This document discusses e-waste and its management. It defines e-waste as obsolete electronic equipment like computers, TVs, and cell phones. E-waste is a growing problem due to the toxins it contains and risks of improper disposal. When e-waste is burned or dumped, its components like lead, mercury, and flame retardants can pollute the environment and harm human health. However, e-waste also contains valuable materials that can be recovered through formal recycling. Proper e-waste management and recycling can help address this issue in a more sustainable manner.

1. Go Green

2. SASIKUMAR VK ; Professor [ BTE ] ,
METS School Of Engineering
KRISHNADAS;
AJAL.A.J ; Assistant Professor [ CSE ] ,
Assistant Professor [ ECE ] , SAHRDAYA CET
FISAT - KOCHI
PAPER TITLE

4. e-waste: Definition
Ar e those electronic
equipments/ products that
connect with power plug,
batteries which have become
obsolete due to :
- advancement in technology
- changes in fashion, style and status
- nearing the end of their useful life

6. ELECTRONIC WASTE
Electronic waste, "e-waste" or
"Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipment" ("WEEE") is a
waste consisting of any broken
or unwanted electrical or
electronic appliance.
It is a point of concern
considering that many
components of such equipment
are considered toxic and are not
biodegradable.

7. • Washing Machine
• Cartridges
• Mobile Phones • Military electronic
• Computers • Mother board
• Servers
• Alarm
• Telecom
• Sirens
• TV
• Automobile Catalytic
• Calculators Converter
• Audio • Sensor
• Scanners • CD
• Printers • Security Device
• Air Conditioner
• Microwave
Classification: types of e-waste

8. E-waste at the manufacturers gates!
Photo | September 5, 2005
http://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/Multimedia/Photos/e-waste-at-the-manufacturers-g/

11. What is E-Waste…
 E-Waste constitutes end of life electronic and electrical equipment
 Hazardous: Contains toxic elements and has to be treated in an
environmentally friendly manner
 Data security: Business, Financial and legal data might be extracted by
unscrupulous recyclers
 Regulatory: E
-Waste should be given to only CPCB approved recyclers
 Source for Metals: Less energy intensive and cheaper source for base and
precious metals. Lowers the carbon footprint
 Sustainable: As the demand for metals is growing recycling would play a
major part in ensuring sustainable development
11

12. Why is eWaste a Problem?
Increasing
Increased More Human
Rapid
Consumer More Hazardous Health
Technology
Electronic eWaste Materials Risks
Changes
Purchases Landfilled

21. The e-waste problem

22. The e-waste problem

27. source: www.etoxics.org

30. International cooperation in e-waste management
Dakar Guiyu
Bangalore
Bogotá
Cape Town 30

31. Sustainable Recycling Industries
(new programme funded by Swiss SECO))
Policies & Standards for Responsible Recycling (global)
India South Africa
Hazardous substances in Recycling of cooling and freezing
(WEEE) plastics appliances
Ghana & Egypt
Sustainable management of e-waste
Life Cycle Inventories (Brazil, Egypt, India, South Africa)
31

32. E-waste is the fastest groing waste stream
2012 total:
~45 mln tonnes
Source: Huisman 2012
32

33. Key message 1
E-waste is the fastest groing waste
stream
33

34. Key message 2
E-waste can contain hazardous
substances and its improper treatment
leads to adverse effects for human
health and the environment
34

