Discover how free radicals harm your body and eventually kills you off over time.

1. 氧自由基概論
(Introduction to Oxygen Radicals )
呂鋒洲
Fung-Jou Lu
中山醫學大學應化系1及醫學研究所2
1.Department of Applied Chemistry,Chung Shan Medical Unuversity.
2.Institure of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical Unuversity.
Research field in free radicals
自由基的研究領域自由基的研究領域
1.Redox Chemistry and Antioxidants
氧化還原化學與抗氧劑
2.Radiation Exposed systems
暴露於輻射線系統
3.NO and related Radicals
一氧化氮及相關的自由基
4.DNA Damage and Repair
DNA損害及修護
5.Oxidized Lipoproteins
氧化的脂蛋白
6.Lipid Peroxidation
脂質過氧化作用
7.Membrane Damage7.Membrane Damage
細胞膜損害
8.Gene Expression and Oxidative
Damage
基因表達和氧化損害
9.Free Radicals and Prostaglandins
自由基和前列腺素
10.Oxidant and Antioxidant
Reactions in Plants,Food,
Cosmetics etc.
氧化劑和抗氧化劑在食物，植物
及化粧品中的反應
11.Antioxidant Defenses
抗氧化劑防禦系統
12.Inflammation
發炎
13.Ischemia-Reperfusion
缺血再灌血
14.Free Radicals in Cancerogensis
自由基與癌症之形成

2. 15.Reactive Species in Metabolic
Disorders
活性氧與代謝尞亂
16.Free Radicals in Medicine
(Lung Kideny Nervous System
16.Free Radicals in Medicine
(Lung, Kideny, Nervous System,
Muscle, Liver, Eye, skin, Red
Cells, Heart)
自由基與醫學
Discoveries of Oxygen
1.Joseph Priestley (1733-1804),
an English clergyman and chemist
牧師牧師
2.Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794),
a French chemist.
ANTOINE LAOISIER (1743-
94)1.Certain chemicals gained weight when
they burned.
2.He learned that Priestlry had discovered a
GAS that seemed to help things burn.GAS that seemed to help things burn.
3.He himself did some experiments and
named the gas“oxygen”.
4.He showed that body uses inhaled
“oxygen”to metabolized food.
JOSPH PRIESTLEY (1733-1804)
1.In 1774, he obtained a pure sample of gas
by, heating mercuric oxide using the sun’s
rays through a lens.
2.He called the gas“dephogisticated air
(缺乏燃素之空氣)”：(缺乏燃素之空氣)”：
(1)Things burned more brightly in the “air”
(2) When he breathed some of the“air” ,
his breath felt light and easy.
(3)No color, odor, or taste.
Characteristics of the oxygen
molecule (dioxygen)molecule (dioxygen)
1.Burning quickly (exploding)
2.Radiating light and heat.
3.High oxidizing potential (+0.81 V )
4.Producing energy (113.5 Kcal per
mole of oxygen)

3. 5.Life is substained by capturning
this energy as ATP (adenosine
triphosphate)
Problems of Dioxygen
1.low solubility in water:
3.1 % (v/v) at 20 ℃
2.Toxic intermediates.
Fig. Bonding in The Diatomic Oxygen Moleule
Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS)
andand
Free Radicals(FR)
FREE RAIDCALS(FR)
Any atom or molecule that has one
or more unpaired electrons:
O •
• OH
LOO •
LO •
CCl 3
•
NO •
O •
2
ROS:Reactive Oxygen Species
ROI: Reactive Oxygen Intermediates
1O2
• OH H O
O •
2
• OH H2O2
LOO •
LO •
NO •

4. REACTIVE OXYGEN
SPECIES(ROS)
1.superoxide： O •
2
2.hydrogen peroxide： H2O2
3.hydroxyl radicals ： • OH
4.singlet oxygen：1O2
In a broder sense:
1.peroxide
2.hydroperoxide
3.epoxide metabolites of
endogenous lipidendogenous lipid
4.xenobiotics which have
chemically reactive oxygen-
containing functional group.
It is hardly possible to separate the
biological processes evoked by
ROS or RF: ROS-RF
Figure 4 The relation between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals.
LOO • lipid peroxyl radical; LO • , lipid alkoxyl radical.

