6. 华
zhōng huá
“Heavenly Middle Kingdom”
= Sense of superiority
7. Chinese Perspective
Agricultural economy = Self-sufficient
Foreign crops = productivity & effectiveness
Mining & manufacturing industries = employment
= Little interest in trading with the West
12. Sphere of Influence
Area where foreign nations
controlled trade &
investment
Grew stronger and bigger
13. Course
❖ Opium War
❖ Treaty of Nanjing
❖ Taiping Rebellion
❖ Open Door Policy
❖ Boxer Rebellion
14. Opium War
Britain faced trade deficit with China
Opium
China: used for medicinal purposes
Britain: able to supply in quantity
= Effectively negated trade deficit
15. Opium War
War erupts
a) Disregard for opium restrictions
b) Jurisdiction of crimes
China defeated by advanced technology
= Treaty of Nanjing
16. Treaty of Nanjing
Britain’s favor
Possession of Hong Kong
Opening of major ports to British trade
Large indemnity
Extraterritorial rights
= Opium trade more than doubled in 30 years
17. Taiping Rebellion
Organized by Hong Xiuquan (1830s)
Declared Nanjing as capital (1864)
Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace
