WORLD HISTORY

3. The origins of
Mankind
Humans as primates
 According to the theory of
evolution:
 Humans belong to the
primate order:
 Lemurs
 Tarsiers
 Monkeys
 Apes

4. Tarsiers

5. Development of
Genus “Homo”
Australopithecus africanuss
 Earliest ground –dwelling
ape; discovered in South
Africa 1924

6. Homo Habilis
 Louis S. B Leakey found 1.75
million –year-old fossil 1964 at
Olduvai Gorge
 Creature walked erect, had
well-developed thumb,
probably used tools

7. Homo ergaster Used
fire, standardized
tools
emerged 1.8 million
years ago in Africa,
migrated to Near East,
Asia, Europe
Mitochondrial DNA
spread to Near East,
Europe.

8. Neanderthal Man
Discovered in
Neander Valley in
Germany in 1857
adopted to cold
climates , 40,ooo -
200, 000 years ago
used fire, made stone-
tipped spears, lived in
caves, stone shelters

9. Homo sapiens
Developed 150, 000
years ago scientists
debate whether
Homo sapiens
originated in Africa
and spread to other
continents

10. Mesopotamia: The
First Civilization
 Not all historians agree on how
to define civilization/most agree
on the following:
 A degree of complexity
 Sustains specialists to deal with
political, social, religious needs
 Has system of writing
 Produces monumental,
permanent architecture
 Produces art that reflects people
and their actives

11. Writing, political,
art work, religious,
monumental
buildings
 All these characteracteristics
 Of civilization first appeared
together in the southern part
of Mesopotamia, which came
to be called Sumer

12. Agricultural
revolution
 Spread into Fertile Crescent
by 6000 B. C. E .
 Great agricultural output from
yearly floods of Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers


13.  The protoliterate Period in
Sumer, 3200-2800 B.C.E
 By 3100 B.C.E Sumerians lived in
cities, with writing
 Sumerians’ origins unknown,
spoke non-Semitic, non-Indo-
European language
 Strong food –producing sector
supported cities
 Specialized labor, commerce,
writers, business, government
records, 60 –based counting
system

14.  Sumerian traits seen in Nile, Indus Valley
 Sumerians developed cuneiform of writing
system
 System spread through Near East
 Middle East:
The area around the eastern
Mediterranean; from Turkey to northern
Africa and eastward to Iran; the site of
such ancient civilizations as Phoenicia and
Babylon and Egypt and the birthplace of
Judaism and Christianity and Islam; had
continuous economic and political
turmoil in the

15. The old Sumerian
period
 2800 -2300 B.CE.
 Characterized by constant
city-state wars
 Theocratic cities saw local
gods as sovereign
 High priests (ensis)
dominated cities
 Abuses of priests led to the
rise of kings (lugals) with
popular support

16. The akkadian Period
 2300 -2150 B.C.E
 Dominated by Semites
 Sargon I’s power went from
Persian Gulf to Mediterranean
Sea
 Based policies around lower,
merchant classes
 Akkad conquered by
northern, semi-barbaric
invaders

17. The New Sumerian
Period Ur destroyed
by Elamites from
Iran
 2100 -2000 B.CE.
 Third dynasty of Ur centralized
rule over region
 Strict control through
government bureaucrats
 Religion became arm of state,
state appointed high priests
 Law code of Er-Nammu showed
concerned that rich would not
take advantage of poor

18. Babylonian Empire
Political structure
200 -1600 B. C.E
 Semitic Amorites ruled
Mesopotamia
 Hammurabi, great ruler most
outstanding king, known for law
code
 State controlled all aspects of
economy
 Comprehensive protection for
women
 Punishment determined by
social class

19. Hammurabi codes
or laws
 Laws covering a wide variety
of topics: property disputes,
adultery, slavery,
prostitution, inheritance,
public order
 These laws date back to
Sumerian codes 1400 years
before Hammurabi’s time
 Hammurabi's codes or Laws
based on eye for an eye tooth
for tooth principle

20. Hammurabi

21. Hammurabi’s Code

22. Mathematics and
Babylon
 Built on work of Sumerians
 Advances in:
 Arithmetic
 Geometry
 Algebra—reunion of broken
parts
 For ease in working with:
 Whole numbers
 Fractions


23. Mathematics and
Babylon
 Compiled tables for
multiplication
 Division
 Square and cube roots
 Babylonians knew how to solve:
linear and quadratic equations
 Babylonian knowledge of
geometry: included the theorem
later formulated by Greek
philosopher

24. Linear Equation

25. Egypt: Gift of the
Nile
 Called Gift of the Nile by
Greek historian Herodotus
 The Nile stretches for 4100
miles

26. Nile River longest in
world ends up into
Mediterranean Sea

27. River Nile

28. Predynastic Egypt
 The first settlers were likely:
 People who moved to river valley as
climatic changes transformed the
savanna grasslands west of the Nile
into desert
 By 4800 B.C.E
 Recognizing the advantages of
creating larger social groupings
and need to cushion themselves
from impact of droughts, floods,
and plagues,
 Farming communities started
banding together to form regional
chiefdoms in Lower Egypt

29. Predynastic Egypt
 Kingdom emerged in Upper Egypt
 While Lower Egypt was divided
into a number of districts
 Predynastic Period ended: Soon
after 3100B.C.E)
 King Menes united Upper Egypt
and gradually incorporating
Lower Egypt into a new kingdom
with its capital at Memphis this
has become known as the First
Dynasty and marks the
beginning of the longest –lasting
civilizations in history: 3000 years

30. Egyptian Religion
 Religion played central role in
everyday life of Egyptians:
 Attributed everything from
annual cycles of the flooding
of Nile and illnesses to acts of
gods
 Egyptians had pantheon of
hundreds of gods and
goddesses

31. Egyptian Religion
 Male gods:
 Represent rulers, creators,
insurers of fertility
 Female goddesses assumed
roles as: nurturers,
magicians, and sexual
temptresses

33. Egyptian sacrifices
 Egyptians made sacrifices and
prayed to household gods:
 Protection for family health and
well-being
 Worship deities on a local and
regional basis
 Egypt’s most popular cult was
devoted to Osiris fertility god of
the Nile
 Death and resurrection
symbolized the planting of grain
and its sprouting
 Only soul free of sin gained
eternal life

34. Egyptian Society
and Economy
 Egyptian society was highly
stratified:
 Most Egyptian poor peasants
 Subject to forced labor, they
had to paid taxes to land
owners ----pharaoh, wealthy
landowners
 Class distinctions were not
rigid: People rise to higher
rank in service of pharaoh by
joining the tiny literate elite

35. Egyptian Society
 Pupils –usually boys –attended
scribal school for many years at
temples –they learned to read
and write hieratic script –cursive
form of hieroglyphics
 They also learned advanced
skills in mathematics and
building techniques
 Students copied hieroglyphic
signs with reed pens on
limestone chips or clay tablets

36. Scribes
 Scribes were in high demand by
state for many tasks:
 Writing letters, recording
harvests
 Keeping taxesation records,
 Keeping accounts for Egyptian
army
 Most scholarly scribes assumed
positions as:
 Priests, doctors, and engineers
 Scribes enjoyed secured positions
and were free from labor service

37. Egyptian women
 Compared to Greek and
Romans:
 Egyptian women enjoyed
more rights
 However, their status at all
levels of society was generally
lower than that of men
 Few women could qualified as
scribes

38. Egyptian women
 Women served as temple
priestess
 Musicians
 Gardeners
 Farmers
 bakers
 wives and mothers of
pharaohs:
 Had great influence in royal
courts

39. Egyptian women
 Business and legal
documents: show that women
shared economic and legal
rights of men:
 Rights to own, buy, sell, and
inherit property without
reliance on male legal guardians;
to negotiate legal settlements;
 To engage in business deals;
make wills; initiate litigation
and testify in court P,(21)

40. Egyptian women
 In a divorce:
 A woman kept any property
she brought into a marriage
 As well as one-third of a
couple’s property

41. Egyptian
monumental
architecture
 Egyptians have been called
the greatest builders in
history:
 Enduring tombs and
temples
 Mastaba -Earliest brick
tomb –inspired the pyramids
the
 Resemblance to a low bench

43. Father of
architecture in
stone :”Imhotep”

44. Most celebrated of
pyramids were built
Fourth Dynasty
 Khufu’s pyramid –covers 13
acres rose to 481 feet
 Tallest structure in the world
until the Eiffel Tower was
erected in Paris in 1889
 Composed of 2.3 million
limestone bricks some
weighing 15 tons
 All pushed in place by men

45. Most celebrated of
pyramids were built
Fourth Dynasty
 Yet stones perfectly fitted that
a knife cannot be inserted in
the joints
 The Old Kingdom’s 80
pyramids are a striking
expression of Egyptian
civilization

46. Khufu Pyramid 481
feet

47. (984 ft tall)

48. The Old Kingdom
produced ……
 World’s first known solar
calendar direct ancestor of
our own:
 AKHET (the time of
flooding) June 15 - October
15
 PERET (the time of sowing)
October 15 - February 15
 SHEMU (the time of
harvest) February 15 - June
15

49. Sculpture and
Painting
 Egyptian art was essentially
religious:
 Tomb paintings depicted
activities deceased wished to
continue enjoying in after life
 Statues glorify god-kings
 Egyptian art seldom departed
from the classical tradition
 Human figure is shown in
profile or looking ahead

50. American Calendar
 Egyptian Calendar
 Days per week: 10 days
 Three weeks per month
 Seasons per year
 Three
 Days per week 7
 Four to five weeks per month
 Seasons per year
 Four

51. Book of the Dead

52. Writing and
Literature Texts
 In Egypt as in Sumer or
Mesopotamia: Writing began
with pictures
 But unlike the Mesopotamian
signs, the Egyptians
hieroglyphics remained
primarily pictorial
 Early in the Old Kingdom,
Egyptians took steps in using
alphabetical characters for 24
consonant sounds

53. Egyptian picture
Alphabet
Influenced Phoenician
Alphabet
…..forerunner of our
own

54. Mesopotamian
Successors to
Babylon,
 Babylonian Empire came to an
end in 1595 B.C.E, Probably
because of sacking Babylon
by the Hittites, followed by
invasions of peoples from the
east known as Kassites
 Controlled Babylonia for 400
years

55. The Hittites
 In 18th Cen. B.C.E
 Began migrating to Asia
Minor (Turkey)
 Established Kingdom 1400
B.C.E
 Became greatest to Egyptian
Civilization
 Little was known about
Hittites until archeological
discovery

56. The Hittites
 Archaeologists unearthed
remains of their civilization in
Turkey beginning of the 20th
cen.
 the Hittites superior military
tactics, in particular their
mastery of horse –drawn
chariot warfare enabled them
to conquer the native people
of central Asia Minor

57. Hittite kings
 Early Hittite Kingdom had
aggressive monarchs who
were frequently at odds with
their nobles and struggled to
establish an orderly
succession to thrown
 As a result the early
effectiveness of Hittite
monarchy was severely
limited by patterns of
constant internal strife

58. Hittite kings
 1450 B.C.E series of energetic
kings succeeded in limiting the
independence of their nobles
and created centralized empire
that included Syria and
northern Palestine which had
been left virtually undefended
by Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaton
 Ramses II attempted to hold off
the Hittites but lost, Ramses was
forced to sign treaty

59. Hittite civilization
 Reflected traditions of Indo-
European origins rather than
government patterns set by
Mesopotamia and Egypt
 The king was thought to be
greatest of nobles, but not living
god or even god’s representative
on earth
 Hittites nobles held large estates
granted to them by king in
return for serving as warriors for
kings

60. Hittite civilization
 Hittites adopted Mesopotamian
cuneiform script in order to write their
Indo-European language
 Hittites incorporated Mesopotamian
culture that they found appealing:
Sumerian and Mesopotamian literature
were preserved
 Mesopotamian gods and goddesses were
honored with temples
 These gods and goddesses were honored
on equal footing with traditional Hittite
gods
 Law codes showed similarity to
Hammurabi's code ---differed in
prescribing more humane punishments,
Hittites excluded (An Eye for an Eye)

61. Hittite civilization
 The Hittites left their mark on
later people of the region:
 Metal working
 Not especially innovative in
formulation of :
 Law, literature, art, they
borrowed extensively

62. Ancient Iraq

63. American Soldier In
Iraq/Mesopotamia

64. The Hebrew
Kingdoms
 Out of the Hebrew cultural
experience grew two of the
world’s major religions:
Judaism, Christianity and
Islam
 Much of that experience is
recorded in the Hebrew Bible
 The Hebrews believed that
their collection of literature
was divinely inspired

65. History of the
Hebrews  The biblical account of
Hebrew history (Later called
Israelites, then Jews) begins
with the patriarchal leader
named Abraham
 Abraham led his family out of
Ur in Sumer
 Led his family to
northwestern Mesopotamia

66. History of the
Hebrews
 Abraham and his followers
remained nomadic
 The bible records that
Abraham also led his family to
Egypt and back again to the to
the north (Mesopotamia)

67. History of the
Hebrews
 The bible declares: 1550 b.c.e
 Some Hebrews followed
Abraham’s great-grandson
Joseph into Egypt to secure
food because of famine (1550)
 Joseph rose to power in Egypt
 Hebrews enslaved in Egypt
freed by Moses (1300 B.C.E)

68. History of the
Hebrews  After Egyptian Slavery
 Children of Israel wondered
for 40 years in sight of land
promised to them by God
 Contended with the
Canaanites who migrated
from Arabia in third
millennium b.c.e
 Israelites formed confederacy
of 12 tribes and in time
defeated the Canaanites

69. History of the
Hebrews
 Leadership of the Israelites:
Judges: Men and women
among the 12 tribes
 As the Israelites contested the
Canaanites for dominance, a
greater opponent appeared:
The Philistines, Sea peoples
 Name Palestine came from
Philistines (1175)b.c.e

70. History of the
Hebrews
 Saul was chosen king
 Was not able to defeat
philistines
 David was victorious in
defeating them
 Saul’s successor David (1000-
961)
 David Succeeded by son
Solomon (961-922)
 Israel reached splendor and
power as a monarchy

71. History of the
Hebrews
 But the price of Solomon’s
vast bureaucracy, building
projects (especially the palace
complex and temple at
Jerusalem (700 wives and 300
concubines) led to dissentions
 At the death of Solomon
kingdom split in two: Israel in
the North and Judah in the
south

72. History of the
Hebrews
 These two weak kingdoms
were not able to defend itself
 In 722 b.c.e the Assyrians
captured Samaria, the capital
of northern kingdom
 The southern kingdom held
out until 586 b.c.e
Nebuchadnezzar, the
Chaldean ruler of Babylon,
destroyed Jerusalem brought
large numbers of Israelites

73. History of the
Hebrews
 In 538 b.c.e, Cyrus the Great ,
king of Persia, conquered
Babylon then freed the
Israelites
 The returning exiles
completed the reconstruction
of the Temple destroyed by
Nebuchadnezzar
 The Persians were defeated by
the Greece

74. Hebrew religion
 The bible states that from the
time of Abraham: The
Hebrews worshiped one God
 Israelites, God called Yahweh

76. Early Indian
Civilizations: From
Neolithic Origins to
300C.E
 The Indian subcontinent:
Matrix for networks of trade
and culture
 Target of conquerors and
empire builders
 The civilizations of classical
India: Had profound effect
that endures to this day: Arts,
literature, religion,
philosophical beliefs of the
world

77. Early Indian
Civilizations: From
Neolithic Origins to
300C.E
 The subcontinent India was a
land of sometimes dense
settlement as early as Stone
Age, dating back 500,000
years
 India has a diverse climate,
geography, language, ethnicity
 Like all premodern societies:
Primarily village –based
agricultural society

78. Early Indian
Civilizations: From
Neolithic Origins to
300C.E
 India produced: Extensive in
Indus Valley northwest
 India adopted culture and
language from people who
immigrated from the Iranian
plateau

