The Turkana area of Kenya, one of the poorest in Africa, is undergoing major changes, primarily linked to the discovery of oil in the region. These maps start to uncover some of the potential impacts of these changes on people and the environment.

1. SEPTEMBER 2015
FLORENCE LANDSBERG, GAIA LARSEN
INFRASTRUCTURE AND
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
IN TURKANA, KENYA

2. Turkana
Turkana county is a highly impoverished
area in northern Kenya.
In recent years, oil exploration in the
region has resulted in discoveries of
commercially viable amounts of oil. The
discoveries were made primarily by
Tullow Oil, in partnership with Africa Oil.
Turkana will likely soon be host to several
infrastructure developments, including
an oil pipeline to the coast.

3. Ecosystem services
People in Turkana county depend on ecosystems for many
aspects of their well-being such as food, water, construction
material, sense of identity.
A first step in managing potential impacts of oil
development on ecosystem services in Turkana is
understanding what these impacts may look like.
Maps can show where oil development and other key
developments will overlap with ecosystems important to
the well-being of people in Turkana.

4. Maps
These slides present six maps of the
Turkana area. The maps provide an
overview of some of the potential
conflicts between infrastructure
developments and ecosystem services in
Turkana. See slides 16-17 For data
sources.
The slides also provide a list of
information not currently available.
Collection and mapping of this
information could improve planning for
the region.

5. Map 1: Oil-related infrastructure in Turkana
This map shows the location of current oil
infrastructure, as well as the planned Lamu Port
South Sudan Ethiopia Transport (LAPSSET)
corridor. The various infrastructure
developments are likely to have a cumulative
impact on ecosystem services in the region.

6. Map 2: Population density and infrastructure development in Turkana
This map shows where the population is
distributed in the Turkana region and the
relationship of population hubs to current oil
infrastructure and the planned LAPSSET
corridor.
Note that the population data is from prior to
the oil developments, which may have
impacted the distribution of populations.
Many people in Turkana are pastoralists. It is
therefore important to depict population
distribution during both dry and wet seasons.

7. • Updated population data and population trends
• Population data disaggregated by ethnic group,
source of livelihood (pastoral, agricultural, other)
• Population data disaggregated by dry and wet season
MAP 2: INFORMATION NEEDED

8. Map 3: Livestock distribution and infrastructure development in Turkana
This map shows where the livestock is
distributed in relation to current oil
infrastructure and the planned LAPSSET
corridor.

9. MAP 3: INFORMATION NEEDED
•Map of livestock density by months into the dry
and wet season
•Differentiation among types of livestock and their
relative need for land and water

10. Map 4: Range condition and infrastructure development in Turkana
This map shows quality of pasture areas and
their relation to current oil infrastructure and
the planned LAPSSET corridor.
Access to pasture may be directly affected by
infrastructure development and related land-
use changes.

11. •Details of pasture use within the oil block: who is
using which pasture when?
•Details on pasture condition and carrying capacity
within oil blocks
•Details on options for alternative pasture respecting 1)
carrying capacity to ensure sustainability and 2)
current users to avoid conflicts
•Identification of opportunities for improving pasture
condition and management
MAP 4: INFORMATION NEEDED

12. Map 5: Water sources and infrastructure development in Turkana
This map shows water points and their relation
to oil infrastructure and the planned LAPSSET
corridor. Water is a very scarce commodity in
Turkana, and so any negative impact on water
access might increase the burden on families
and exacerbate create tensions between water
users.

13. • Detailed, updated mapping of water points, the
extent to which they are used, and their quality
• Mapping of groundwater resources to understand
which water wells could be affected by water
pollution and/or abstraction (for oil, increased
agricultural activity (in Ethiopia and Kenya), and
domestic use)
• Mapping of water users (pastoralists, settlements,
and irrigation)
MAP 5: INFORMATION NEEDED

14. Map 6: Seasonal migration and infrastructure development in Turkana
This map shows seasonal movements of
pastoralists between dry and wet season
pastures. Impact on their mobility could affect
the daily life and sense of identity of
pastoralists. Pasture being a scarce commodity,
it can also be a source of tensions between
pastoralist users.

15. • Maps of migration routes by tribe (or any
other characteristic that might be a proxy for
conflict)
• Mapping of alternative migration routes in
consultation with various groups
MAP 6: INFORMATION NEEDED

