2. Background
War arose when Iraq attacked Iran
Concurrent attack via space and on land into Iranian kingdom
on 22 September 1980.
Result of a long history of boundary disagreements and qualms
of Shia revolution amongst Iraq's long-repressed Shia majority
Long-term effects of Iranian Revolution
Continued for nearly eight years
Over a million murdered, a million injured on both sides
Global fears over effects on oil production since both countries
are key producers
Ended with a United Nations-bargained cessation of hostilities,
based on Security Council Resolution 598
Took many weeks for Iranian military to relinquish Iraqi land
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3. Iranian revolution as a cause
Separatist, Shi'a Islamist response to regime of Shah
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
Shah Reza an irreligious but despotic pro-Western
leader
Resulted in formation of many diverse groups,
including Communist Tudeh Party and the irreligious
separatist National Front.
Saddam Hussein exploited “malady” in Iranian Revolt
and its disapproval with Western administrations
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4. Iranian revolution as a cause
Hussein installed himself as new robust leader in
Middle East
Also desired to enlarge Iraq's territory in Persian Gulf
by obtaining regions that Iraq had sued earlier from
Iran, throughout the Shah's reign
Iranian military able to push Iraqi militia back into
Iraq
Khomeini declined truce with Iraq, necessitating huge
compensation expenditure, an expiration of Saddam's
reign.
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5. Other factors
Shah Oversaw a drive against United States of
America’s participation in Iran.
Government announced Iran would not attend to
American welfare in Persian Gulf
Also suspend all martial treaties signed with the
United States.
Khomeini worried United States would intervene in
Iran
Apprehensive over a repeat of restoration of the shah
to power in 1953.
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6. Other factors
Concerns over interior security and regional borders.
Anxiety over interior security from the assorted mix of both
republics.
Iraq's ethnic mainstream Arab
Iran's cultural structure multifaceted: comprises Persians,
Kurds, the Baluchis, and the Turkmans, in addition to other
Turkic clusters
Philological variances and national ambitions among
different ethnicities
Constant apprehensions over safety across boundaries;
chronicle of attacks and counter-incursions
Mistrust, animosity among ethnicities
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7. War
Featured land and on-air attacks on both sides
Use of chemical weapons by Iraq’s Saddam against
Iranian population, troops
Heavy effects on oil production, supplies worldwide
Heavy losses of life, property on both sides
Nearly eight years of conflict
August 1988: ceasefire, direct talks brokered by U.N.
Secretary General
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