5. Figure. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) – hydrogen peroxide-halide bactericidal
activity of neutrophils NADP+ and HADPH : oxidized and reduced forms of
nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
SINGLET OXYGEN: 1O2SINGLET OXYGEN: O2
1O2 + 1O2 2 3O2 + hv (480, 520, 580, 635 nm)
Fig. Lipid peroxidation produced singlet oxygen and ultra-weak
chemiluminescence
肌纖維膜 肌漿網 肌原纖維肌漿網
Fig. Myocardial Injury Induced by singlet oxygen

6. LIPID PEROXIDATION
A radical chain peroxidation of
polyunsaturated fatty acids
including free or esterified
unsaturated fatty acids.unsaturated fatty acids.
( phospholipids in cell membranes )

7. LIPID HYDROPEROXIDES
PEROXYNITRITE ANION
(ONOO - )
O •
2 + NO ．．．． ONOO -
Toxicity of peroxynitrite anion:
PARS: Poly-ADP-Ribosyltransferase

8. SOURCE OF ROS-IN HUMANSSOURCE OF ROS-IN HUMANS
1.Ionizing radiation :
(1)Direct or target effect:
direct hits on target atoms or molecules,
such as proteins,lipids or DNA , producting
organic radicals.organic radicals.
(2) Indirect effect:
radiolysis of cellular water, with the
formation of ROS-FR Injuring and killing
cells: mutation,cancers.
Injuring and killing cells: mutation, cancers
2.Cigarette smokes
3.Air pollutant ( eg. NOx)
4.Many pigmented conditions
5.Exposure to light :
singlet oxygen foramtion
6.some drug : tetracycline
7.Some constituents of cosmetics:
cause damage to the skin by UV irradiation
8.Leakages of electrons of the cellular
electron transport chains, such as those of :
(1) Mitochondria(1) Mitochondria
(2) NADPH-cytochrome-P-450 reductase/
cytochrome P-450 system involved in
drug and the processes of oxygenase
action and others.
9.Ischemia /reperfusion injury:
缺血再灌血傷害
(1)xanthine /xanthine oxidase:
a leading candidate, particularlya leading candidate, particularly
in the intestine
(2) neutrophils :activated or trapped
in the microvasculature site
10.Activated neutrophil,
monocytes 單核白血球
macrophages 巨噬細胞
eosinophils 嗜曙紅細胞
11.transition metals: iron and copper

9. THE MOST IMPORTANT
SOURCES OF ROS-FR INSOURCES OF ROS-FR IN
HUMAN :
1. those from cigarette smoke,
2. those produced by neutrophils at
the inflammation sitethe inflammation site
3. those produced and amplied by
transition metals.
FREE RADICAL DAMAGE TO MEMBRANES
PROTECTION AGAINST
ROS-FR INJURY

10. Figure 3. Micronutrient interactions in the antioxidant defense system.
FREE RADICALS AND
DISEASESDISEASES
1.ATHEROSCLEROSIS 動脈硬化動脈硬化動脈硬化動脈硬化
2.CHRONIC INFLAMMATION 慢性發炎慢性發炎慢性發炎慢性發炎
3.AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
自體免疫疾病自體免疫疾病自體免疫疾病自體免疫疾病
3.AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
自體免疫疾病自體免疫疾病自體免疫疾病自體免疫疾病
4.ISCHEMIA/REOXYGENATION
INJURY 缺血缺血缺血缺血////再灌血引起傷害再灌血引起傷害再灌血引起傷害再灌血引起傷害
5.LUNG DAMAGE AND THE ADULT
RESPIRATORY SYNDROME
肺損害和成人呼吸症候群肺損害和成人呼吸症候群肺損害和成人呼吸症候群肺損害和成人呼吸症候群
6.EXERCISE-INDUCED OXIDANT
DAMAE 運動誘導的傷害運動誘導的傷害運動誘導的傷害運動誘導的傷害DAMAE 運動誘導的傷害運動誘導的傷害運動誘導的傷害運動誘導的傷害
7.AGEING 老化老化老化老化
8.CANCER 癌症癌症癌症癌症
9.RADIATION DISEASE
放射線照射疾病放射線照射疾病放射線照射疾病放射線照射疾病
10.MYOCADIAL INFRACTION
心肌梗塞心肌梗塞心肌梗塞心肌梗塞心肌梗塞心肌梗塞心肌梗塞心肌梗塞
11.CATARACT 白內障白內障白內障白內障
12.DIABETS MELLITUS 糖尿病糖尿病糖尿病糖尿病
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
動脈硬化動脈硬化動脈硬化動脈硬化

