Anup nepal eq 2015 naples

• Home Town : Thimi, Bhaktapur
• Education : Bachelor in Civil Engineering (2011)
Purbanchal University
Khwopa Engineering College
• Professional Career:
Internship and Site engineer at Housing company
Assistant Str. Engineer and Site Er. for a Hotel
Construction
Assistant Str. Engineer for GoN Reconstruction
project implementation unit
Introduction

• Structure Related Subjects Studied:
Theory of Structures, Strength of Materials
Concrete Technology, Design of RC Structures
Design of Steel and Timber Structures
Soil and Foundation Engineering
Elective I (Introduction to Finite Element Method),
Elective II (Earthquake Engineering an introduction)
Final Year Thesis project:
“Structural Analysis and Design of Apartment cum Shopping
Complex” of Proposed Crystal City Apartments – Kathmandu
(only Linear Static method used)
• Erasmus Mundus Masters course (SUSCOS 2016-18)
Introduction

• Nepal (Where it is?)
Nepal At A Glance

 Area: 147,181 sq. km
 Capital: Kathmandu
 Population: 29 Million
 Geography: Situated between China and
India
Introduction

• Nepal At a Glance
Introduction
55m above sea
level
Mt Everest
(8848m)
200 KM N-S
Distance

 Language: Nepali national language. (More than 32 other
dialects). Travel-trade people understand and speak English
and Hindi as well.
 Religion: Hinduism Major, Buddhism Second, Other (Islam,
Christian etc)
 Climate: 4 major seasons
(1) Winter: December-February,
(2) Spring: March-May,
(3) Summer: June-August,
(4) Autumn: September-November.
 Birth Place of Lord Buddha
 Major portion of Himalayas (8 out of 10 highest peak in world)
 Huge diversity in flora and fauna
 Rich in cultural diversity, Kathmandu famous for many festivals
and Newari (Ethnic) Cuisine
Introduction

Seismic Hazard in Nepal
• Situated in the boundary between two active
tectonic plates - the Indian Plate in the south
and Eurasian plate in the North.
• Indian plate sub-ducting under Eurasian plate
by 20-25mm every year
• Seismically prone area: major earthquakes
occurred in the past

Plate tectonics map of the world (source: http://geology.com).

• Past earthquake disasters in the past
7 June 1255 AD (~8.0 M): First and possibly the
deadliest earthquake disaster documented in the
Nepalese history. About 30,000 people (30% of the
total population of around 100,000) were killed in
Kathmandu, including King Abhaya Malla.
6 June 1505 AD (~8.2 M)
26 August 1833 AD (~7.8 M)
16 January 1934 AD (8.4 M): The Great Nepal-Bihar
Earthquake. Large number of buildings and heritage
structures collapsed. Killed about 17,000 people in
Nepal and India, 4,500 died in the Kathmandu Valley.
25 April 2015 AD (7.8 M) and 12 May 2015 (7.3 M):
Gorkha Earthquake (Recent)

• Past earthquake disasters in the past
Epicentres of Significant Earthquakes in central Himalayan region based on
data from NCEI (2015), Rao et al. (2006) and Gahalaut (2009)

• Common Building Types in Nepal
Adobe Masonry Building
Brick Mud Mortar/Stone Mud Mortar Masonry
Building (BM/SM)
Brick Cement Mortar/ Stone Cement Mortar Masonry
Building (BC/SC)
Timber Houses
Reinforced Concrete Buildings with infill masonry
walls
Non – Engineered (Owner Built)
Pre – Engineered (Using NBC 205 MRT method)
Engineered (NBC and IS codes)

Adobe Building Brick Masonry Building
Reinforced concrete Building
Stone Masonry Building

• Heritage Building in Nepal
Temples
Historical buildings

• Traditional Anti-Seismic Technologies
Timber Joist connection cleat to load bearing walls
in traditional heritage buildin

Seismic Vulnerability in
Kathmandu Valley
• Kathmandu (Haphazard Urbanisation)

