pay for
the French and Indian
War‖
Everything printed
needed to pay an extra
tax to Britain.

49. Reasons for Revolution
 Tea could only be purchased from
Britain
Boston Tea
Party PROTEST

50. Enlightenment Ideas
 What are some ideas from the
Enlightenment that influenced
revolutions?
 Use your textbook page 198 to
fill in the chart.
The Idea Who came up with it?

51. Declaration of Independence
 1776 GO AWAY!!!
 The 13 English
colonies in North
America declare
their independence
from Britain.

52. Reasons for the Success of the
American Revolution
1. Americans were more motivated than
the British.
2. British generals were overconfident
and made mistakes.
3. It was more expensive for Britain to
fight overseas.
4. France helped Americans fight Britain.

53. French Revolution
1789

54. Louis XVI King of France
 X = ten
 V = five
 I = one
 X+V+1 = 16
Louis the Sixteenth

55. Louis XVI
How would
you
describe
this man?

56. French
Peasant
How would you
describe this
man?
Compare him to
Louis XVI

57. Louis XVI
 King of France
– 1774 -1791
 King of the French
– 1791 -1792
 Citizen Louis Capet
– 1793

58. Queen of France,
Marie Antoinette
 Austrian, not
French!
– Queen of France
1775- 1793

59. Estates-General

60. Estates-General
 Estates
– 1st: Clergy
– 2nd: Nobility
– 3rd: Everyone Else
• Peasants
• Workers
• Bourgeoisie

61. Estates Populations
 1st Estate
– 1% of pop.
– Most power!
 2nd Estate
– 2% of pop.
– Power
 3rd Estate
– 97% of pop.
– powerless

62. Causes of the French Revolution
 Poor economy and national debt
 Royal absolutism
 Liberté, égalité, fraternité
Liberty, equality,
brotherhood

63. Causes of the French Revolution
 Enlightenment ideals
 Food scarcity (Hunger!)
 High unemployment
 Noble privilege
 Religious intolerance
Most of all:
The failure of Louis XVI
to fix these problems

64. National Assembly

65. National Assembly
 Estates-General always favored the
clergy and nobles.
 The Third Estate proposed equal votes per
person.
 This would better represent more people.
 The proposal was denied by the King.
 The Third Estate created the National
Assembly on its own.

66. National Assembly
 Radicals
– Change a lot. More freedom for the people.
 Moderates
– Change a little. More freedom, but not too
much.
 Conservatives
– What was wrong with the monarchy? Let’s
not change things.

67. Tennis Court Oath

68. Tennis Court Oath
 Remain until constitution was written.
 signed by 577 people
 Why is it important?
 Assertion that sovereignty of the people
did not reside in the King, but in the
people themselves and their
representatives.

69. Great Fear
 Rumors
spread
 Peasants
feared nobles
 Peasants
became
outlaws

70. What is Bastille Day?

71. What is Bastille Day?
 July 14 holiday
 observed in France
 What was the Bastille?
 Why was it stormed?
 Why do we care?
 Look at page 220

72. National Assembly Reforms
A State Controlled Church
 National Assembly seizes
church lands, turns clergy into
public officials
 This action alarms many
peasants, who are devout
Catholics

73. Population Movement

74. Louis Tries to Escape
Louis XVI, worried about his
future, attempts to escape
France
Revolutionaries catch the
royal family near
Netherlands border

75. émigré
 Emigrant
– Someone who travels out of a country
 Immigrant
– Someone who travels into a country
 Émigré
– Someone who traveled out of France to
escape the French Revolution.
– Who would do this? Why?

76. sans-culotte
 Sans
– Means ―without‖
 culottes
– Means knee-length shorts
A skirt is not culottes.

77. sans-culotte
 Sans
– Means ―without‖
 culottes
– Means knee-
length shorts
These are culottes.

78. sans-culotte
 Sans-culottes
– These were the
members of the
3rd Estate

79. Divisions and Disagreement
Major problems, including
debt, food shortages
remain
National Assembly splits
into Radicals, Moderates,
Conservatives

80. Division and Disagreement
Émigrés-nobles who flee
country, want Old Regime
back in power
Sans-culottes-lower class
who want more change from
the Revolution

81. Declaration of Pillnitz 1791
Austrian and Prussians
want Louis XVI back in
Why?
charge of France
Declaration of Pillnitz, by
Austria and Prussia

82. Declaration of Pillnitz 1791
 Called on other countries to step in and
protect the monarchy of Louis XVI.
 Austria and Prussia do not want a
strong France, but they also do not want
a revolutionary fever to spread through
Europe.
 It was a threat to preserve the system
of monarchy, but NOT a declaration of
war on France.

