B2 oral presentation

2.  Introduction
 Principles of quantum computing
 Pros and cons of quantum computing
 Availability of quantum technology
 Post-quantum computing
 Conclusion
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B2 Oral Exam Presentation - Ahmed KAMAL

3.  Definition
The quantum computing is a technology of computing based on quantum
mechanical phonemena to perform operations on data. Its approch uses laser
pulses to excite atoms, which create different levels of energy.
 Why do we need quantum computing ?
• Technology based on transistors will achieve its limits by 2030 (Moore’s
law)
• We can’t reduce dimensions of atoms !
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4.  What is already made
• First idea of a quantum processor (to simulate how atoms behave) was in
1982
• First algorithms were made in 1994 (to factorise large numbers) and 1996 (to
do reverse search)
• In 2001, a quantum algorithm was used for the first time to factorise 15 by
manipulating spins of atoms.
• In 2005, an 8-qubit computer manipulated by lasers was made in Austria.
• In 2009, a universal computing with a 2-qubit ion-trap processor was made
in Yale University.
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5.  Qubit
• The unit of quantum information –the equivalent of the
numeric bit- with additional dimensions associated to
quantum propreties of atoms.
• Unlike the digital bit, It can be a 0, 1 or a superposition
of both.
• Using laser or ion-trap to change the state of the qubit.
 Quantum parallelism
It can be interpreted as that atoms are radiating to many
different directions simultaneously. If an atom can travel
through many different routes simultaneously, a computer
should be able to use atoms to perform calculations
through diffrent routes too.
It can be created by laser pulses to change atoms states.
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6.  Quantum entaglement
• In case of isolation of the processor, if an atom
spins in a direction, the other atoms in the
processor will spin in directions mathematically
related to the direction of the first one.
• It allows to different qubits to share the
superposed states.
 Dots & ions
• Manipulating superconducting dots (of aluminum)
– which contain millions of atoms- by lasers is
better than the manipulation of ions with ion-trap
technique
• These dots are considered as giant superatoms
and represent ideal qubits.
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7.  Example of a quantum computer
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8.  Increase of computing power
• If the number of qubits increases, the number of calculations will
increase exponentially (In classic computation, it increases linearly).
• Can do huge number of calculations that can’t be done by numeric
computers
 Security
• Cryptography is related to computing power, so the security in
telecomuncation can reach higher levels.
• Impossibility to obtain the private key, any eavesdropping will be
detected.
 Teleportation !
• It is the capability to make an object or a person disintegrate in one
place while a perfect replica appears in another.
• In classic physics it’s infeasable, however it can be done with EPR
process.
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9.  Unequilibred repartition of power
If some companies use quantum computers and others not, first
ones will have an advantage and can access to the system of the
others.
 Machines superior to human
intelligence
It will be possible to build machines that can replicate
themselves, so it will exceed human capabilities  Loss of
human dominance.
 Unpredictible changes of human life
Changes in our life will happen very fastly, and it will be
impossible to predict what will happen. This is can be very
dangerous.
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10.  Limits of this technology today
• A useful processor (multiple qubits) requires a very low
temperature and difficult conditions
• Quantum processors must be well isolated to work
properly  Difficulty of commercialisation
• The use of quantum computers in daily life will NOT be
possible in the near future
 Decoherence
• Only 94%-99% of the manipulations of atoms are made
correctly: lasers make sometimes indiserable changes of
atoms state. (Same thing as friction for mechanical
computers in the 19th century)
• Solution: Low temperature  Less noise, Extreme
isolation (electromagntic and mechanical)
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11.  Application in medecine
Nanomachines can be made, introduced in the body to fight
diseases (fix anaomalies)
 DNA capacity of computing
• DNA can store information, it uses the quantum
paralellism
• Quantity of DNA floating in 950 L could contain more
information than the totality of computers ever made
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12.  Summary
• Quantum computers will change our life as numeric ones did in the last
century.
• BUT not tomorow, nowadays it’s infeasible
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13.  Chen, Winshin. “Quantum computing” .“ISRC Future Technology
Topic Brief”. College of Business, University of Huston
 Brooks, Michael. “Quantum computers are coming -just don’t ask
when”. The New Scientist. September, the 16th 2009
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