11. (New Eng J Med 320 , 915-924 , 1989.)
ISCHEMIAAND REPERFUSION INJURY
缺血再灌血引起的傷害缺血再灌血引起的傷害缺血再灌血引起的傷害缺血再灌血引起的傷害缺血再灌血引起的傷害缺血再灌血引起的傷害缺血再灌血引起的傷害缺血再灌血引起的傷害
Reperfusion Injury in the Intestines
Xanthine oxidase-based generation of
superoxide is the initial trigger ofsuperoxide is the initial trigger of
reperfusion injury.
Endothelial Cell Trigger Mechanism
Fig.1 Xanthine oxidase may serve as the initial source of free radical
generation in postischaemic reperfusion injury.
Fig.1 Free radical-mediated reperfusion injury appears to start at
the microvascular level, at the interface of the endothelium with
the bloodstream.

12. Free radical-mediated reperfusion injury
has also been found to be important in a
number of other organs including :
stomach
Reperfusion Injury in other organs
stomach
liver
heart
kidney
central nervous system
DIABETES MELLITUS
糖尿病糖尿病糖尿病糖尿病
Glycation of Protein as a source of superoxide
A role for oxygen radicals as second
massagers
Ralf Schreck and Patrick A. BaeuerleRalf Schreck and Patrick A. Baeuerle
Trend in Biology 1, 39-42,1991
FREE RADICAL : second
messengers and mediators ofmessengers and mediators of
tissue destruction
CRITERION FOR A SECOND MESSENGER
1.increased by an extracellular ligands
2.an intracellular signaling reaction

13. Fig 9. signal transduction pathway for NF- κB activation.
J Immuno. 153,5008,1994
烏腳病病人血清脂質過氧化物
呂鋒洲 呂靜儀
台灣醫誌 1987;86:76-80
自由基與各種疾病自由基與各種疾病自由基與各種疾病自由基與各種疾病自由基與各種疾病自由基與各種疾病自由基與各種疾病自由基與各種疾病
台北市立仁愛醫院醫師 施益民
台大醫學院生化所教授 呂鋒洲
當代醫學 第十六卷 第五期 54 中華民國七十八年五月
2003
Active Hydrogen
2007

14. 1995
ELECTROLYZED-REDUCED WATER SCAVENGES SUPEROXIDE
ANION RADICALS IN THE WHOLE BLOOD OF PATIENTS WITH
ACUTE PANCREATITIS
Fung-Jou Lu1, Tien-Shang Huang2 , Rung-Jiun Gan1 , Ruey-Shiung Lin4 , Min-Ling
Liao3 , Shinkatsu Morisawa3 , Kazumichi Otsubo3Liao , Shinkatsu Morisawa , Kazumichi Otsubo
1Department of Biochemistry , 2Department of Medicine , College of Medicine ,
National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan , Republic of china , 3Nihon Trim
Co. ,Ltd.,Japan 4institute of Public Health , College of Public Health , NTU.
1997
2009

15. Mechanism
O •
2 ＋ e- ＋ 2 H＋
H2O2
H2O2＋ e- • OH ＋ OH-H2O2＋ e OH ＋ OH
OH-＋ e- ＋ H＋
H2O
H＋ ＋ H-
H2
2•OH ＋＋＋＋ H2 2 H2O
活性氧與活性氫
(Active Oxygen and Active Hydrogen)(Active Oxygen and Active Hydrogen)
O2＋ 2 H2 2 H2O
(活性氧) (活性氫)
O •
2
H2 (氫分子)
• OH
H2O2 H＋ (正氫離子)
H- (負氫離子)
H2 H＋ ＋ H-
H-
H0＋ e •
H0 H＋＋ e •
正氫離子 負氫離子氫原子
＋
質子 質子
＋
質子
(電子)(電子)
電子
質子
H＋ H0
H-
質子
(1個質子) (1個質子+1個電子) (1個質子+2個電子)
(電子) (電子)
H-(1)
(2
)
H＋ ＋ 2e－
O •
2
O2
e－
e－ ＋2H＋
H2O2
e－ ＋2H＋
2 H2O
e－ ＋ H＋
2 H2O
2 •OH
e－ ＋ H＋
H2