83. Austrianand Prussians
want Louis XVI back in
charge of France
Why?

84. France felt threatened.
France declared war on
Austria and Prussia.

85. France at War
 Prussiastarts to win the war
 French mob jails Louis XVI

86. France At War continued
 Pressured by mob, Legislative
Assembly deposes the king and
then dissolves
 National Convention takes
office in September, forming
French Republic

87. France beheads Louis XVI
 1793
 No longer
king.
 Called him
just Citizen
Louis Capet

88. France still at war
 1793, Great Britain, Holland, and Spain
join Austria and Prussia in war against
France.
 Jacobins begin military draft
 Who were the Jacobins?

89. Jacobin
 member of a
radical society
 revolutionaries
that promoted
Reign of Terror

90. Jacobins
 the Jacobin
Club launched
the Reign of
Terror in 1793,
beheading
royalists and
counter-
revolutionaries
by the tens of
thousands.

91. Guillotine

92. French Republican calendar
 1793-1805
 An effort to change everything
– Work, worship
– Ten-day week
– New month names
– New years, starting from 1
– Tuesday, November 30, of year 2010 =
• Decadi, Frimaire 10, of year 219

93. French Republican calendar
 Thermidor is the new name for
a month in the summer.

94. The War Continues
 French army wins great victory
against Prussians and
Austrians
 In 1793 Britain, Spain, Holland
join forces against France
 National Convention orders
draft of 300,000 to reinforce

95. Divided Country
Notall people in France
support all changes of the
Revolution

96. Robespierre Assumes Control
 Maximilien Robespierre-Jacobin
leader rules France for a year
 Becomes leader of the
Committee for Public Safety, a
dictator
 Does this sound familiar? How?

98. Reign of Terror
 Reign of Terror-Robespierre’s
rule, which includes killing many
opponents
 Thousands die during the Terror,
including former allies
 85% of those who die during the
terror are middle or lower class

99. Reign of Terror
 1793 – 1794
 After the death
of Louis XVI
 Instead of a
democracy, it
was a war
dictatorship
 Committee of
Public Safety

100. Reign of Terror

101. Louvre Museum
•Opened 1793
•Confiscated church and royal property
•Art is now available to the people!

102. Thermidorean Reaction:
End of the Terror
 In
Thermidor (July) 1794,
Robespierre was arrested and
executed by guillotine.
The Reign of Terror results
in public opinion shifting
away from radicals

103. Execution of Maximilien Robespierre on
July 27, 1794.

104. End of the Terror continued
 Moderate leaders write new
constitution
–Moderate = middle
–a little bit of change is ok.
Moderate
Change Change
EVERYTHING! NOTHING!

105. Napoleon’s Rise to Power
1. Born in Corsica
2. Military School
3. Joins Army
4. 1795 Stunning Victories
5. 1799 Coup d’Etat
6. Napoleonic Code
7. 1804 Crowns himself emperor

106. The
Emperor
Napoleon
Bonaparte
after his
coronation.

107. Napoleon’s Fall from Power
1. Loss of St. Domingue (Haiti) (1801)
2. Loss of the Louisiana Territory (1803)
3. Continental System (1806)
4. Peninsular War (1808)
5. Invasion of Russia (1812)
6. Defeated, exiled to Elba (1814)
7. Defeated at Waterloo (1815)

108. Loss of American Territories
 In 1801, Napoleon attempts to
retake colony of Saint
Dominigue but fails
 Gives up on the Americas and
concentrates on Europe
 In 1803, Sells the Louisiana
Territory to U.S. for $15 million.

