2.
Mughal Empire (1526-1707)
Early thesis of the 18th century
as an era of Darkness
Increasing Tax burden
Hindu Resistance / Wars of
Peasant Resistance/ Regional
Elites rising their heads
Complex struggle for supremacy
for empire
Changes in the pattern of class
formation
4.
Increased Agricultural
Productivity
Favorable Land Labor Ratio
Peasant and Artisan Mobility
Rise of Hereditary Land Holders
Thriving Internal Trade in Grain,
Textiles and Cattle
Rise of New Urban Centers
Decline of Ancient Indian Port
Cities and Indian Maritime
Traders
5.
Popular Devotional Cults
Darga of Muinuddin Chisti and
complex religious rituals
Vaishnava Cult of Nadia
Varanasi as the center of Hindu
learning in South Asia
Idea of Hindu Padpadsahi in
Maharashtra
Sikh Muslim clashes
Emergence of the notion of Islamic
Revival (Shah Waliullah, 17031762 and Shah Abdul Aziz17461824)
Complex interaction between
religious heterodoxy and orthodoxy