 A 7.8M earthquake occurred in Nepal on April 25, 2015 at 11:56 AM
(Nepal Standard Time). Epicenter 77 KM NW of Kathmandu at Barpark,
Village of Gorkha District and focal depth of 11 KM.
 Followed by strong after shocks (more than 300 of over 4.0M in a month
period) with some significant ones having a magnitude of 6.7 on April 26
and 7.3 on May 12
 31 out of 75 districts effected,
 Some Effects also in India, China and Bangladesh
 Deaths more than 8,900, Injuries more than 22,000
 Over 500,000 public houses were fully destroyed and about 270,000
were partially destroyed, over 5000 schools damaged
 Avalanche in Mt. Everest (19 killed)
 Avalanche in Langtang Valley (250 killed/missing)
 Total Financial Loss : 7 Billion USD (Direct Loss)
NEPAL EARTHQUAKE 2015

NEPAL EARTHQUAKE 2015
Public houses Full
Damage
Public Houses Partial
Damage
505,577 278,943
Govt. Building Full
Damage
Govt. Building
Partial Damage
2633 3342
Hospital Full
Damage
Hospital Partial
Damage
3 23

 PGA was 0.16g at the
station which was
amplified at other sites
up to 0.4g.
Background

Damages to Structures
 Damage to Adobe and Low strength Masonry
Buildings

Damage to Brick
Masonry Buildings

 Damage to Reinforced Concrete Buildings

Damages to High Rise Buildings

Damages to School Buildings
• Earthquake was on Saturday so many children
were on holiday.

 Damages to Historical Buildings and Monuments in
Kathmandu

Damages to Historical Buildings and Monuments
in Kathmandu

BEFORE
AFTER
BEFOREAFTER

• Temporary Shoring

Geotechnical Damages
BEFORE (LANGTANG
VALLEY)
AFTER

Seismic Code practice in Nepal
• Nepal Building codes (Not well Developed)
– Most of the parts Derived from Indian Code  ACI code
– NBC 101 to 104 (Design Load Calculation)
– NBC 201,202,203,204,205 (Mandatory Rule of Thumb for
various type design of residential buildings).
– NBC 105 (Seismic Design): Only Linear Methods Derived from IS
code { Lateral Force Method and Modal Response Spectrum
Method} in 1994 AD
– No any provision for Non Linear design approaches till date
– Guidelines for Seismic Strengthening of Masonry and RC
Buildings (Recent 2017) for construction engineers.
– For all other design problems and approaches it refers to other
developed country codes mostly Indian standard code and
American Code

Possible Thesis Topic for
SUSCOS Masters Course Degree
1. Rehabilitation of A Historical Building located in
Kathmandu Nepal or in Europe
Seto Durbar (White Palace) built in 1893 AD

2. Seismic Design comparison of a RC building
(NBC 105 /IS 1893 vs Eurocode 8)
• Building built in 2012 AD
• Designed using Linear Static
Method (Nepal standard
and IS 1893 code)
• Compare with Eurocode 8
design approach.
• If building does not satisfy
EC-8 provisions then apply
appropriate retrofitting
interventions.

2. Seismic Design comparison of a RC building
(NBC 105 /IS 1893 vs Eurocode 8)

REFERENCES
 “Building damage patterns in Kathmandu Valley due to 25th April Earthquake” - Kiran Acharya
(acharyakiranraj@gmail.com)
 “Common structural and construction deficiencies of Nepalese buildings”- Dipendra Gautam,
Hugo Rodrigues, Krishna Kumar Bhetwal, Pramod Neupane, Yashusi Sanada
 “EARTHQUAKE RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY IN NEPAL OF THE MAGNITUDE 7.8 GORKHA
EARTHQUAKE OF APRIL 25, 2015” - Anil C. Wijeyewickrema, H. A. D. Samith Buddika, Satish
Bhagat, Rohit Kumar Adhikari, Anuja Shrestha, Sanjeema Bajracharya, Jenisha Singh,
Department of Civil Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
 “Reconnaissance report on geotechnical and structural damage caused by the 2015 Gorkha
Earthquake, Nepal” - Gabriele Chiaroa, Takashi Kiyota, Rama Mohan Pokhrel, Katsuichiro
Goda, Toshihiko Katagiri, Keshab Sharma
 “BUILDING TYPOLOGIES AND FAILURE MODES OBSERVED IN THE 2015 GORKHA (NEPAL)
EARTHQUAKE” - Dmytro Dizhur, University of Auckland, R. P. Dhakal, University of Canterbury,
Jitendra Bothara, Miyamoto International NZ Ltd, Jason Ingham, University of Auckland
 http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-27/nepal-earthquake-before-after-photos/6424570
 CBS Sensus, Government of Nepal
 Google and other various web pages

Anup nepal eq 2015 naples

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