35. Hazardous substances in EEE
Substance Occurence in EEE Possible adverse effects
PBDEs, PBBs Flame retardants in plastics Hormonal effects, under thermal treatment possible
formation of dioxines and furanes
Polychlorinated Condensers, transformers Cancer, effects on the immune system, reproductive
biphenyls (PCB) system, nervous system, endocrine system and other
health effects
Chlorofluorocarbo Cooling units, insulation foam deleterious effect on the ozone layer -> increased
n (CFC) incidence of skin cancer / genetic damage
Americium (Am) Smoke detectors radioactive element
Antimony Flame retardants in plastics carcinogenic potential
Arsenic gallium arsenide inlight emitting skin diseases, decrease nerve conduction velocity, lung
diodes cancer
brain swelling, muscle weakness, damage to the heart, liver
Barium Getters in CRT and spleen
Cadmium NiCd-batteries, fluorescent layer symptoms of poisoning (weakness, fever, headache, chills,
(CRT screens), printer inks and sweating and muscular pain), lung cancer and kidney
toners damage
irritating to eyes, skin and mucous membranes, DNA
Chromium VI Data tapes, floppy-disks damage
vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions, coma or even death,
CRT screens, batteries, printed appetite loss, abdominal pain, constipation, fatigue,
Lead wiring boards sleeplessness, irritability and headache
Fluorescent lamps, some alkaline brain and liver damage
Mercury batteries, switches 35
© Empa/Switzerland, 20 July 2009

36. Improper treatment of e-waste
(e.g. India / China)

37. Issues related to improper treatment of e-waste
Ref: Sepúlveda, A, Schluep M, et al. 2010. A review of the environmental fate and effects of hazardous substances
released from electrical and electronic equipments during recycling: Examples from China and India. Environmental
Impact Assessment Review. 30(1):28–41. 37

38. Example dioxine emissions from cable burning
■ Dioxine emission from cable
burning is one of the main issues
in many developing countries
■ Observation Accra/Ghana
■ ~200 kg cable are burnt per hour
■ 10-20% from e-waste
(rest mainly from cars)
■ Extrapolated to West Africa
3-7 % of total European Dioxine
emissions to air
38

39. Key message 3
E-waste contains valuable resources
which offers opportunities for urban
mining and job creation
39

40. At least 57 elements are used in EEE
Nicht gleich Wert
(Source: Behrendt et al. 2007)
40

41. Primary vs. secondary ore deposits
Primary Ore Secondary Ore
[g/t] [g/t]
Device PWB
Gold 9 280 1’400
Palladium 5 73 370
Platinum 3 3 14
Source: Empa, Graedel
Gallium 100 23 118
Lithium 7’000-20’000 10’000-20’000 (Battery)
41

43. What Are The Toxic Components?
www.news.bbc.co.uk Electronic Waste Recycling

44. Status of end of life computers

45. What’s Inside your PC ?
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) - Cable insulation,
plastic cases
PBDE's (Polybrominated diphenyl ethers )
added to plastic case wire insulation
Beryllium - Power supply boxes which contain
silicon controlled rectifiers
Lead – CRT’s {screen, frit,neck }
PC’s {batteries, printed wiring boards}
Lithium - Li-batteries
Mercury provide back-lighting in LCD's, in
some alkaline batteries and switches

46. Lead in CRT’s
Of the amount of lead contained in a PC, the majority is embedded in glass that makes up the
monitor’s cathode ray tube (CRT).
A CRT is comprised of a panel (the monitor face), the funnel, the neck and the frit.
The majority of the lead is found in the frit, which is the material used to hold panel to
funnel
The total lead in a CRT constitutes, on average, 2.08 pounds for a 17 inch monitor7
Panel CRT 0-2% lead
Frit 65-75% lead
Funnel glass 22-25% lead
Neck
(that holds the electron gun) 28-30% lead

47. End of life TV sets

48. Current e-Waste Handling…
Circuit Board Open Burning Cable Burning in Open
Acid Stripping CRT Cracking & Dumping
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49. E Waste Recycling Process…
E-WASTE
SEGREGATION
GLASS SHREDDING
PLASTIC ALUMINIU NON-
IRON
M FERROUS
NON-
RECYCLABLE METALLURGICAL
RECYCLABLE
PROCESS
Pyrolysis
METALS
CARBON
Furnace Oil Gas
BLACK
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50. Pollution control equipments (i)
CRT dismantling area
hood

51. Pollution control equipments (ii)
cyclone and dust collector 6 m high chimney

52. Storage of hazardous waste
batteries, condensators and tapes CRT glass
capacitors

53. Modern Recycling Plants
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54. Occupational safety and health
equipments
fire extinguisher
protective glass,
and first aid kit
mask and gloves