16. Data SourcesMAP 1:
• Tullow drilled wells as of February 2015: Tullow Oil 2015
• Tullow License Blocks: Tullow Oil 2015
• Tullow base camps: Tullow Kenya BV
• Tullow seismic camps (temporary): Tullow Kenya BV
• Tullow water boreholes as of end of 2014: Tullow Oil 2015
• Towns & Centres, and Roads and tracks: GoK and UNICEF 2006. Water, Schools And Health Management Information System (Mis) For Turkana District
Final Report Volume One: Main Report
• LAPSSET proposed airport, resort city, subcorridor pathway, proposed railroad and highway pathway, and growth areas: Digitalized from Japan Port
Consultants Ltd. October 2010 "Sustainable Resort Cities - LAPSSET transport corridor development project".
• Lake Turkana: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. 2000. Africover Multipurpose Land Cover Databases for Kenya. Rome: FAO.
Online at www.africover.org
• DEM: SRTM 2004
• Hillshade: Derived from SRTM Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 90 m published in 2004
Map 2:
• Average livestock density, 1977-2010: Data collected by Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing (DRSRS) and compiled by ILRI in 2011.
• Tullow drilled wells as of February 2015 and Tullow License Blocks: Tullow Oil 2015
• Towns & Centres, and Roads and tracks: GoK and UNICEF 2006. Water, Schools And Health Management Information System (Mis) For Turkana District
Final Report Volume One: Main Report
• LAPSSET proposed airport, resort city, subcorridor pathway, proposed railroad and highway pathway, and growth areas: Digitalized from Japan Port
Consultants Ltd. October 2010 "Sustainable Resort Cities - LAPSSET transport corridor development project".
• Lake Turkana: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. 2000. Africover Multipurpose Land Cover Databases for Kenya. Rome: FAO.
Online at www.africover.org
MAP 3:
• Rangeland condition: German Technical Cooperation (GTZ). 1996. The North Kenya GIS Database. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/GRID-
Nairobi. Nairobi: UNEP/GRID-Nairobi.
• Tullow drilled wells as of February 2015 and Tullow License Blocks: Tullow Oil 2015
• Towns & Centres, and Roads and tracks: GoK and UNICEF 2006. Water, Schools And Health Management Information System (Mis) For Turkana District
Final Report Volume One: Main Report
• LAPSSET proposed airport, resort city, subcorridor pathway, proposed railroad and highway pathway, and growth areas: Digitalized from Japan Port
Consultants Ltd. October 2010 "Sustainable Resort Cities - LAPSSET transport corridor development project".
• Lake Turkana: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. 2000. Africover Multipurpose Land Cover Databases for Kenya. Rome: FAO.
Online at www.africover.org

17. MAP 4:
• Tullow drilled wells as of February 2015: Tullow Oil 2015
• Tullow License Blocks: Tullow Oil 2015
• Boreholes provided by Tullow as of end 2014: Tullow Oil 2015
• Springs, wells, boreholes: GoK and UNICEF 2006. Water, Schools And Health Management Information System (Mis) For Turkana District Final Report Volume One:
Main Report (Map 3a)
• Rivers, Towns & Centres, and Roads and tracks: GoK and UNICEF 2006. Water, Schools And Health Management Information System (Mis) For Turkana District
Final Report Volume One: Main Report
• LAPSSET proposed airport, resort city, subcorridor pathway, proposed railroad and highway pathway, and growth areas: Digitalized from Japan Port Consultants
Ltd. October 2010 "Sustainable Resort Cities - LAPSSET transport corridor development project".
• Lake Turkana: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. 2000. Africover Multipurpose Land Cover Databases for Kenya. Rome: FAO. Online at
www.africover.org
• DEM: SRTM 2004
• Hillshade: Derived from SRTM Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 90 m published in 2004
MAP 5:
• Migration routes: interview with staff of Friends of Lake Turkana
• Tullow drilled wells as of February 2015: Tullow Oil 2015
• Tullow License Blocks: Tullow Oil 2015
• Grazing patterns: GoK and UNICEF 2006. Water, Schools And Health Management Information System (Mis) For Turkana District Final Report Volume One: Main
Report (See Map 1c)
• Towns & Centres, and Roads and tracks: GoK and UNICEF 2006. Water, Schools And Health Management Information System (Mis) For Turkana District Final
Report Volume One: Main Report
• LAPSSET proposed airport, resort city, subcorridor pathway, proposed railroad and highway pathway, and growth areas: Digitalized from Japan Port Consultants
Ltd. October 2010 "Sustainable Resort Cities - LAPSSET transport corridor development project".
• Lake Turkana: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. 2000. Africover Multipurpose Land Cover Databases for Kenya. Rome: FAO. Online at
www.africover.org
• DEM: SRTM 2004
• Hillshade: Derived from SRTM Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 90 m published in 2004
MAP 6:
• Population density: Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Ministry of Planning and National Development. 2002. Kenya 1999 Population and Housing Census GIS
Database. Nairobi: CBS.
• Towns & Centres, and Roads and tracks: GoK and UNICEF 2006. Water, Schools And Health Management Information System (Mis) For Turkana District Final
Report Volume One: Main Report
• LAPSSET proposed airport, resort city, subcorridor pathway, proposed railroad and highway pathway, and growth areas: Digitalized from Japan Port Consultants
Ltd. October 2010 "Sustainable Resort Cities - LAPSSET transport corridor development project".
• Lake Turkana: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. 2000. Africover Multipurpose Land Cover Databases for Kenya. Rome: FAO. Online at
www.africover.org
Data Sources

18. FLORENCE LANDSBERG - FLANDSBERG@WRI.ORG; GAIA LARSEN - GLARSEN@WRI.ORG
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