80. Highest Mountain in
the World and
regions  Himalayas divide India from
the rest of Asia
 Shields India from arctic
winds
 Subcontinent comprises two
major geographical regions:
 In the north is the great plain-
which came to be known as
Hindustan -- after the Muslim
invasions

81. The Term India
 Refer to entire subcontinent:
 Pakistan
 India
 Nepal
 Bhutan
 Bangladesh
 Sri Lanka

82. Two great rivers
 The Indus and the Ganges
 Have their sources in the
Himalayas
 India’s climate are governed
by northeast monsoon wind
of the winter
 And the wet southwest
monsoon wind of the summer

83. Indus River

84. Ganges River

85. Rainfall, size and
language
 Most parts of India receive the
majority of rainfall during the
summer and autumn months
 India comprises an area
comparable to Europe in size
and internal diversity
 Language divided into: indo-
European in north
 Dravidian in south
 Each group embraces a number
of separate languages

86. The Indus
Civilization, C. 2500-
1500
 Before 2500 B.C.E
 A counterpart of the civilizations
that emerged along the Tigris
and Euphrates and the Nile
appeared along the Indus River
 The area called Punjab “land of
five rivers
 This Indus valley civilization
flourished until about 1700
B.C.E

87. Indus Civilization
and Cities
 Mohenjo-Daro
 Located north of Karachi in
present-day Pakistan
 Largest Bronze Age cities of
the world

88. City of Mohenjo-
Daro

89.  Archaeologists believe that
the Indus valley civilization
began declining around 1900
B.C.E
 Around that time or perhaps a
few hundred years earlier
 Iranian migrants moved into
the subcontinent
 Their culture and language
gradually came to dominate
north of India

90. Religion and
similarity to
Mesopotamia
 Migrants religion –Brahmans
 Priests, seers)
 Became foundation for much
of later cultural development
of entire subcontinent
 Indus valley around 2500B.C.E
resembled Mesopotamia
nearly a thousand years later

91.  In India:
 Neolithic farmers lived in food –
producing villages situated on
hilly flanks of large river valleys
around 4000B.C.E
 These settlements spread out
along the river valleys,
capitalizing on their abundant
water and fertile soil
 farming villages grown into
large cities

92. Economy of Indus,
Mesopotamia,
Egypt
 Based on irrigation farming
 Indus Valley Civilization:
 Wheat, barley-chief crops
 The state collected these
grains as taxes and stored
them in huge granaries
 Chickens were domesticated
as food source
 Cotton was grown and used in
making textiles

93. Vedic Age,
1900_1000 B.C.E
 Heated debate among
Historians: some historians
assert large wave of people called
Aryans invaded and conquered
north India, bringing their
culture with them
 Other historians stress that
Indians already living in the
north adopted the culture of a
much smaller group of migrants
from the Iranian plateau

94. Religion and
culture:
 In the 600s B.C.E
 Radical minority of Brahmans
embraced ascetic and mystical
religious ideas and practices:
 Early form of yoga, meaning
spiritual discipline and
involved meditation

95. Religion and
culture:
 Mystics taught secret, mystical
understandings of human body,
breath, mind, and soul
 Most important of these
understandings was the assertion
that the light of consciousness
within a person was nothing less
than undiluted energy of
Brahman, eternal, sacred
creative energy that is source of
all things
 (equivalent to God in
monotheistic religion)

96. Religion and
culture:
 The early Brahmans taught:
 All things that exist –from the
most sublime ideas a person
could think –to crudest forms
of matter –came from
 Brahman energy and
eventually returned to
Brahman, the only
permanent reality

97. Religion and
culture:
 The Vedic Brahmans thought
that people live only once and
that fate of their soul is
determined in that one life
 (General idea is found in all
three of the Western Abraham
religions: Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam)
 Vedic Aryans hoped to live up
in heavens with sky –gods
after their death

98. Religion and
culture:
 Transmigration of soul
 Brahmanas, based on
person’s deeds stayed with
him in the form of an unseen
power that act after a person’s
death
 A deed or action was called
Karman or karma

99. Religion and
culture:
 Later --Brahmana: express
idea that people can more
than once the accumulation of
their good works, their good
karma, supports them in
heaven when they die
 But karma can be used up
keeping the soul in heaven
and the soul then dies again,
in heaven

100. Religion and
culture:
 When a soul dies in heaven it
descends to earth,
reincarnated in another body
 The new person lives and dies,
soul goes to heaven once again
 If the earthly actions of this
latest lifetime have been good
 Or conformed with dar-mah
or law

101. Religion and
culture:
 Violating the dar-mah results
in sub-human forms of life as
 After living a life as some kind
of animal, a soul
automatically moves up the
ladder of life forms toward an
eventual human incarnation

102. Religion and
culture:
 The rebirth of the soul in a new
body is called Samsara
 Good deeds, including Vedic
rituals only provide a temporary
spell in heaven between
incarnations
 Bad deeds had far more
unpleasant concequences
 But worse than either hell or
heaven was the prospect of
living and dying over and over

103. Religion and
culture:
 To escape perpetual Samsara:
 Achievement of moksha
 Leads to escaping from Karma,
Samsara and from all the pain and
suffering encountered in countless
lives
 According to the Upanishads, a
person can dissolve the soul back
into the holy oneness that is the its
ultimate source and end
 Result the soul returned home –
free from journey through
samsara

104. The Jains, Defenders
of all beings
 Jainism
 Most important duty of a person is
Ahimsa—to practice nonviolence
and to cause no harm or pain to
any being
 Buddhism also adopted the idea of
Ahimsa
 Special emphasis on idea, all
beings (including plants, insects,
and minerals) have souls (jiva) and
experience pain
 To cause pain to any component –
leads to biggest source of the worst
possible Karma

105. The Jains, Defenders
of all beings
 When drinking water a person
must try as much as not to
destroy or cause pain to living
beings in the water
 Some Jains gently sweep the
path before them with a
broom as they walk to avoid
stepping on living things
 Tie cloths over mouths to
avoid inhaling any small
creatures in the air

106. The Jains, Defenders
of all beings
 Most significant figure in Jain
belief is: Mahavira (c. 559 –
c468B./C.E faith’s founder
 Mahavira –means –great hero
 He is called Jina (jee-nah,
victor, conqueror)
 Followers are called Jainas
(those who follow the Jina
 Hence the Western name
Jainism

107. The Jains, Defenders
of all beings
 According to Jain tradition
Mahavira was a Prince who at
the age of 30 renounced the
world –his home and family and
all property and status that went
with him
 Over 12 years, Mahavira followed
teachings of earlier religious
teacher
 He wondered naked from place
to place, lived on handouts,
engaged in meditation

108. The Jains, Defenders
of all beings
 Observed celibacy
 Nudity was a form of
asceticism because it exposed
the genital and invited the
painful ridicule
 The practice of nudity was the
subject of debate among later
Jain ascetics and gradually
died out

109. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
 Buddhism arose in Northern
India
 Spread outside India to all
Asia, continues to expand
around globe
 Buddhism had some basic
similarities to Jainism, but
root ideas were profoundly
different

110. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
 Both religions derive from the
life and teachings of a great
man, both stress the
humanity of their teacher and
do not rely on gods or divine
rites to pursue the highest
goal of life
 Both developed monastic
institutions in which celibate
men and women lived

111. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
 The word Buddha means
someone who has awakened
from sleep
 Buddhists see the Buddaha’s
Great Awakening (bodhi) as
the greatest discovery of
truth
 The man who became the
Buddha was born Siddhartha

112. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
 He was born a prince
 According to tradition: the
Buddha was conceived when
his mother dreamed one night
that a white elephant
entered her right side
 Later the baby was born from
the right side, right after
birth the baby stood up and
announced that this would
be his last life

113. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
 Seers predicted that Gautama
would become either a great
king or great sage who would
see four special sights of human
suffering :
 A sick man, an old man
 A dead man, an ascetic holy
man seeking to escape
suffering
 Seers predicted: Siddhartha
would renounce world and
discover a way to relieve the
world’s suffering

114. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
 The Siddhartha’s father tried
to prevent fulfillment of
prophecy by raising him in
luxuary and went to great
lengths to prevent the prince
from ever seeing the sick,
old, or dead
 in the prince’s twenty –nine
year –all his father’s
protections proved vain

115. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
 On three separate occasions the
prince happened to see a:
 Sick man, an old man, dead
man
 These sights shocked him and
he was troubled to learn, from
his chariot driver, that all people
must suffer sickness, old age,
and death
 He also saw a wonderin ascetic
who was in quest of Moksha,

116.  To his father’s great
disappointment, Gautama
decided to follow the ascetic’s
example, he renounced his
wealth and position, forsaking
his wife and child
 Gautama studied meditation for
a year with tow different
teachers, eventually abandoning
both because their doctrines did
not satisfy him
The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha

117. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
 Gautama almost died from
fasting and self –torture
 And after 5 years, he
concluded that these ascetic
practices weakened the mind
and would not lead to end of
suffering
 Gautama left his ascetic
companions, who ridiculed
him for his weakness

118. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
 Gautama took first bath in
five years
 Then sat down under banyan
or Indian fig tree )
 Was given a meal by rich
woman who offered a special
meal once a year to the spirit
of that tree

119. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
 Gautama meditated all night
 His mind examined the world
and it workings and he came
to understand more and more
 Fundamental causes for all
that happens
 Shortly before dawn, he
attained the key insights for
understanding the root of
suffering and its elimination

120. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
 According to legendary tradition
 Gautama became fully
enlightened only when he over
came: Demon Mara(death) and
his daughters Greed, Lust, and
anger
 Gautama’s triumph over these
daughters, who performed
sensual dances to entice him, set
stage for later development in
Buddhism that women’s
sexuality was something that
needed to be guarded against

121. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
 Gautama summarized the
truth-- Great Awakening:
 Four noble truths expresses
the entire system of Buddhist
philosophy
 The Four Noble Truths are
also called Middle Way
 The way of life between
normal human sensation,
desire, and action

122. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
 Middle way:
 On the other hand the life of
Harsh asceticism
 Middle Way involves the
Moderate asceticism of
renunciation, celibacy
 Less rigorous that Jains
asceticism (Indian Religion)

123. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
 Four Noble Truths:
 Suffering dominates our
experience
 The cause of suffering is
desire or craving
 It is possible to extinguish
suffering by extinguishing its
cause, thereby attaining
NIRVANA
 Noble Eightfold Path leads to
the extinction of desire –that is,
it leads to Nirvana

124. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
 The Noble Eightfold Path Consists:
 Right views –Acknowledge the Four
Noble Truths ---accept they are true
 Right resolve –the decision to act
according to the Four Noble Truths
 Right speech –Don’t lie, use speech
wisely, speak only when necessary,
right speech foster’s peace and
harmony

125. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
 Right Conduct or Action
:No killing, respect life and
property
 Right livelihood or careers:
Choose careers that do not
inflict harm

126. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
 Right effort: following the Path
with all one’s heart by renouncing
the world and becoming a monk
or nun
 Right mindfulness: a form of
meditation that produces wisdom,
wisdom undermine desire because
wise person no longer sees self as
particularly important
 Right concentration: learn to
stay focus, meditate and be
aware of how thoughts can
affect behavior

127. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
 Buddhism claims that desire
is extinguished and nirvana
is attained when the seventh
and eight steps of the path
have been perfected
 That is: when the person on
the Path realize that he or
she is just another person
among many and no more
important or valuable than
the other –

128. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
 Nirvana: Happy, friendly state
in which the Buddha lived for
45 years after his Awakening)
 Not an altered state of
consciousness not paradise
or heaven
 Idea of rebirth and Paradise
was later developed by
Chinese and Japanese, the
Buddha did not suggest these
concepts

129. Hinduism Buddhism
 Not static and fixed in time
 In the years 200 B.C.E to 300
C.E Hinduism formulated
synthesis: Hinduism is not
one single doctrine
 Not static and fixed in time
 Evolved during classical era
 Buddhism split into two
distinct strands of
interpretation

130. Essential to
Hinduism
 Cycle of birth, death, and
rebirth (Samsara)
 Structured society by social
status and proper behavior
 Beings may born as humans in
various (Jatis) or lesser
creatures depending on their
actions in previous life

131. Three Traditions of
worship and
theology
 Vishnu, Shiva and Devi
 Vishnu symbolize the aspect
of the Supreme Reality that
conserve and sustain the
universe. Although there are
variations in images and
pictures of Lord Vishnu, He is
generally symbolized by a
human body with four arms.


132. Three Traditions of
worship and
theology
 The third deity of the Hindu
triad of great gods. Shiva is
called Destroyer (of evil), but
has also the aspect of
regeneration. As destroyer
he is dark and terrible,
appearing as a naked ascetic
accompanied by a train of
hideous demons, encircled
with serpents and necklaces
of skulls.

133. Shiva

134. Devi goddess

135. The Epics
 The Mahabharata composed
between 300 BC and 300 AD)
has the honor of being the
longest epic in world
literature, 75,000 stanzas
 Tells the tale of an all
compassing war between
rival sets of cousins, the
PANDVAS and KAURAVAS
 Fighting for throne of
BHARATA KINGDOM

136. The Epics
 Battle lasted for 18 days, is not
simply a struggle for an
earthly kingdom
 Ultimately a cosmic struggle
between virtue and evil, a
battle to set the world right
 Tale of heroism, vengeance
and sacrifice similar to Greek
epic Iliad

137. The Epics
 Ramayana: Great Hindu
Epic , king Rama rescues his
wife Sita from demon Ravana
after lengthy struggle
 Rama overjoyed to see Sita
 But tormented by shame that
she touched by another male
 Doubts on her virtue forces
him to repudiate her

138. The Epics
 Ramayana: Sita devastated by
the rejection by her husband
 She demands pyre to be built so
as to immolate
 The ideas of devotion, sexual
purity and feminine honor are
not limited to classical India
 They are common in many
traditional societies and
continue to influence gender
relations

139. Counting Time  There are many ways to
understand a civilization:
political systems, buildings,
religions, arts and gender
relations
 Another interesting way is time
examine its imaginings
 Past societies have counted time
in diverse ways
 Christians and Muslims trace
their histories from Adam

140. Counting Time
 The belief in reincarnation
shared by Hindus,
Buddhists, and Jains, makes
Indian notions of times
radically different from those
of traditions in which
humans have only one lifetime
 Indians traditions humans are
viewed has having
thousands of lifetime

141. Counting Time
 What comes after death is
intimately linked to the
imagining of time
 Hindu civilization is unique
among ancient world in the
way time is counted
 Indians view time in terms
of counting in era called
MAHAYUGAS

142. Counting Time
 Just as individuals die and
then are reborn, at the end of
each era, the world
dissolves and then
reemerges to begin a new era
 Each era consists of one
complete cycle of four AGES:
 Golden Age (1440, 000
human years, in which all
beings are good and all life is
comfortable

143. Counting Time
 The Age of Trey (1080,000 human
years)
 Evil appears along with some suffering
and difficulty in life,
 Age of Deuce (720,000 human years
in which there is no more evil or pain
an suffering
 Age of dissolution (360,000 human
years –in which evil, pain, and
distress predominate in human life
 Before and after each age are twilight
periods of varying length that add
720,000 years to the length of whole
cycle

144. Meeting of East,
West
 In the centuries immediately
preceding and following the
birth of Christ, the great
civilizations of the world –
 Indian, Chinese, and
Roman –were connected by a
complex network of
commercial, intellectual,
and diplomatic exchanges

145. (film-Mahabharata) Chapter 3

146. Greece: Minoan and
Mycenaean
 Minoan first Aegean cultures
to reach a high degree of
sophistication or civilization
 Named after legendary king of
Crete, Minos ,
 From center of Crete, Minoan
civilization spread its
influence to surrounding
Aegean Islands, the coast of
Asia Minor, and to mainland
Greece itself

147. Crete
 A narrow, 160-mile –long island,
 Crete served as a stepping stone
for extensive trading contacts
with Europe, Asia, and Africa
 Established by immigrants from
Asia Minor made prosperous by
economic and cultural contacts
with Mesopotamia, Egypt,
southern Africa
 By 2000B.C.E a high level
sophistication achieved