110. Conquering Europe
Britain,Russia, Austria,
Sweden join forces against
Napoleon
Napoleon crushes enemy
forces in Several brilliant
battles

111. The Battle of Trafalgar
1805, British win Battle of
Trafalgar
Napoleon to gives up plan of
invading Britain
Looks for another way to
control Britain

113. Continental System
 Napoleon blockades the British
– forced closing of ports
 Continental System used to
strengthen Europe and weaken
Britain

114. Continental System

115.  Smuggling and uncooperative
allies make this blockade fail
 Britain responds with it’s own
blockade of France, led by it’s
stronger navy

116.  America and British fight war of
1812, although they are pushed
out, no major damage done to
British

117. Peninsular War

118. Peninsular war
 Napoleon send troops across
Spain to attack Portugal,
Spanish protest
 Napoleon appoints his brother
King of Spain, angering people

119.  Spanish fight as guerrillas –
small groups that attack and
then disappear
 British aid the Spanish

120.  Napoleon loses 300,000 troops
during the Peninsular War
 Nationalist rebels fight French
all over empire

121. Invasion of Russia
 Napoleon decided to invade
Russia after relations break
down
 June 1812, Napoleon’s army
marches into Russia with
420,000 men

122. Russians use scorched earth
policy, destroying crops and
livestock
Napoleon finds Moscow
abandoned and burning

123. scorched earth policy

124. Napoleon is forced to retreat,
losing thousands of troops to
raids, cold weather

125. Downfall
 Britain,Prussia, Sweden,
Russia, and Austria join forces
against Napoleon
 Napoleon raises another army,
but meets quick defeat by allied
powers

126.  Napoleon finally surrenders and
is exiled to the Island of Elba

127. Last Try
 Louis XVIII , the new king is
quickly overthrown and
Napoleon returns from exile
 Waterloo – British and Prussian
forces defeat Napoleons new
army

128. Waterloo

129.  This
defeat ends the Hundred
Days
–Napoleon’s last attempt at power
 He is exiled to an island again.

130. He is
exiled
to the
island of
St. Helena.
Why didn’t he escape again?

131. Spain

132. Portugal

133. Russia

134. Congress of Vienna
 After
exiling Napoleon,
European leaders at the
Congress of Vienna try to
restore order and reestablish
peace

135. Congress of Vienna
 Congress of Vienna – series
of meeting that reshape
Europe
 Klemens von Metternich –
foreign minister of Austria,
influential at Congress

136. Klemens Von Metternich
 Balanceof Power – a chief
Metternich goal, with no one
country a threat
Klemens Von Metternich
Trying to balance power in
Europe so no more war.
#CongressofVienna

137. Congress of Vienna
 Congress of Vienna succeeds
in uniting European powers
 Fair deals are worked out so
more war does not break out
 European nations agree to
preserve peace and a
peaceful time of 40 years
follows

138. Conservative Europe
 Holy Alliance – Russia,
Prussia, Austria pledge to
fight revolution
 Concert of Europe –
European nations pledge to
to help fight revolutions

139.  Conservativegovernments
rule across Europe, but new
ideas have impact

140. Revolutions in Russia

141. Russian Revolutions, 1900–
1939
Time Line
1905 Bloody Sunday: 1917 Russian 1918 Russian 1929 Stalin
Russian workers protest, workers riot in civil war begins becomes dictator
asking for better conditions. March Revolution of Soviet Union.
1900 1939
1917 Russian 1937 Stalin’s
Bolsheviks rebel in Great Purge
October killed millions
Revolution

142. HOME
1 Revolutions in Russia
Key Idea
Achievements of the Russian
Revolutions of 1917
•End to Tsarist rule
•First communist government
•Lenin takes power
•Major reforms

143. 1 Revolutions in Russia
TERMS & NAMES
Quick Vocabulary Kulaks
Write a quick description of these words. Use
Karl Marx
your textbook, use your phone, ask your Proletariat
neighbor. Bolsheviks
Totalitarian
Great Purge
Joseph Stalin
Vladimir Lenin
Communist Party
Command economy

144. Russian Revolutions
Russia revolted against
several things.
What Russia revolted against.
a. Revolt against Tsar
b. Revolt against Bolsheviks
c. Revolt against capitalism

145. Russian Revolutions
Revolt against the Tsar
Your goal:
Understand what led Russian citizens to revolution.

146. Revolt against the Tsar
1881 Alexander III
•Strict censorship, including private
letters
•Teachers report on students
•Prisoners went to gulags in Siberia
•Only Russian culture and language
allowed

147. Nicholas II continues
autocracy

148. This is how the Tsar ruled!
This isn’t
fair!

149. What the tsar was doing:
 War with Japan
 Keeping all power to himself
 World War I
 Corruption in government

150. Lenin
Vladimir Lenin was
bringing the
Socialist revolution
to Russia.

151. Socialism was coming.
 The idea of socialism meant that
workers would rule the country.
 Workers would have equal benefit from
their labor.

