TataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdf
PPS Online Presentation Pygmy Marmoset-Cindy Henry
1. Pygmy MarmosetMore Than Meets the Eye
(Photo Courtesy San Diego Zoo 2015)
Cindy Henry
Bio: 123 575
Animal Behavior
2. Description
Classification: Callithrix pygmaea
Smallest monkey in the world
Average 5.35 in (12 in with tail) &
4.2 oz
Females slightly larger than males
Average lifespan = 12 years
(Photo Courtesy Luis Claudio Marigo)
3. Description (cont.)—Physical Attributes
Brownish-gold fur
Black ticking on shoulders, back,
head
Ventral fur is light yellow to white
Tails longer than bodies—marked with
black rings
Not prehensile (capable of grasping)
Mane of hair covers forehead and
ears
White marks on both sides of mouth
and stripe down nose
(Photo Courtesy Monkey Worlds 2014)
4. Description (cont.)—Physical Attributes
Elongated, narrow incisors
Claw-like nails (tegulae)
Do not have opposable thumbs
Leap 15 ft
Turn head 180 degrees
Predatory defense ability
(Photo Courtesy San Diego Zoo 2015)
5. Habitat
Native to Peru, Ecuador, Colombia,
Bolivia, Brazil
Live in evergreen forests and edge
of river floodplains
Keep to vertical sections near
ground level to about 65ft
Home range about 2.5 acres
Home ranges of nearby groups do
not overlap
Groups will exchange home ranges
once a group leaves a given area
(Google Maps 2015)
6. Communication
Use vocal cues, visual indicators,
and scent
Use different vocal cues to
communicate different information
Squeaky, closed mouth trills to
recognize group members
Soft, twittery chirps to indicate
submission
Loud, open mouth trills to signal alarm
(Video Courtesy BBC, Found at Atheist
Planet Blog 2010) Skip to 5:30-6:15 to
hear calls of the pygmy marmoset
encountering another group.
Direct Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=SSVF4CuXYno
7. Feeding Patterns/Diet
Exuditavore-insectivore
Feed on gum, sap, insects
60 to 80% of their total feeding time is spent on
exudates, 12 to 16% on insects
Uses elongated incisors to make circular holes in
tree to extract sap/gum
Will feed from the same tree until it no longer
yields exudates
Can make up to 1,300 holes in a single tree
move between trees within their home range
Two peaks of feeding over the course of a day
6:00am-9:00am
3:00pm-6:00pm
(Video Courtesy National Geographic
2012) See how pygmy marmosets feed on
trees and prey on insects.
Direct link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okoq04AocBk
8. Natural Enemies
Most common predators:
several birds of prey
small wildcats
climbing snakes
capuchin monkeys
Tayras
Fur acts as camouflage in their
surroundings
Common feeding competition:
Saddleback and mustached
tamarins
Feed from holes made by
marmosets
Ants
Carry solidified gum from the
trees
9. Social Behavior
Tight knit group—typically consists
of 2 to 9 members:
Dominant male and female
Their offspring
Occasional unrelated members
Use sleeping sites as a group,
travel together and feed.
Between feedings, they engage in
grooming, huddling, and playing
together
All interactions are
internal/exclusive to group
(Photo Courtesy San Diego Zoo 2015)
10. Reproduction
Monogamous
Dominant male and female that
produce offspring
Studies indicate females use
olfactory cues/behavior to
convey reproductive state
Gestation period: 4.5 months
Give birth to non-identical
twins
Newborns weigh .5oz at birth
(Photo Courtesy Frösö Zoo 2006) Two
albino pygmy marmosets shown shorty
after birth.
11. Reproduction (cont.)—Infant care
Maternal duties are minimal—limited to
nursing, anogenital licking, protection
against predators
All other duties fall on father, siblings,
and group members:
24 hours after birth, these members are
responsible for carrying all of the young
Infants weaned after 3 months
Reach sexual maturity around 1.5 years,
reach adult weight at 2 years
Juvenile members remain with group for
2 consecutive birth cycles
May leave to find another group or start their
own
(Video Courtesy Houston Zoo 2009) A pygmy
marmoset father carries his offspring.
Direct link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DerP_2lvqJ0
12. Conservation
‘Least concern’ on the IUCN
Red List
Biggest threats:
habitat loss
several known regions protected to
prevent deforestation
exotic pet trade
US banned import of primates, most
South American countries have
banned primate exporting
(Video Courtesy Rare Species Conservatory
Foundation 2013) Meet Nanita, a deaf pygmy
marmoset raised in captivity after being
rejected by her mother.
Direct link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6ZM2Q-D0b8
13. Research
Very limited research available
Due to their small size and regions they are found
First long-term field study conducted by Pekka Soini
provided most of the knowledge currently available on the species
Ongoing studies on pygmy marmosets in captivity
Studying behavior, reproduction, communication