148. Minoans
 Prosperity: Based on large-scale
trading network ranged
throughout Mediterranean:
Sicily, Greece, Asia, Asia
Minor, and Syria to Africa and
probably to Great Britain
 Minoans employed well-
constructed ships capable of
long voyages
 Chief exports: Olive oil, wine,
metal ware and pottery

149. Archaeological
discovery
 English archaeologist---Sir
Arthur Evans(1851-1941)
brought to light this impressive
civilization
 Between 1900 and 1905 Evans
excavated the great palace in
Crete
 Rising three stories high –brick
and limestone –
 Maze of royal apartments,
storerooms, corridors, open
court-yard

150. Archaeological
discovery
 Palace equipped with running
water, sanitation system
 Walls painted with elaborate
frescoes
 Painting portray Minoans as
happy, peaceful people with
enthusiasm for dancing,
festivals, and athletic contests
 Women are shown enjoying
freedom and prominence

151. frescoes

152. Archaeological
discovery and
women
 Women were shown taking an
equal part in public festival –
even as athletes and
participants in religious
rituals
 Their dresses are very
elaborate –bright patterns and
colors, pleats, and puffed
sleeves

153. Women
 Hair is carefully curled and
arranged –certain indication
that Minoan women of high
standing had sufficient time
and wealth devote to elaborate
fashion

154. The Arts
 Varied in themes: full of color
 Motion
 Humor
 Art seems to be essential part of
everyday life
 Intended to impart a religious or
political message
 Principal deity was probably a
mother goddess, her importance
seems to reflect the prominence
women held in Minoan

155. The Mycenaeans
 After 200 B.C.E., Indo-
European Greek tribes
invaded Greece from the
north either conquered or
absorbed earlier settlers
 Ruled from palaces on
fortified hills in the south of
Greece
 Absorbed much of the
Minoan culture through
trading contacts

157. Contrast
Minoans/Mycenaea
ns
 Mycenaeans seemed to have
more warlike people
 Sailed seas as raiders or
traders
 Their women adopted Minoan
fashions and added their own
cultural preferences in
cosmetics, dress, and jewelry

158. Women and society
 Mycenaean women do not
appear to have enjoyed the
same prominence as the
Minoan women
 Mycenaean society was highly
patriarchal –dominated by
power exercised by men

159. Fall of Mycenaean
 New wave of Greek invaders,
aided by weapons made of
iron conquered the
Mycenaean strongholds
 Some archaeologists suggest
that invasion of new peoples
caused less damage to
Mycenaean sites than did
revolts of lower classes against
their powerful and autocratic
overlords

160.  Hellenic civilization:
 Four centuries from around 1150
to 750 B.C.E,
 Called: Greek Dark Ages
 Marked by drastic
depopulation and
disappearance of major
components of Mycenaean
Civilization –centralize
bureaucratic administration,
wide –raging commerce, art
forms, monumental
architecture, and writing

161. Athenian Society
 Despite democracy
 Women fully incorporated
into the society
 No voice in government
 Women were not possess
property in their own name
 Make legal contracts, testify in
the courts
 Initiate divorce, complete
exclusion from public life

162.  Hellenic Civilization: receives
name from Greek hero Hellen, a
mortal who is credited with
bringing the first humans to
inhabit Greece
 Geography played important
role in shaping Greek history
 Numerous mountain ranges
severely restricted internal
communication and led to the
development of fiercely
independent city states

163. Athenian Society
 Wife’s function:
 Manage home
 Take came of children
 Men did not marry until
about 30
 Married girls half their age or
less
 Younger girls could be more
easily molded to conform to
husbands preferences

164. Athenian Society
 Marriages were arranged
through agreements between
families
 Brides and bride-grooms seldom
met before their marriage
 Families were small usually no
more than two children
 Infanticide was practiced as
means of population control
 The average life expectancy in
Athens was little more than 30
years

165. Athenian Society
and sex
 Sexual activity outside of marriage
for men was acceptable in Athens
 Prostitution was common
 Prostitutes were normally resident
foreigners and therefore not
subject to social restrictions
imposed on Athenian women
 Women were forbidden to speak
with men other than their
husbands
 Forbidden to appear in public
except for funerals or specific
festivals

166. Homosexuality
 Acceptable form of social
conduct for Athenian men
during certain periods of their
lives
 Sexual relationship between a
mature man and young
adolescent boy was common
practice
 The relationship was not viewed
as sexual, but educational –a rite
of initiation into adult society

167. Homosexuality
 Male homosexuality that
continued into the years when
Athenians were expected to
marry and produce children
were not allowed
 Such relationship was
regarded as unnatural
government issued strong
legal prohibitions against
them

168. Athenian slaves
 In fifth –century scholars
estimate that one out of every
four persons was a slave
 Some were captives others were
children of slaves
 Most came from outside of
Greece
 No large collection of slaves
were used on agricultural estates
small landowners might own
one or more slaves who work in
the field with their masters

169. Sparta to 500 B.C.E
 Early history of Sparta seems
very similar to that of most
Greek poleis
 Sparta moved from a powerful
monarchy to oligarchy when
the nobles installed five
annually elected aristocrats
magistrates called (overseers)

170. Newborn children in
Sparta
 Spartan officials examined all
newborn children, any found
sickly or deformed were
abandoned
 At age seven boys were taken
from families placed in charge
of state educators, boys were
taught to bear hardship,
endure discipline, and devote
life to state

171. Newborn children in
Sparta
 At 20 young men enrolled in
army and continued to live in
barracks
 He was allowed to marry but by
law was commanded to live in
barracks
 He could only steal out to visit
wife at nights
 After thirty he could live at
home but continued to take
meals with men at age 60 he was
released from army and to live at
home

172. Newborn children in
Sparta
 This lifelong pattern of
discipline produced some of
the most formidable soldiers
in human history
 And inspired Spartan citizens
with the sense of purpose,
obedience, and respect for
Spartan law

173. Spartan girls
 Also received state training in
order to become healthy
mothers of warrior sons
 Primary service: to give birth
to male babies, and were
instructed to strengthen their
bodies for childbirth
 To strengthen bodies:
running, wrestling, throwing
discus, and javelin

174. Spartan girls
 Their characters were to be as strong
and resolute as those of their
husbands
 As their husbands marched of to war,
Spartan women gave a firm farewell:
“come back with your shield –or on it”
 Spartan marriages were arranged
by parents they were given complete
control over children until boy
reached 7 many Spartan women
owned property –manage family
estates –while husbands busied
themselves with constant readiness for
war

175. Although many
Greeks admired…
 The Spartan culture, many
frowned
 Typically Spartans were
unsophisticated, uncultured
fighting machine
 Trade and travel were
prohibited- due to fear of
losing their culture
 Spartans feared
contamination of democracy

176. Greek Religion
 Early Greek religion, like
almost all religious expression
of early civilizations,
abounded in gods and
goddesses who personified
the forces of nature
 ZEUS---sky-god wielder of
thunderbolts, ruled from
Mount Olympus with the aid
lesser deities, many of whom
were his children

177. Greek Religion
 The gods and goddesses act
like humans
 Expressing: evil deeds,
favoritism, jealousy,
 Zeus’s wife (HERA) often set
up plots for him, HE asserted
his authority through of
violence
 Hades, place of dead –
subterranean land of dust and
darkness

178. Greek Religion
 Human nature composed of
two distinct and opposing
elements: the evil element of
the body ---
 Divine element (soul)
 Death frees the divine soul
from evil body –and
therefore welcomed

179. Greek philosophy
 Love of (Wisdom) - philosophy
 arose from their curiously about
nature
 Earliest Greek philosophers –
called physikoi(physicists)
 Reason: main interest
investigation of the real physical
world
 Socrates influence: not natural
science but ethics: how people
are to act in light of moral
principles

180. Thales
 Changed course of human
knowledge by insisting that the
phenomena of universe could be
explained by natural rather
than supernatural causes
 This rejection of mythological
explanations led the Greeks to
emphasize the use of human
reason to explain the world
around them