16. e－ : J.L. Oschman (2007)
H＋ : S. Shirahata (1997)
H- : Patrick Flanagan (2002)
H2 : I.Ohsawa (2007)
回歸自然回歸自然回歸自然回歸自然
2 H2OO2 ＋ 2H2
The EndThe End
Hydrogen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by
selectively reducing cytotoxic oxygen radicals
Nature medicine 13: 688-694, 2007
94
H H
O
H H
2 H2+ O2 2
H2O
CuO
Molecular hydrogen (H2) is a colorless, odorless,
nonmetallic, tasteless, highly flammable diatomic gas
which is mainly used in fossil fuel processing and
ammonia production.
95
O O
H H
O
H H
Zn+ H2SO4 -> ZnSO4 + H2
Zn
CuSO
4
CuO + H2 -> Cu + H2O
Production of free radicals
Arachidonic acidO2
Xanthine/hypoxanthi
neO2
mitochondrial
respiratory chain O2COX,
LOX
NADPH
NADP+,H+
H2O, O2
XO
NADPH oxidase
SOD Fenton reaction
12
3
4
96
.O2
- H2O2
.OHO2 H2O
L-Arginine
NOS
SOD Fenton reaction
H+, e_
HOCl
H+, Cl-
MP
O H2O
2H2OH2OONOO-
H2O
2
NO-
CAT
O2
2GSH
GSSH
GPx
GR
.O2
-,2H+ O2 Fe2+, e_ Fe
+

17. ROS
.O2
- H2O2.OH .NO-
Strong oxidant species
Low conc. High conc. Neurotransmitter
dilation of blood vessels
react with
nucleic acids,
lipids and
proteins.
regulatory
signaling
molecules
signal transduction cascades regulate biological processes
apoptosis, cell proliferation and differentiation
myeloperoxidase
hypochlorous acid
dilation of blood vessels
97
Oxidative stress
antimycinA
menadione
1.In cell culture
2.In cell-free system
assay
ROS detection
Oxidative marker
Mitochondria function
Cell viability
Spin-trapping
Experiment Design
Fenton reaction
98
2.In cell-free system
4.In rat model Brain ischemia/reperfusion
3.Primary culture
Spin-trapping
oxygen glucose deprivation
Fenton reaction
Chemical reaction
H2 detection
Infarct size
Behavior
Oxidative marker
ROS detection
ROS detection
Cell viability
0.4M Pa
O2
0.4M Pa
H2
0.4M Pa
CO2
5%CO2
1%FBS
75%H2, 20%O2, 5%CO2
2hrs
DMEM
dilu medium
Mixed gas medium
(vol, vol, vol)
1%FBS
99
H2 or O2 electrode
closed culture flask
fill with mix gas
PC12 cell
medium with or without H2
Antimycin A
mitoSOX
(. O2 -indicator)
H DCF
H2 selectively reduces .OH in cultured cells
1.In cell culture Antimycin A ROS detection
Antimycin A
( mitochondrial respiratory
complex III inhibitor)
30min
H2DCF
(H2O2 indicator)
fluorescence probe
Mito SOX
H2DCF
DAF-2DA
HPF
DAF-2 DA
(NO. indicator)
100
H2 dissolved in culture medium reduces .OH in cultured cells.
HH22 selectively reducesselectively reduces ..OH in cultured cellsOH in cultured cells
1.In cell culture Antimycin A ROS detection
HPF(2-[6-(4,-hydroxy)phenoxy-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl] benzoate): OH
.
indicator
101
2-deoxy-D-glucose
Pyruvate
(glycolysis inhibitor)
H2 prevented the decline of the
mitochondrial membrane potential
H2 prevented a decrease in the cellular
levels of ATP synthesized in mitochondria.
H2 selectively reduces .OH in cultured cells
1.In cell culture Antimycin A Mitochondria function
TMRM: dependent of the mitochondrial membrane potential
MitoTracker Green: independent of the mitochondrial membrane potential
(glycolysis inhibitor)
30min
Antimycin A
ATP assay
102