55. 1 . Segregation and storage
storage of received material

56. 2. Storage (i)
storage boxes for large size segregated material

57. 3.Functional testing
service room computer testing

58. 4. Dismantling
dismantling of non-functional appliances dismantling of CRT
tubes

59. 5.Scrap recovery
segregation of CPU tools used for dismantling and segregation
components

60. Why Do We Need National Legislation?
Current eWaste regulations create uneven regulatory regime
• Some states/localities have already enacted legislation
• Difficult for manufacturers to comply state-to-state
• Only large-quantity generators are regulated
• Majority of eWaste created by households & smaller quantity
generators – not currently regulated
Electronic Waste Recycling

61. RE-MANUFACTURING
is next best :
Dis-assemble old eqpt and use parts for repair of
similar items or use in new items,
e.g. old memory and hard drives into simpler CPUs
for schools.
RE-USE IS THE BEST POLICY
even for defective items :
cell-phones for SMS for deaf & dumb, keyboard + monitor for typing
classes, VCR used as VCP, TVs downgraded, washing - machines for
manual use.
Industrial eWaste from control panels or phone exchanges for ? ? ? ? ?

62. eWaste Recycling is a thriving
business
in India
Copper, silver, gold, platinum, palladium
are recovered in secrecy by highly
polluting methods: burning of PCBs,
treatment with acids or cyanide salts,
mostly from imported scrap.
Gas displays & tubes are dumped.

63. INDIA NEEDS A
MANDATORY
e -TAKE - BACK POLICY
like the EU’s Directive 94/62/EC of 1994,
or EU’s 1998 Ordinance on Avoidance
& Recovery of Packaging Waste.
In Germany, Duales System (a Ltd
Co) organises the nationwide
collection, sorting & recycling of
post-consumer packaging,
funded pro-rata by user firms.
See www.gruener-punkt.de

66. The European Waste
Strategy
Reduce the Reduce the
hazardousnes impacts on the
s of waste environment
Reduce the amount of waste

67. bizarre crafts created from e-waste.

68. EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY
EPR
EPR means full life-cycle accountability:
Producers of products must be made
financially, physically and legally
responsible for their products till the end.
This encourages reduced resource and energy use + pollution
prevention thru less hazardous & more recyclable mat’ls.

69. Manufacturer Responsibilities
Notify Retailers About Covered
Products (April 1st each year and
per DTSC regulations)
Provide Information to Consumer
– Where To Recycle
– How to Recycle
– Where to Return
– How to Dispose
– Provide Toll-Free Number &
Internet Web Site (
www.eRecycle.org)

71. THE FOUR STEP
BUSINESS PLAN

72. … Please !!!

73. EFFECTS ON HUMANS:
In a study spearheaded by the EWG, researchers at two major lab-
oratories found an average of 200 industrial compounds, pollutants,
and other chemicals in 10 newborn babies, with a total of 287
chemicals found in the group.

74. Cadmium in
Plastics in cables
batteries
Lead in solder joints

75. Burning of Circuit Board on stove

76. WASTE AS A RESOURCE:
WASTE MANAGEMENT
e - Waste Recycling is a
thriving business in India

77. Producer Responsiblity in practice
- producers view
design
recycling manufacturing
how to close the gap ?
use / service market
77

78. Producer Responsiblity in
practice
- producers view
design for
recycling
recycling
Use of recycled
technology
materials
development
cost advantage
use / service market
78

79. Processes
1. Collection and storage
2. Segregation
3. Functional Testing
4. Dismantling
5. Scrap recovery

80. 2. Storage (ii)
storage bins for small size segregated material
flat wires CPUs plastic from watches

81. Process flow
Collection of
e-waste
Segregation and Sale to metal
Metal scrap
storage recycler
Sale to plastic
Plastic scrap
Examination of recycler
Eventual add of Eventual
refurbishment or
components refurbishment
reuse possibilities Sale to authorized
Batteries
battery recyclers
Manufacture of new Sale to second
Dismantling
products hand market Large e-waste
CRT glass
recycler
PCB Boards of low Sale to PCB
Recovery of and high quality smelters
Recovery of scrap
reusable
components Non recyclable Storage until
hazardous waste hazwaste landfill is
(e.g. backup tapes) operational (TSDF)