181. Sophists
 Meaning: intellectuals---they taught: methods
of persuasion and successful argumentation
 The Sophists or intellectuals put all
conventional beliefs to the test of rational
criticism and subjective human beliefs,
customs
 Some S0phists argue: That truth is relative-
having no firm no fixed universal standards
to guide human actions

182. The contribution of
Socrates
 Asking meaningful questions
and subjecting answers to
logical analysis
 Agreement could be reached
about ethical standards and
humane rule of conduct
 Socrates was accused of
undermining the institutions
and values of city-state
 Constant questioning of socially
accepted customs, dislike of
democracy, he was viewed as
subversive

183. Socrates
 He was accused of corrupting
the youth
 Found guilty and was
condemned to death
 He was given chance to escape
his fate, he refused to do so
 Choosing instead to observe
his counties’ laws, but
retaining the to question and
analyze them

184. Plato and His theory
 Socrates famous student
 Like Socrates, Plato believed
that truths but only
 Universal truths: beauty,
goodness, and justice

185. Hippocrates
 Father of Medicine
 Established school based on
the value of observation
 Firmly convinced that disease
was caused by natural causes
and not by supernatural
powers or causes
all doctors still take the
Hippocratic oath currently

186. Greek Poetry, and
drama
 Two great epics:
 Iliad
 Odyssey
 Attributed to Homer
 Iliad describes: clash of arms
between the Greeks and
Trojans, glorifies heroic
bravery and physical strength

187. Greek Poetry, and
drama
 Odyssey, adventures and
wonderings of Odysseus on
his return to Greece after
Troy’s fall –
 Places less stress on divine
intervention

188. Greek Architecture :
Temple of Apollo

189.  Video presentations dealing
with Ancient GREECE:
 The Mystery (1999) of the
Minoans
 Atlantis –in search of a lost
continent
 Chapter 4

190. Roman Civilization
 One of the most fascinating empire in
human history
 Originated from along Tiber River
 Rome dominated the landscape of the
world
 For nearly 500 years
 Estimates of Rome’s peak population
1st and 2nd century
 450,000 to over 3.5 million people
 This means Rome was the largest city
in the then known world
 Rome was the heartbeat of the then
known world

191. Rome and Wealth
 When one traveled to the Roman
Forum: you could buy goods from
any place in the world
 The forum was the market place
for ships from all over the world
 You could buy
 Any kind of clothing by the
finest designers
 All cultures of the world could
be found in Rome
 Rome famous for statues carved
in marbles

192. Augustus Caesar
 First Emperor of Rome quoted as saying, “
I found Rome a city of bricks and left it a
city of marble
 Even today, Rome is still a fascination
 Modern visitors are still amazed
concerning magnificent architecture
concerning ancient ruins
 Rome was famous for building its
aqueduct
 These carry water through out Roman
Empire

193.  Rome moved from oligarchy to
democracy
 Roman kings: imperium,
 Stand for: Imperialism and
empire
 Imperium was officially
conferred on the king by popular
assembly consisted of male
citizens
 The king was expected to receive
advice of council of nobles
called the Senate
 Senators held positions for life

194. Rome’s origins
 Legend held that Rome was
founded in 753 B.C.E
 By Romulus and twin brother,
Remus
 Sons of king’s daughter who
had raped by Mars, the god of
war
 Romulus and Remus was
thrown into Tiber River by
wicked uncle who seized the
thrown

195. Romulus and Remus
 Rescued and nurtured by she
–wolf
 Fable to fact: modern
scholars believe that the eight
century b.c.e people in small
settlements on hills in the
Tiber Valley united and
established a common
meeting place, the Forum

196.  Etruscans: under their
direction Rome became an
important city about 625
B.C.E
 Rome development followed
similar political pattern of
Greece –city-states monarchy,
oligarchy, modified
democracy and finally,
permanent dictatorship of
the Roman emperors

197.  Senators and their families
belonged to the patrician class,
the fathers of the state
 Other class of Romans:
plebeians, or commoners,
farmers, artisans dependents,
of patrician landowners
 In 509 B.C. E, the patricians,
with help of plebeian –
overthrew the Etruscan
monarchy established
aristocratic form of
government, known as Republic

198. The Republic and
the Roman
Conquest of Italy:
509-133 B.C.E
 History of Roman Republic:
 Divided into two parts:509 to
133 B.C.E two themes are
dominant: a change from
aristocracy to a more
Democratic constitution,
gradual extension of political
and social equality to the
plebeian lower class
 Expansion of Roman military
and political control first in Italy
and then throughout
Mediterranean region

199. Establishing the
Republic
 509 bce patricians forced out
last Etruscan King (despot)
 Patricians replaced
monarchy with Aristocracy
called republic or
commonwealth
 Imperium previously wielded
by one king was now shared
by two new magistrates,
called consuls

200.  This assemble was presided over
by plebeian leaders called
tribunes and could pass
plebiscites or decrees binding
only on plebeian community
 Tribunes were given sacred
status by plebeians with aim to
protect form patrician abuses
 Tribunes assumed right to stop
unjust or oppressive acts of
patrician consuls by stating
veto(

201. Establishing the
Republic
 Consuls were elected annually
from the patrician class, the
consuls exercised power in the
interest of that class
 In event of war or serious
domestic problems:
extraordinary magistrate
called a dictator was
substituted for two consuls
this official was given absolute
power for only six months

202. Conflict of orders
 For more than two centuries
following establishment of
Republic: plebeians struggled for
political and social equality
 Outright civil was avoided by
gradual willingness of Patricians
to accept the demands of
plebeians
 Patrician acceptance was often
reluctant and gradually slow

203. Plebeians success in
equal rights struggle
 Due to their the privilege
granted to organize themselves
as a corporate body capable of
collective action
 Permission or privilege was
granted by the Senate early in
fifth century
 Plebeians threatened t leave
Rome and establish their own
state a sort of state within a
state known as concilium
plebis a gathering of
plebeians

204. Pax Romana
 Pax Romana is Latin for
"Roman Peace." Lasted 27 B.C
under Augustus’s reign until
A.D. 180
 Pax Romana was a period of
relative peace and cultural
achievement in the Roman
Empire, especially in the area
of building

205. Roman Society
 Top of Roman social order
 Senatorial families
 Lived as absentee owners of large
estates
 Women subjects of husband and
fathers
 Almost no legal could not
represent self in courts
 Could not initiate divorce unless
husband convicted of sorcery or
murder
 Wives of emperors deemed ideal
women

206. Christianity and
Rome
 Christianity developed in
obscure part of Rome
 Christians persecuted in
Roman Empire
 Became dominant in the
Roman Empire
 Some ascribed Christianity is
main cause for Rome’s demise


207. The Life and
Teaching of Jesus
 According to the four Gospels:
 Jesus was born in Bethlehem
during Herod’s reign
 Spent five years of his adult life
as a carpenter
 Jesus taught people love urged
people to turn from sin
 Jesus performs miracles:
 Cast out demons, healing sick
raising the dead
 Walking on water

209. From village to
Village
 Jesus and 12 apostles traveled
from village to village
 Went to observe feast of pass in
Jerusalem large crowd followed
him
 Greeted his as messiah
 Opponents, Pharisees:
 Jesus distort Jewish religious law
 treason for saying he is the king
of the Jews

210. The Spread of
Christianity
 After Christ death and
Resurrection
 Christ comforted his disciples
 Christianity first made rapid
head-way:
 Damascus
 Antioch
 Corinth
 Rome

211. The Apostle Paul
 Played instrumental role in
spreading Christianity
 Because of powerful influence
he has been called second
founder of Christianity
 First named Saul then change to
Paul
 Paul was of Jewish ancestry but
Roman citizen by birth
 Raised in urban center of Tarsus,
city in Asia Minor

212. The Apostle Paul
 Strict Pharisee considered
Christians as traitors to sacred
law
 Actively persecuted Christians
 About 33 C.E while traveling
to Damascus to persecute
Christians
 Saul experienced conversion
to beliefs he opposed

