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1. NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
AMARJIT SINGH
MHS1007002

2. INTRODUCTION
 Infections that are a result of treatment in a
hospital or a health care unit.
 They appear 48 hours or more after hospital
admission or within 30 days after discharge.
 Nosocomial Infections are also known as
Hospital Acquired Infections (HAI’s)

3. NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS IN
DEVELOPED NATIONS
 In U.S. around 1.7 million HAI’s occur each year
and 99,000 people lose their lives.
 In Europe around 25,000 deaths occur each year.
 Overall there are about 2 million annual cases of
HAI’s in developed nations.
 Frequency of HAI’s in developed nations is 5-10%.
 It accounts for annual cost of $4.5 - $11 billions in
U.S.

4. NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
IN INDIA
 In India Nosocomial Infection rate is at over
25%.
 Frequency is 1 in every 4 patients admitted
into the Hospital.
 1/3rd of all such infections are preventable.
 Responsible for more mortality than any
other form of accidental death.

7. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
 Pathogens that cause nosocomial
infections have a high level of resistance
to antibiotic treatments and are more
difficult to treat.
 Some of the major concerns are:
 Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
(MRSA)
 Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
 Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE)

8. COMMON SOURCES OF
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
 Contaminated Air, Water, Food and Medicine.
 Used Equipment and Instruments.
 Soiled Linen.
 Hospital Waste (Bio Medical Waste).

9. COMMON SITES OF
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
 Patients admitted in ICU’s.
 Patients in Labour Room.
 Patients undergoing invasive procedures.
 Patients on Immuno-suppressive drugs.
 Young children and Elderly patients.

10. RISK FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
 Long Hospital Stay.
 Use of Indwelling Catheters.
 Failure of Health-Care Worker to wash hands.
 Over use of Antibiotics (Bacterial Resistance).
 Mechanical Ventilation.
 Intravenous Catheters.

11. MOST COMMON TYPES OF
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
 Surgical Wounds.
 Urinary Tract Infections (UTI’s).
 Lower Respiratory Tract Infections.
 Gastroenteritis.
 Meningitis.

12. NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION DATA
GIVEN BY PGI, CHANDIGARH (2006)
 In Burn’s Unit -36.2% infections per 1000 patient
days.
 In Renal Transplant Unit -58 patients out of 100.
 Ventilated associated -30.7% per 1000 ventilator days.
Pneumonia
 Gynecology Department -15% of UTI’s.
 9% of wound infections.

13. NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
CAUSE INCREASE IN COST
 Cost of additional stay in Hospital.
 Cost of drugs.
 Delayed discharge.

14. PREVENTION OF NOSOCOMIAL
INFECTIONS
Hand washing and use of gloves by
medical staff.
Avoiding hand contact with exposed
membranes like conjunctiva or nasal
areas.
Ventilators sterilization.
Vaccinate certain patients against
particular pathogens.