82. Collection , Transportation and
Recycling of Dry Waste
( e – WASTE COLLECTION UNIT )
Hou nts
se ura
to
H ou Resta
se
Airport RECYCLING
House to House Hotel
n CENTRE
tio
y Sta Indu
stri
lwa es
Rai
als Ins
pit tit
Hos ut es

83. e-Waste: Growth
Three categories of WEEE account for
almost 90% of the generation:
Large Household appliances: 42.1%
Information and communications: 33.9%
technology equipment
Consumer Electronics: 13.7%

84. Pollution Control Equipment
 Chimney with hood (height 6 m)
 CRT dismantling chamber with vacuum
 Cyclone and dust collector
 Separate storage for hazardous wastes
Air pollution monitoring certificate available from
certified Laboratory.

85. Recycling rates of metals
–Investigation of 62 different metals
–The metals are grouped into four categories
•9 ferrous metals: iron, manganese, nickel, chromium etc.
•8 non-ferrous metals: aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, tin, magnesium etc.
•8 precious metals: gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium etc.
•37 specialty metals: indium, gallium, lithium, tantalum, rare earth metals,
tellurium etc.
–Only a few metals, like iron and platinum, currently have an end-of-life recycling
rate of above 50%
–The most important metric is the end-of-life recycling rate
•A high end-of-life recycling rate for a metal indicates a high efficiency of
the related post -consumer recycling system

86. Global Sustainability
Sustainability
“ability of a current generation to meet its needs without
compromising the future generation to meet theirs”
The Chalenge
How to maintain the balance ?
Society – preserve human health
Economy – assure economic growth
Environment – save the planet
Practical Actions
Work for the preservation of the planet
Society – intelligent consumption
Economy – environmental business
Environment – green products and process

87. The problem
recyclability
toxicity
energy

88. Assessment methodology & analysis
Component 1 Component 2
Product Waste
Consume Collect Recover Dispose
Function Material Energy
Importers
Manufacturers
v v
Consumer Collection 2nd hand Market Recyclers Inciniration Disposal
Retailer & Trader

89. India generates close to
500,000 tons e-waste p.a.
Expected to touch a million ton by 2011

90. CAT ON THE WALL

91. Sources, Effects and Disposal of e-Waste - Special Focus On Four Metro Cities

92. WASTE PILING UP
Broad break up appears as under:
Mumbai : 50,000 tons
Delhi : 35,000
Bangalore : 30,000
Chennai : 25,000
Kolkata : 19,000
Ahmedabad : 14,000
Hyderabad : 13,000
Pune : 10,000
Indore : 8,000

93. Collection & Recycling of Waste Materials

95. Import container unloading in
New Delhi

99. Pollution from
Recycling of Imported Waste
Acid bath to take metals from IC chips are removed from PCB
PCB by using heat.

100. e-Waste Disposal Methods
• Internal Reallocation
• Sell at Auction
• Sell to certified eWaste Buyers
• Return to Originating Supplier, at no cost
• Pay an eWaste Recycler to dispose

101. HOW E-WASTE CAN BE MANAGED?

102. Reference

103. NEWTON’S WORDS
The greatest discovery of Newton is the gravitational
force. Newton always wondered at the absence of a
gravitational repulsive force. Such puzzles and wonders made
him realize the limitations of his model. This is clearly seen
when he said, ”I am like a child playing on the shore
with pebbles and shells while whole ocean lies before me”

104. Let’s Jointly Sustain a Green Environment!
All the precedents and working models are there before us. Let us now act !
Thank you.
U can catch me @ https://www.facebook.com/ajal4u
All content is the proprietary and confidential property of ATTERO Recycling, not to be copy or distributed. 11/04/12 104

105. Thank you for your attention

107. “Education is the
manifestation of
perfection already in
the man”
-Swami Vivekananda