1. The French Revolution "Bourgeois" Phase: 1789-1792

2. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity… -- Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities

3. The French Monarchy: 1775 - 1793 Marie Antoinette & Louis XVI

4. Marie Antoinette and the Royal Children

6. Ancien Regime Map, 1789

7. Commoners 3rd Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Clergy 1st Estate Voting by Estates 1 1 1 Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.

8. Commoners 3rd Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Clergy 1st Estate Number of Representatives in the Estates General 300 300 648

9. Convening the Estates General May, 1789 Last time it was called into session was 1614!

11. “ The Tennis Court Oath” by Jacques Louis David June 20, 1789

12. Europe on the Eve of the French Revolution

14. National Constituent Assembly 1789 - 1791 August Decrees August 4-11, 1789 (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!) Liberté! Egalité! Fraternité!

15. The Tricolor (1789) The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris. Citizen!

16. Revolutionary Symbols Cockade Revolutionary Clock La Republic Liberté

19. March of the Women, October 5-6, 1789 We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy! A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread.

20. How to Finance the New Govt.? 1. Confiscate Church Lands (1790) One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.

23. Europe on the Eve of the French Revolution

24. Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791

29. The French Revolution "Radical" Phase: 1793-1794

36. Marie Antoinette Died in October, 1793

38. Maximillian Robespierre (1758 – 1794)

39. The Levee en Masse: An Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 Soldiers An army based on merit, not birth!

42. The Guillotine: An “Enlightenment Tool”? Oh, thou charming guillotine, You shorten kings and queens; By your influence divine, We have re-conquered our rights. Come to aid of the Country And let your superb instrument Become forever permanent To destroy the impious sect. Sharpen your razor for Pitt and his agents Fill your divine sack with heads of tyrants.

43. Different Social Classes Executed 28% 31% 25% 8% 7%

46. The New Republican Calendar Vendemaire (Vintage) 22 September-21 October Brumaire (Fog) 22 October-20 November Frimaire (Frost) 21 November-20 December Nivose (Snow) 21 December-19 January Pluviose (Rain) 20 January-18 February Ventose (Wind) 19 February-20 March Germinal (Budding) 21 March-19 April Floreal (Flowers) 20 April-19 May Prairial (Meadows) 20 May-18 June Messidor (Harvest) 19 June-18 July Thermidor (Heat) 19 July-17 August Fructidor (Fruit) 18 August-21 September New Name Meaning Time Period Vendemaire Vintage September 22 – October 21 Brumaire Fog October 22 – November 20 Frimaire Frost November 21 – December 20 Nivose Snow December 21 – January 19 Pluviose Rain January 20 – February 18 Ventose Wind February 19 – March 20 Germinal Budding March 21 – April 19 Floreal Flowers April 20 – May 19 Prairial Meadow May 20 – June 18 Messidor Harvest June 19 – July 18 Thermidor Heat July 19 – August 17 Fructidor Fruit August 18 – September 21

47. A New Republican Calendar Year The Gregorian System returned in 1806. Vendemaire (Vintage) 22 September-21 October Brumaire (Fog) 22 October-20 November Frimaire (Frost) 21 November-20 December Nivose (Snow) 21 December-19 January Pluviose (Rain) 20 January-18 February Ventose (Wind) 19 February-20 March Germinal (Budding) 21 March-19 April Floreal (Flowers) 20 April-19 May Prairial (Meadows) 20 May-18 June Messidor (Harvest) 19 June-18 July Thermidor (Heat) 19 July-17 August Fructidor (Fruit) 18 August-21 September I 1792 – 1793 II 1793 – 1794 III 1794 – 1795 IV 1795 – 1796 V 1796 – 1797 VI 1797 – 1798 VII 1798 – 1799 VIII 1799 – 1800 IX 1800 – 1801 X 1801 – 1802 XI 1802 – 1803 XII 1803 – 1804 XIII 1804 – 1805 XIV 1805

49. The “Temple of Reason” Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, Become the goddess of the French people.

51. The Radical’s Arms: No God! No Religion! No King! No Constitution!

53. The Arrest of Robespierre

54. The Revolution Consumed Its Own Leaders Danton Awaits Execution, 1793 Robespierre Lies Wounded Before the Revolutionary Tribunal that will order him to be guillotined, 1794.

56. Napoleon as “First Consul”

58. Napoleon Established the Banque de France , 1800

60. Code Napoleon, 1804

61. The Influence of the Napoleonic Code

62. Louisiana Purchase, 1803 $15,000,000

63. Napoleonic Europe

64. “ Napoleon on His Imperial Throne” 1806 By Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres

65. Napoleon’s Empire in 1810

66. Russia

67. Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813) 100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!

68. Napoleon Abdicates!

69. Napoleon in Exile on Elba

70. Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)

71. The "Hundred Days" (March 20 - June 22, `1815)

72. Napoleon’s 100 Days 1815: Napoleon’s “100 Days”

73. Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo (June 18, 1815) Duke of Wellington Prussian General Blücher

74. Napoleon on His Way to His Final Exile on St. Helena

76. Europe in 1812

77. The Congress of Vienna (September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)

78. Coin Commemorating the Opening of the Congress of Vienna

79. Main Objectives

80. Key Players at Vienna

81. Europe After the Congress of Vienna