1. Main Headquarters: 120 Water Street, Suite 350, North Andover, MA 01845 With offices in: NY, ME, TX, CA, OR www.ers-inc.com
DAYLIGHTING APPLICATION AND
EFFECTIVENESS IN INDUSTRIAL
FACILITIES
presented by
Brian McCowan
ENERGY & RESOURCE SOLUTIONS

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PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
 Brief History of Commercial/Industrial
Lighting
 Advantages of Properly Designed
Daylighting
 Designing for Performance
 Modern Daylighting Techniques and Issues
 Integrating Daylighting with Electric Lighting
 The Future of Daylighting
 Questions and Answers

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BRIEF HISTORY OF EARLY
COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL LIGHTING
 Pre-electric: Dominated by daylighting; supplemented with
combustion (open fire, oil lamps) sources.
 Prior to mercury vapor and fluorescent, incandescent was the
only practical artificial light source.
 Difficult to illuminate industrial spaces with incandescent, so
architectural daylighting remained prominent.
 Similar techniques as seen today- window walls, skylights,
monitors, clearstories.
 Glazing materials were unsophisticated – heat gain/loss and
glare were significant problems.

4.  Daylight as Primary
Light Source
 Incandescent as
Supplemental
Source
 Machinery Located
at Windows
 Majority of Work
Performed on Day
Shift
1940S BOX FACTORY
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1970S ENERGY CRISIS
 Steep increase in energy costs.
 Windows, monitors and skylights boarded
over and insulated.
 Many industrial spaces still poorly-lit with
incandescent lighting.
 Natural ventilation through windows is
disabled.
 Fluorescent and HID lighting developed in
the 40s and 50s gained widespread usage.
 Daylighting virtually replaced as a primary
lighting source.

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DAYLIGHTING MAKES A COMEBACK
 Ironically, the interest in passive solar energy
during the 1980s began the current interest in
daylighting.
 Heat gain and glare were major problems
with early direct solar heating systems.
 Glazing materials have made great advances,
reducing glare, solar gain and heat loss.
 Techniques from the past were updated for
use in modern buildings, bringing back
monitors, skylights, and clearstories.

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ADVANTAGES OF DAYLIGHTING
Advantages of Properly Designed Daylighting:
 Human performance is improved under
daylighting
 Delivers abundant, high-quality lighting that
many activities require
 Colors are rendered accurately
 Natural light improves morale and productivity
 Lower risks of accidents and errors
 Natural ventilation is facilitated
 Reduced operation and maintenance costs
 Demand savings during daytime peaks

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INDUSTRIAL LIGHTING: WHERE WOULD
YOU RATHER WORK?
Natural light and reflective
colors brighten the space and
improve the environment for
workers.
Older non-daylit industrial
spaces were dark and
hazardous.

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DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE
The Essential Elements of Visual Performance
 Proper Illumination Levels – the human eye has an amazing
ability to adjust, but only so much.
 Object Contrast – the ability to see and work with shapes
relies on contrast in addition to brightness.
 Accurate Color Rendering – The eye and brain must strain to
adjust when colors are rendered poorly.
 Lighting Uniformity – Large swings in illumination levels
within the same space are at a minimum uncomfortable, and
can be dangerous.
 Glare Control – Both direct and indirect glare needs to be
controlled.
 Daylight Integration – When daylight is used, is must be
properly integrated with the artificial lighting system.

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EVOLUTION OF COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL
BUILDINGS
Today’s Facilities: New Industries, New Demands, New Ideas
 Many high-tech industries such as electronics and
pharmaceuticals are very different from traditional
industrial spaces.
 Intricate work demands abundant, high-quality light.
 Proper lighting contributes to safety and sanitation
demanded in today’s industrial facilities.
 As the economy transitions from heavy industry, lighting
needs are changing.
 Properly designed, daylighting provides the highest-quality
lighting.
 Artificial lighting should strive to match daylighting as
closely as possible when used in the same space.

11.  Consider All Elements of
the Lighting System
 Fixtures
 Lamps
 Ballasts
 Controls
 Glazings
 Ceiling
 Walls
 Floors
 Furnishings
DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE
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DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE:
LIGHTING DESIGN TOOLS
Software Tools
 SkycalcTM - software tool designed by the Heschong Mahone Group
that assists designers in developing a daylighting strategy using
skylights.
 Radiance - suite of programs useful for the prediction of
illumination, visual quality and appearance of spaces, and to
evaluate artificial and daylighting designs.
 Lightscape - useful for the rendering of daylighting designs and
offers advanced modeling, rendering, and animation.
 AGI-32 - a popular lighting designer’s tool published by Lighting
Analysts Inc. Version 1.6 was recently announced and includes
daylight modeling.
 LumenMicro – lighting design tool with daylighting capabilities.