18. H2 protect nuclear DNA from oxidation,
as shown by decreased levels of
oxidized guanine (8-OH-G)
H2 decreased levels of HNE,an end-
product of lipid peroxides, indicating that
it protected lipids from peroxidation.
HH22 dissolved in medium protects cultured cells againstdissolved in medium protects cultured cells against
..
OHOH
1.In cell culture Antimycin A Oxidative marker
HNE: 4-hydroxyl-2-nonenalAntimycin A (24h) Immunostaining 103
H2 dissolved in medium protected cells from death in a dose-dependent manner
HH22 dissolved in medium protects cultured cells against OHdissolved in medium protects cultured cells against OH
1.In cell culture Antimycin A Cell viability
104
H2O2
.OH
Fenton reaction
Cu2+ Cu+
Vit C
PC12 cells were exposed to intracellular OH produced by the Fenton reaction.
HH22 dissolved in medium protects cultured cells againstdissolved in medium protects cultured cells against
..
OHOH
1.In cell culture Fenton reaction Cell viability
105
DMPO-OH
1.In cell culture
Fenton reaction
Antimycin A
Spin-trapping
Spin-trapping identifies a free radical that is reduced
by H2
electron spin resonance (ESR) signals
Spin-trapping reagent: 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO)
antimycin A: DMPO-OH and DMPO-H; porphyrins: DMPO-H
106
Levels of ROS and RNS remaining after incubation with 0.6 mM of H2 at 23 ℃.
HH22 selectively reducesselectively reduces
..
OH and ONOOOH and ONOO––
in cellin cell--free systemsfree systems
2. Cell-free system Chemical reaction ROS detection
Stock solution Stock solutionxanthine-xanthine
oxidase reaction
The spontaneous
reaction of NOC7
107
Fenton reaction
Neocortical cell
under N2 or H2
OGD
Ten min after reperfusion, cells were stained with HPF
H2 protects neurons from in vitro ischemia and
reperfusion
3.Primary culture
oxygen glucose
deprivation
ROS detection
OGD
(oxygen glucose deprivation)
60min
Reperfusion with medium
(O2, glucose)
Mock: medium containing glucose and oxygen
10min
ROS assay
10min
O
G
D
108

19. OGD
24h
Neocortical cell
under N2 or H2
OGD
H2 protects neurons from in vitro ischemia and
reperfusion
3.Primary culture
oxygen glucose
deprivation
Cell viability
TUJ-1 (green): neuron-specific
Ab
PI (red)
24h
Mock: medium containing glucose and oxygen
OGD OGD
109
OGD
(oxygen glucose deprivation)
60min
Reperfusion with medium
(O2, glucose)
24h
assay
1hr
Anesthetize (halothane & mixture
of
N2O and O2 (70%:30%, vol/vol))
Arterial (A) and venous (V) blood were
collected, and the amount of H2 was
examined by gas chromatography.
Inhalation of H2 gas protects brain injury by reperfusion
4.In rat model Ischemia/reprofussion H2 detection
H2: O2: N2O
(vol/vol/vol)
0%: 30%: 70%
2%: 30%: 68%
4%: 30%: 66%
middle cerebral artery (MCA)
occlusion 90min
N2O and O2 (70%:30%, vol/vol))
monitor physiological parameters
maintain temperature
reperfusion 30min
1h
110
The amount of H2 dissolved in venous
blood was less than that in artery blood,
suggesting that H2 had been incorporated
into tissues.
One day after MCA occlusion, the forebrain was sliced into six coronal sequential
sections and stained with the mitochondrial respiratory substrate TTC(2,3,5-
triphenyltetrazolium chloride).
IInhalation of Hnhalation of H22 gas protectgas protectss brain injury by reperfusionbrain injury by reperfusion
4.In rat model Ischemia/reprofussion Infarct size
Edaravone: treatment of cerebral infarction in Japan
FK506: clinical trials for cerebral infarction in the United States
1day
111
Inhalation of H2 gas improved brain injury after 1 week.
Inhalation of H2 suppresses the progression of damage
4.In rat model Ischemia/reprofussion Infarct size
Stain: hematoxylin and eosin (HE)
112
Inhalation of H2 gas improved brain injury after 1
week.
Inhalation of H2 suppresses the progression of damage
4.In rat model Ischemia/reprofussion Physiology
H2
H2
H2
0: no neurological deficit
1: failure to fully extend the right forepaw
2: circling to the right
3: falling to the right
4: unable to walk spontaneously
5:dead 113
H2
(DNA oxidation) (lipid oxidation)
Inhalation of H2 suppresses the progression of damage
4.In rat model Ischemia/reprofussion Oxidative marker
114
Iba1 (a microglial marker) GFAP(astrocytes marker)
H2-teratment decreased the acculation of microglia and astrocytes, indicative of
inflammation and remodeling