213. The Apostle Paul
 After conversion name
changed from Saul to Paul
 Greatest opponent of
Christianity
 To greatest early Christian
Missionaries
 Paul taught that Jesus was the
Christ
 The son of God and died to
atone for sins of all people

214. The Apostle Paul
 Paul covered 8000 miles
teaching and preaching
 Paul was put to death in Rome
about 65 C.E
 By the death of Paul
Christianity entrenched in
cities in Rome and in the East
 Paul provided vital assistance
to church through his
teachings

215. Causes for spread of
Christianity
 Common to all mythological
religions
 Notions of divine savior and
promise of everlasting life
 Cult followers found many
Christian beliefs/practices
similar to their own
 Divine savior and promise of
everlasting life
 Christianity offered more appeal
than mythical religions

216. Causes for spread of
Christianity
 Founder not creation of myth
 Like gods and goddesses of
mystery cults
 Shared with Jews concept of
single omnipotent God
 God of Hebrew Scriptures now
God of all humanity
 Dynamic, aggressive faith
 Upheld spiritual equality of all
people
 rich, poor, slave, freeborn, male,
female

217. Causes for spread of
Christianity
 Women were among Jesus'
followers
 Women played active role in
the church
 Christianity offered
immortality and happiness in
heaven for those who accept
Christ
 Converts bound together by
faith and hope

218. Causes for spread of
Christianity
 Christians took seriously
obligation of caring for:
 Orphans
 Widows
 Other needs among
community of believers
 Christians expressed courage
facing death impressed even
their bitterest enemies

219. Persecution of
Christians
 Romans tolerated religions
that did not threaten safety
and stability of empire
 Christianity was perceived as
subversive danger to society
and state
 Christians refused to offer
sacrifice to state cults on
behalf of the emperor

220. Persecution of
Christians
 Offering sacrificing to state
cults was considered essential
patriotic rite uniting all
Romans to government
 Christians contends for only
one God and reject other gods
 In the eyes of many Roman
officials this attitude branded
them traitors

221. Persecution of
Christians
 To the Romans, the Christians
were a secret anti-social group
 Forming a state within a state
 One pagan writer advocated
that Christians wall
themselves off from rest of
society
 Many Christians were pacifists
who refused to serve in the
army

222. Persecution of
Christians
 Christians denied legitimacy
of other religious sects
 Refused to associate with
pagans or take part in social
functions that they considered
sinful
 During first two centuries
after Jesus' crucifixion
 Persecution of was sporadic
and local –at Rome under
Nero

223. Persecution of
Christians
 During late third and fourth
centuries when empire was
in dander of collapse
 Three organized efforts were
launched to suppress
Christianity throughout
empire
 Christians made up one-tenth
of population

224. Persecution of
Christians
 Persecution instigated by
Diocletian from 303-311
 Death penalty imposed on those
who refused to sacrifice to
Roman gods
 Defiance of Christian martyrs
welcome death for their faith
 This defiance had persuasive
effect on many observers
 The blood of the martyrs is the
seed of the church- Became
Christian slogan

225. Nero and Christian Persecution

226. Church organization  Earliest Christians saw no need
to build complex religious
bureaucracy
 However, has time passed
 A Church organization emerged
 Steady growth of church led to
special fulltime church officials
 Devote all their time to religious
work

227. Church organization
 Clarifying the body of
Christian doctrine
 Conducting services,
 Collecting money for
charitable purposes
 Earliest officials were called
presbyters (Elders) Bishops
 Deacons (servers)

228. Church organization
 Priests were responsible to a
bishop
 Diocese, territorial
administrative division under
leadership of bishop
 Bishops were regarded to be
direct successors of apostles

229. Church organization
 A number of dioceses made
up province
 Bishops of most important
city in each province enjoyed
greater prestige
 And was known as archbishop
 Provinces were grouped into
larger administration called
patriarchates

230. Christian, worship,
Doctrine
 Church controversy
 Priest Arius from Alexandria
 Taught that Christ was not fully
God
 Christ created being and not
coeternal with his creator
 Emperor Constantine resolved
problem
 Council of Nicaea in 325
 Council found Arian position to be
a heresy
 Trinity sanctioned at Nicene Creed

231.  In 311 Emperor Galerious
issued edict
 Making Christianity legal
religion
 Two years later, Constantine
granted freedom
 To worship throughout empire
 Emperor Theodosius I (779-
395)
 Made Christianity the official
religion of Emperor
Acceptance of
Christianity

232. Roman Legacy
 The spread of the Twelve
Tables served as the basis for
the Roman legal code was
replaced by the Theodosian
Code of the fifth century ce.
 The Theodosian provide the
basis for all other legal
systems that evolved in
Western Europe, the bedrock
of what is now known as the
civil law.

233. Constantine Motive
 Why Constantine granted of
worship to Christians:
 Debatable
 His Christian biographers assert
 Night before decisive battle at
Milvian Bridge
 Constantine saw cross in sky with
words
 By this, conquer written on the
cross
 The next day Constantine led his
troops to victory
 Raising the cross as a symbol

234. Roman Engineering
and Architecture  Marble buildings
 Paved roads
 Bridges
 Best known Roman highway
 Was the Appian Way
 Running from Rome to Bay to
Naples

236. Pantheon building
oldest in world

237. Roman Basilica

238. United States
Capital building

239. Rome
 Rose from unsophisticated
 Villages along banks of Tiber
 Mighty world power
 Western Europe
 Mediterranean region
 Near East

240. Rome
 Excelled in political theory
 Governmental administration
 Jurisprudence
 The spread of Christianity in
West

241.  Ben Hur (1959)
Spartacus
 Roman City (2004; PBS)
 Cleopatra: The First
Woman of Power (2000)
History Chanel
 Gladiator (2000)
 Rome: The Power And
the Glory (2001)
 From Jesus to Christ:
The First Christians PBS
HOME video

242. Muhammad and
birth of Islam
 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
generally known as Saudi
Arabia
 It is the largest Arab country
and the largest country in the
Middle East It
 The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
founded by Abdul-Azizbi Saud
 Before Islam only nomadic
tribal societies existed
 Mecca
 Medina

243.  The Prophet of Islam Muhammad
was born in Mecca 570 C.E Early
7th century
 Muhammad united Arab tribes
and created a religious community
called Islam
 Absolute submission to Allah.

244. Qur’an
 Sacred Writings of Islam
reveled by God to Prophet
Muhammad
 Early Islamic sources indicate
text achieved final written
form
 Uthman third of
Muhammad’s successors
 The Qur’an is believed to be
direct word of God

245. Qur’an
 Muslims believed the Quran is
infallible
 The book has been
reorganized over different
times
 The numbering of the Quran
was numbered in the century
 Modern editions of Quran
would likely appear odd to
early Muslims

246. Qur’an
 The book is organized into 114
SURAS or Chapters
 Each Suras bears a title and
number
 Central theme of Qur’an: The
majesty, unyielding will, and
perfect unity of God
 The Qur’an describes God
omnipresent
 God has the final say
 Only God will judge the world

247. Qur’an
 For those who disbelieve will come
a fearsome punishment, for those
who believe and do good will come
forgiveness and reward (sura 35:7
 God is Lord of creation was present
in the beginning and at the end
 Bible the same –God is Lord of
Creation
 Bible: I am the Alpha and the
Omega, the First and the Last, the
Beginning and the End. Rev. 22:13

248. Qur’an
 Last divine message and most
perfect of all other divine
messages
 God has sent series of prophets
before Muhammad
 Abraham, Moses, and Jesus
 The Qur’an lavishes praise on
Jesus but clearly rejects his
divinity
 Muhammad held to have
completed Abraham’s mission
Muhammad represents the
fullest expression of prophecy

249. Five Pillars of Islam
 The Testimony of Faith
 Pray five times a day:
 Dawn
 Noon
 Mid-afternoon
 Sunset
 After sunset

250. Five Pillars of Islam
 Giving Zakat (Support of the
Needy):
 Fasting the Month of
Ramadan: all Muslims fast from
dawn until sundown, abstaining
from food, drink, and sexual
relations
 The Pilgrimage to Makkah:
 The annual pilgrimage (Hajj) to
Makkah is an obligation once in
a lifetime for those who are
physically and financially able to
perform it.

