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1. © National Museum of Health and Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States
CHAPTER 13
The Globalization of Infectious Disease pgs 277-278
Brian Hayward and Frederic Apiou
Global Issues Project

2. What is the Significance of This?
1. The rapid spread of Globalization,
especially starting in the 1980s,
underscored links between
infectious diseases in poor
countries and outbreaks of these
diseases in rich countries.
2. Although perceived initially as a
disease limited primarily to
homosexuals, HIV/AIDS began to
spread to the general population
through blood transfusions,
intravenous drug usage, and
heterosexual practices.
3. Diseased populations are
vulnerable to contracting other
diseases due to compromised
immune systems.

3. Human Security
1. Human Security-Focuses on the individual
as a primary object of security.
2. Spanish Flu-The most lethal plague in
history, causing roughly 50 million deaths
worldwide
3. Global Security-Stresses a common and
comprehensive security worldwide.
4. 3 by 5 anti-AIDS initiative Program
initiated by the WHO to provide anti-AIDS
drugs to 3 million people in poor countries
by the end of 2005
1. Globalization, especially cultural
globalization profoundly affects behavioral
patterns worldwide.

4. Global Travel and Communications
• Black Death - Bubonic plague
that killed roughly 25 million
people throughout Europe
• The Global trade in agricultural
products has also escalated the
risk of the global transmission of
diseases.
• People have migrated to areas
that bring them into contact with
animals and soils that play a role
in the spread of infectious
diseases
• Ethnic conflicts, widespread
violence, and wars have always
contributed to the outbreak of
disease and often the spread of
infectious disease.

5. Human Security and Infectious Disease
1. Factors that has
contributed to the
globalization of
infectious disease
are 1. Global travel
2.Modern medical
practices and 3.
Environmental
factors.
2. Overuse and
misuse of
antibiotics
contribute to the
growing problem of
pathogenic natural
selection

6. Human Security and Infectious Disease cont’d
Globally,
noncommunicable
diseases (NCDs)
cause 63 percent of
all deaths.
In Africa, HIV/AIDS
is the leading cause of
the reemergence of
tuberculosis.
Noncommunicable
diseases can be
considered epidemics.

7. The Concept Of Global Security
1. The concept of global
security with its
emphasis on military
force and war to
emphasize the global
dimensions of emerging
threats and problems
and the need to achieve
security with others..
2. UN Millennium
Development Goals:
Four of the goals
concentrate on
health-related
issues.

8. Human Security During The 1990’s Is
Attributed To:
1. The end of the cold war; this ending
radically altered the global political and
security environment.
1. A better understanding of the everyday
insecurities; this is experienced by the
world’s poor, the vast majority of the world’s
population
2. The process of Globalization; this ushered
an unprecedented changes and
uncertainty, thereby influencing a
reevaluation of traditional views of security.
3. A Growing problem that assists in the
spread of infectious diseases is overuse
and misuse of antibiotics.
4. One of the ways in which the globalization
of infectious diseases threatens human
security is that diseases kill far more people
than wars do.
5. Transmission of diseases from host
animals to humans is called zoonosis