20. Conclusion
This study suggests that H2
protects cells and tissue
against strong oxidative
stress by scavenging .
OH.
115Wood, K.C., and Gladwin, M.T., Nat Med 2007;13, 673-
674
stress by scavenging .
OH.
Academic influence of this paper
60
?!
20
18
1. The study by Ohsawa et al. (Nat Med 2007; 13, 688-694) , is very important in showing of
relieving the oxidative damage.
2. It attracted attention quickly and widely, and had been cited more than 60 times until
now.
3. The idea that H2 is a therapeutic molecule has also been proved by other groups in other
models.
4. The effect of molecular hydrogen as a therapeutic gas has been extensively studied.
116
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20
40
60
2007 2008 2009 2010
3
6
24
0
10
Japan USA China
5
10
0
10
20
Hydrogen
gas
Hydroge
n water
Hydroge
n saline
14 12
7
Thanks for your attentionThanks for your attention
117
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2009;1256:129-37.
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cancer drug cisplatin without compromising anti-tumor activity in mice.Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009; 64(4):753-61.
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Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats Free Radical Res.2009; 43(5):478-84.
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Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2009; 381(4):602-5.
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against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats Exp Biol Med.2009; in press
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on the contractile and structural changes of intestine induced by ischemia-reperfusion in rats. J Surg Res.2009; in press pdf
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radiation syndrome. Medical Hypotheses.2010;74(1): 146-146
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radiation syndrome. Medical Hypotheses.2010;74(1): 146-146
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;54(8):1725-9.
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Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2009
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carrageenan induced paw oedema. Inflammation Res.2009 in press
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Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009; 389(4):651-656
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the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease. PLoS ONE. 2009; 4(9): e7247.
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Release. Shock 2009
31. Qian LR et al. Radioprotective effect of hydrogen in cultured cells and mice. Free Radical Res. 2009
32. Cardinal JS, Zhan J, Wang Y, Sugimoto R, Tsung A, McCurry KR, Billiar TR, Nakao Oral hydrogen water prevents chronic
allograft nephropathy in rats. Kidney Int. 2009 Nov 11.
33. Y. Saitoh, Y. Yoshimura, K. Nakano, N. Miwa. Platinum nanocolloid-supplemented hydrogendissolved water inhibits growth of
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matrix
Inner-
mambran
e
Intermambrane
space
Antimycin
A
Menadion
eE
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ROS reduction Lipid oxidation, protein denature , DNA
damage
CAT
Ohta. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi.
2008;45(4):355-62

21. Advantages
1. H2 will react with only the strongest oxidants. (have no serious
unwanted side effects)
2. H2 is mild enough not to disturb metabolic oxidation reduction
reactions or to disrupt ROS involved in cell signaling unlike some
antioxidant supplements with strong reductive reactivity.
(Bjelakovic, G.et al., 2007)
3. H2 can successfully reach target organelles. (James, A.M. et al.,
2005)
4. H2 can penetrate biomembranes and diffuse into the cytosol,
mitochondria and nucleus.
5. Its ability to protect nuclear DNA and mitochondria suggests that it
could reduce the risk of life style related diseases and cancer. 121
• Acute oxidative stress may be caused by several
factors, including inflammation, intense exercise,
cardiac infarction, cessation of blood flow and organ
transplantation.
• Treatment: H2 dissolved in saline could easily be
delivered intravascularly.
• Prevention: H2 saturated in water could be
administered.
122
123
Cardinal JS, Zhan J, Wang Y, Sugimoto R, Tsung A, McCurry KR, Billiar TR, Nakao
Oral hydrogen water prevents chronic allograft nephropathy in rats. Kidney Int. 2009
Nov 11.
Itoh T, et al. Molecular hydrogen suppresses FcεRI-mediated signal transduction and
prevents degranulation of mast cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009; 389(4):651-
656 124
Ohta S.Hydrogen gas and hydrogen water act as a therapeutic and preventive antioxidant with a novel concept. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi.
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