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Pancytopenia
Definition
Reduction in the number of red cells,
white cells (neutrophils) and platelets in the
peripheral blood below the lower limits of the age.
Therefore it is combination of
(anemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia)
Hb<13.5 in ♂ & 11.5 in♀
Leucocyte count< 4000
Platelet count <150000
5. Severe pancytopenia
Absolute neutrophil count < 500/cmm
Platelet count < 20,000/cmm
Corrected reticulocyte count < 1%.
Urgent full investigation in 1st 24-48 h
9. 1. Megaloblastic anemia
2. Infections
3. Hypersplenism
4. Aplastic anemia
5. Drug induced pancytopenia
6. Acute myeloid leukemia
Common causes in developing countries
10. Infections:
(HIV, tuberculosis, hepatitis viruses, EBV,
CMV)
Hypersplenism: causes
congestive splenomegaly
(cirrhosis, congestive heart failure),
malaria,leishmaniasis,thalassaemia and
Hodgkin’s disease
Most frequent haematologicmanifestation of SLE
normocytic and normochromicanaemia.
Leukopenia is also common and
almost always consists of lymphopenia
and not granulocytopenia.
11. history
• History and associated symptoms
Exam..
Inv1
Inv2
• General
• Systemic
• CBC with PBS, Reticulocyte count
• B12/Folate , LFT,Hepatic serology, Coagulation
profile, combs test, HIV .
• BM aspiration and biopsy
• Cytogenetics (if required)
Inv
3 • Special investigations to confirm the diagnosis
14. Symptoms/Findings
Related to the cause of
pancytopenia
eg:
Splenomegaly: Hypersplenism, lymphoma,
leukemia, myelofibrosis etc
Lymphadenopathy: Lymphoma , leukemia,SLE etc
Atrophic glossitis: Megaloblastic anaemia
Others
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15. History
Duration of symptom
Long (MDS)
Short (aplastic anemia)
History of transfusion
History of hemoglobinurea
Dietary history
Exposure to
Radiation – Chemotherapy ( MDS , AML)
Drugs :
Anti cancer-anti thyroid-antibiotic(aplastic anemia)
Barbiturates , phenytoin ( B12, Folic acid)
16. History
Age- inherited cause of bone marrow failure
Jaundice (hepatitis viruses)
Joint pain, rash,photosensitivity (lupus)
Bonepains (acute leukemias)
Night sweats (Hodgkins disease)
malaise, weightloss (tuberculosis,malignancy)
Joint Pain – (SLE)
17. General examination
A thorough physical exam is required
Eye examination: retinal hemorrhage
leukemic infiltrations
Pallor (Anemia)
Jaundice (hepatitis-PNH-cirrhosis)
Oral examination
Stomatitis or cheilitis (neutropenia , B12 deficiency)
Gingival hyperplasia (leukemia)
Oral candidiasis or pharyngeal exudate (neutropenia)
18. Abdominal examination :organomegaly
lymphadenopathy
skin examination : malar rash Petichae
purpura hypo or hyperpigmentation
Musculoskelatal system :
short stature abnormal thumb
(fanconi anemia)
Synovitis/swelling (SLE)
Sternal tenderness (acute leukemia)
Signs of chronic liver disease.
General examination
20. Pancytopenia +Backpain+Hypercalcemia+
old age (multiple myeloma)
Pancytopenia + Malar rash or GN+ = SLE
pancytopenia + HSM = Leukemia
Recurrent oral ulcers and chronic diarrhoea
may point towards HIV infection.
Loss of height (multiple myeloma)
21. FINDINGS OCCURENCE
Lymphadenopathy
Lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, also
viral----typically abscent in aplastic a
infection.
Splenomegaly Not found in MDS or Aplastic
anemia. Typical in
Myeloproliferative disorders,
sometimes in acute leukemia.
Hepatomegaly Myeloproliferative disorders,
Lymphoma
Mediastinal bulk Lymphoma,
Hodgkin’s disease
Bony tenderness
Multiple Myeloma,
Metastasis
22. A standard battery of evaluation tests include:
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT w indices
PERIPHERAL SMEAR
Reticulocyte Count
LiverFunctionTest &Hepatic Serology
Coagulation Profile,Bleeding Time, D-dimer
(combs test)
Serum B12 & Folate level
Serum HIV . ANA.
bone marrow
23. Anisocytosis & Poikilocytosis.
WBCs and RBCs Precursors
Platelets
Increased or decreased granulation in
neutrophils
Hypo/Hypersegmentation in neutrophils
28. Examination of bone marrow is always
indicated in cases of pancytopenia unless the
cause is otherwise apperent(e.g established
liver disease with PHTN)
B.M examination:
ASPIRATE
TREPHINE BIOPSY
29. BONE MARROW EXAMINATION
Specifically, bone marrow aspirate permits examination of:
•Cytology
Megaloblastic change,
Dysplastic changes,
Abnormal cell infiltrates
•Immunophenotyping : antigen or marker on cells surfaces e.g
(Leukemias, Lymphoproliferative disorders)
•Cytogenetics : structure of chromosome
•Myelodysplasia, Leukemias,
Lymphoproliferativedisorders
30. Bone marrow is diagnosic for :
Multiplemyeloma
Myelofibrosis
A leukemic leukemia
Aplastic anemia
Seideroblastic anemia
31. CELULARITY OF BONE MARROW
The differential diagnosis of pancytopenia are based on
cellularity of bone marrow:
Normocellular: 50-70% hematopoietic cells &30-50%fat
Hypocellular: excessive amount of fat cells
Hypercellular: 80-100% cells with little fat
Hypo ----indicates decreased production of blood cells
Hyper --indicates ineffective production or increased
destruction or sequestration of blood cell