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MODELING LIGHT OUTPUT WITH
AGI-32

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DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE:
LIGHTING DESIGN TOOLS
Non-Computer Based Tool
Some architects, rather than
relying on software to model
daylight performance, prefer to
use physical modeling. Bruce
Coldham (right), a Massachusetts
architect well-known for his
daylit designs, has developed a
daylight modeling stand that is
adjustable to model daylight
conditions for any time or day of
the year. Light sensors can be
inserted into the various spaces
to record foot-candles delivered
to various spaces.
Courtesy of Bruce Coldham

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MODERN DAYLIGHTING
TECHNIQUES & ISSUES

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OBTAINABLE GOALS FOR DAYLIGHTING
 Create a Pleasant Comfortable Environment
 Provide Uniform Light Distribution
 Provide Adequate Illumination During Full-Sun and Overcast
Conditions
 Eliminate Visual Glare
 Incorporate View Windows to Connect Workers to the
Outdoors
 Avoid Heating and Cooling Penalties
 Provide Low Maintenance Lighting System
 Save Energy

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COMPONENTS OF DAYLIGHTING
SYSTEMS
 Monitors, Window Walls, Clerestories and Skylights
 Window walls
 Visual vs. Daylight Glazing
 Skylights
 Monitors
 Light Shelves, Interior / Exterior – Reduce Heat Gain and Glare
 Blinds, Shades – Control Glare and Heat Gain
 Electrical Equipment for Daylight Harvesting
 Dimming Ballasts
 Photo-sensors for both dimming and on/off systems

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ROOF MONITOR

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CEILING PLANE SKYLIGHT

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SKYLIGHT WITH WELL

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TOPLIGHTING WITH INTERIOR
SKYLIGHTING

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REDIRECTED BEAM SYSTEMS
 Sunlight is Redirected off Reflective
Surfaces or Bent Through Refraction
 Advantages:
 Building/glazing Orientation Less Critical
 Glare Reduction
 Heat Gain Reduction
 Reduced Reliance on Blinds or Other
Adjustable Architectural Elements
 Improved Uniformity of Illumination

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REDIRECTED BEAM SYSTEM TYPES
 Architectural Light Shelves
 Integral Between-pane Light Shelves
 Laser-cut Refractive Acrylic Glazing Panels
 Prismatic Panels Similar to Artificial Lighting Lenses
 Holographic Optical Diffracting Elements
(Experimental)
 Curved Panel Sun-directing Glass
 Anidolic (non-imaging) Optical Systems With Light
Ducts
 Skylight Reflective Tubes

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BLINDS: CONTROLLING GLARE AND
HEAT

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CONTROLLING HEAT GAIN/LOSS WITH
IMPROVED GLAZING
 Multiple layers of glass
 Low-E coatings and Low-E membranes installed
between glass layers
 Materials with a low “U” value
 Tinted glass for various degrees of reduced heat
gain and glare treated with materials that offer
reflectance of UV and IR rays
 Gazing assemblies that include auto-adjusting
shading features
 Improved gasketing and flashings to reduce or
eliminate the leakage problems that previously
plagued skylights

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INTEGRATING DAYLIGHTING WITH
ELECTRIC LIGHTS
 Daylight Harvesting – On/off
 Commissioning is essential to avoid cycling and inconsistent levels
 Best when daylighting is designed to provide 100% lighting under
most weather conditions.
 Daylight Harvesting – Continuous or Stepped Dimming
 Sensor choice, placement, and adjustment is critical.
 Again commissioning is essential for proper performance.
 Best where daylighting is designed as supplemental light source.
 Lamp Selection
 Daylight is a “cool” light source; 4100K or 5000K lamps should be
selected
 Use the highest color rendering level (80-90) that still provides
good lamp efficacy.

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THE FUTURE OF DAYLIGHTING
 Improved Glazing Materials
 Higher insulating values – replacing solid structures
 Selective wavelength reflection
 Light bending glazings
 Better Control
 New pre-engineered, prefabricated light shelves
 Pre-engineered site-built and prefabricated redirected beam
systems.
 Advanced interior and exterior shades.
 New Ideas
 Daylight collectors with photo-optic delivery to remote spaces (a
pipe dream?)
 Integrated daylight and fluorescent light fixtures that deliver a
continuously adjustable mix of light from both sources through the
same aperture.