152. Lenin leads Bolsheviks
 Revolutionary group protesting tsar
 Lenin is almost arrested, so he left the
country.
 Then he waited.

153. World War I
(1914-1919)
 Germany WANTS revolution in Russia
to weaken Russia, so they put Lenin on
a train into Russia.
 Germany WANTS Lenin to take Russia
out of World War I, so they don’t have to
fight Russia anymore.

154. Tsar Nicholas II steps down.
 Provisional government fails
 Lenin and Bolsheviks set up another
government.
– Divide all land equally
– Stop war with Germany
– Give factories to the workers
Sounds good doesn’t it?

155. Russian Revolutions
Revolt against the Bolsheviks
Your goal:
Understand why the transfer of power was unsuccessful.

156. Bolsheviks in Power
– No more Tsar
– Everyone gets some land
– No more war with Germany
– All workers own part of their factory
 Not everyone agrees with them.
 Who might disagree with these changes?

157. Russian Civil War
(1918-1920)
 Red Army
– Bolsheviks
– Lenin

158. Russian Civil War
(1918-1920)
 White Army
– Multiple white armies
– Anyone anti-Lenin
– Disorganized
– US and Europe
helped them.

159. Russian Civil War
(1918-1920)
 14 million people die
 Causes of death
– Battle
– Famine
– Influenza (worldwide)
 Red Army wins
– Bolsheviks stay in power

160. Russian Revolutions
Revolt against capitalism
Your goal:
Understand why capitalism was opposed in Russia.

161. Capitalism
CREATES
social
classes
based on
wealth.

162. Lenin hates capitalism.
 If people are going to be truly equal, the
gov’t needs to make sure no one gets
rich and no one gets poor.
 Lenin wants a socialist society
 Lenin wants a state-controlled economy

163. This is not what Karl Marx wanted.
The WORKERS
were supposed to Angry
be in charge. face
What’s this
Communist Party
doing running
everything?

164. Totalitarianism
Joseph Stalin and State Control
Your goal:
Understand what a totalitarian government is.

165. Collective Farming

166. Totalitarianism
 State controls everything
– What you see
– What you hear
– What you think
– What you say
– What you buy
– What you sell

167. Totalitarianism

168. Josef Stalin wants
change for Russia.
 Waiting for everyone to
agree takes too long
 Russia is already too far
behind the West
 It will be quicker if
everyone just does what
Stalin says.

169. How is Russia behind?
I want Russia to
The West has have that!
 Colonies
 Factories
 Cars
 Trains
 Modern weapons

170. First Step
 Everyone must start sharing property.
 This is called Collectivization.
– (collecting farms together)

171. More Collective Farming

172. Command Economy
 Government will control all economic
decisions.
– What to make
– When to make it
– How much money to sell it for
– How much money to buy it for
– How to make it

173. This will take some work.
 Russia had about 200 years of
civilization to catch up with.
– Still Feudalism!
 Stalin REALLY wants to make Russia a
superpower. (and quickly)
 How is this Nationalism?

174. Five-Year Plans
(1928-1937)
 Stalin creates 5-Year Plans with VERY
high goals for improvements in Russia.
– Industry
– Power

175. Why did coal production see the
biggest growth?

176. Human Cost
 The human cost of rapid
industrialization.
– Great Purge (anyone who disagreed)
– Self-sacrifice by everyone
• Less food
• Less clothing
• Less housing

177. Collective Farming Posters

178. More Collective Farming Art
Posters celebrated
Russia’s new
progress
Posters encouraged
Russians to join in.

179. five years plan

180. five year plan

181. 5E Five Year Plan

182. Rodchenko
 Constructivist Art

183. Russian Propaganda Art

184. Young Communists

185. Communist

186. Hammer and Sickle

187. Kulaks were
Kulak Ukranians who
had already
done well but
now stood to
lose their gains.
Would you give
up your property
to help your
country?

188. Stalin killed Kulaks
 Kulaks did not want to give up their
property to the collectives.
– Attacked officials
– Destroyed their property
 Stalin decided to eliminate the Kulaks
– Took all property
– Killed or imprisoned them
– 6 million people died

189. Great Purge
 Stalin killed 20 million of his own
people.
 This was how he used fear to maintain
power.