251. Woman and Qur’an
 Regardless of back-ground and
gender, will be judged first by
their faith and pious conduct
 Adultery by men and women are
punished equally
 The Qur’an places women
ultimately under male authority
 Bible the same
 But provides them clearly
defined rights

252. Woman and Qur’an
 Women are entitled to inherit
property and protection from
arbitrary divorce and abuses
from husbands

253. Largest and oldest
mosque in world -
Damascus

254. Dome of the Rock
from 7th cen, built
Temple Mount
Jerusalem

255. Dome of the Rock
 The Dome of the Rock Muslim
shrine.
 Built over a sacred stone.
Stone is believed to be the place
from which the Prophet
Muhammad ascended into
heaven
 The sacred rock was considered
holy before the arrival of Islam
 Jews believe, the rock to be the
very place where Abraham
prepared to sacrifice Isaac

256.  Dome of the Rock many
believe is site of the Holy of
Holies of both Solomon's
Temple and Herod's Temple
 The Dome of the Rock was
built by Umayyad caliph Abd
al-Malik from 688 to 691 AD.

257.  Islamic Film
 Muhammad: Legacy of a
Prophet (2002)
 Cairo: 1001 Years of Islamic Art
and Architecture (2000;)
 Kingdom of Heaven

259. Africa a land of
great diversity
 Three impressive things about
Africa:
 Second largest continent
 A bountiful land
 A land of great beauty
 Africa’s historic name:
 From ancient Egyptian word
 Afrui-ka (100 Amazing Facts
About the Negro)

260. AFRICAN
GEOGRAPHY
 African Landmass covers 20% of
planet earth
 Continent of contrasts modern
cities and sparsely Settled deserts
Snow-capped mountains
 Hot and humid jungles
 Cool climate of on coasts
 Giant Watutsi people 7 feet 6
inches
 Pint –sized pygmies 4.5 feet in
height
 Population more than one billion

261. AFRICAN
GEOGRAPHY
 Africa’s tallest mountain
 Kilimanjaro
 Snow-capped
 Kilimanjaro, 20,340 feet
generally called Roof of
Africa.
 It has 140 species of animals,
 179 species of birds,

263. African family
culture
 The importance of family in
Africa
 Great emphasis on following:
 Net work of wives and
relatives
 Grandparents, aunts, uncles
and cousins
 Family relations based on
matrilineal and patrilineal

264. African family
culture
 Patrilineal based on or tracing
descent through the male line
 Matrilineal based on or tracing
descent through the female line
 Patrilineal when woman
marries she becomes part of
husband’s kin
 15 % Matrilineal
 Many matrilineal families found
in forest areas

265. Marriage decisions
 Marriage not solely private
matter between bride and
groom
 Strict rules stipulated which
person could marry into clan
 Marriage was accompanied by
exchange of bride wealth
 Husband payment:
 Money, goods, services, or
cattle to wife’s family

266. Marriage
 Bridewealth gave husband
certain rights
 To establish homestead with his
wife
 To use his wife’s labor in his
house and fields
 Bridewealth cemented social ties
between husband and wife’s
family
 If wife cannot bear children
bridewealth had to be returned
 Polygamy is also practiced

267. Importance of
polygamy
 Was seen as necessity because
of high infant mortality
 Need for more man in farming
 Desire to express status and
wealth

268.  Lineages and clans could be
used to
 Mobilize people for self-defense
 To allocate rights to land
 To raise bridewealth and
perform religious rituals
 In times of drought, larger
kinship networks
 served as insurance for
widespread food distribution

269. Lineage and clan
 Also provided for
 Political units ranging from
 Basic to the largest kingdoms
 Many African societies were
formed
 Without chiefs, rulers, or
centralized political institutions
 These operated on at village
level
 Known as stateless societies

270. Africa and religion
 Religion permeated
experiences of Africans
 Integral part of social and
political life
 Religious beliefs and
institution
 Varied from society to society

271. Africa and religion
 African religious systems were
polytheistic
 Most had a belief in a high
god
 Who created the universe and
life forms
 But god was usually remote
and rarely concerned about
everyday affairs of people

272. Africa and religion
 Therefore, Africans were more
directly engaged with lesser
divinities
 Such as nature and ancestral
spirits
 That maintained active interest
in affairs of the living
 And could intercede for humans
with the high god
 Igbo proverb put it:
 “God is a rich man. You
approach him through him
through his servants.”

273. Misfortune
 Explanation of misfortune
 High god or ancestors were
unhappy with humans
 People sought goodwill of the
ancestors or lesser gods
 Through prayer and making
of ritual offerings and
sacrifices to shrines

274. Misfortune
 Africans also attributed
misfortune to
 Tricksters and witches who
wielded evil powers
 And inflicted suffering on
people
 Those afflicted by witchcraft
appealed to diviners
 Women enhanced their status
and prestige
 By serving as priestesses,
healers, rainmakers, and spirit
mediums

275. Religion
 Complex religious systems
 With elaborate priesthoods and
cults
 Yorubo priesthood featured four
levels of spiritual beings:
 Supreme being , Oludumare,
served by subordinate gods
 Subordinate gods were worshiped
by diviners at temples
 Diviners interpret will of
subordinate gods
 Prescribed rituals for appeasing
them

276. Religion
 People consulted diviners
concerning
 Birth
 Marriage
 Death

277. Religion
 The third level of spirits was
the ancestors
 Known as Shango
 Fourth level nature spirits
 Found in the earth,
mountains, and rivers, trees

278. African Art
 Africans are skilled in varied
artwork
 Rock
 Wood
 Ivory
 Clay metals
 Bronze
 Gold
 Jewelry
 tattoos

279. Nigerian Art

280. Peopling of Africa
 During stone Age
 Small bands of hunters
 Hunting wild animals
 Gathering wild plants
 Hunters armed with
 Bows and arrows with
 Stone barbs treated with poisons
 Men hunt, women responsible
for gathering
 Wild fruits, nuts, melons…….

281. Ethiopia
 Ethiopia is one of the oldest
continuous civilizations in the
world
 Ethiopia is also one of the oldest
Christian nations in the world.
 Ezana first Christian King of
Ethiopia
 He made Christianity the state
religion of Axum,
 Making Axum the first
Christian state in the history of
the world

282.  Lalibela churches

283. Swahili civilization
 Swahili Civilization
 By 1500 c.e Africans had
successfully created diverse
 Range of communities and
states
 Agriculture
 Herding
 Ironworking
 Long history of
 Christianity
 Early Transcendental
 Spiritual Concepts

284. The Newest Stage of
world History
1914-Present  Maps help to tell biggest
stories of the 20th cent
 Western empires imploded
end of 2oth
 Ottoman empire
 Austro-Hungarian Empire
 Russian empires
 New nations arose during 20th
cent more than any other span
in history

285. The Newest Stage of
world History
 These massive boundary changes
were related to other upheavals
 Typical system in 1914 either
monarchy or empire
 By early 21st almost every country
had different system of government
 1914 government system dominated
by landed aristocracy
 Beginning of the 21st century
aristocracy displaced by
revolution or rise of industry

286. Political Map of the
World in 1914

287. Present day Map

288. Major Concepts to
learn
Termination of global empires
through decolonization
 Major change extending from
1920s through 1970s
 1914 onward saw new global
wars and conflict
 Including tensions associated
with terrorism

289. Triggers for change
 World War I decreased European
dominance
 worldwide economic depression
 World War II
 World War I and II
 Predominantly European Civil wars
 Caused massive economic,
demographic and political vitality loss
 It was impossible for Europe to cling to
overseas empires
 Growing strength and effectiveness of
anticolonial nationalism

290. British Empire
 Term --The sun never sets on
the British Empire
 Used to describe largest
empire in the world
 Consistent daylight on its vast
territory

291.  Cuban Missile Crisis
 U.N Palestinian Vote:
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KVBIS7T-Y3Y

292.  The Man who Ended Jim
Crow, Charles H. Houston~
Brown v Board of Ed Topeka –
YouTube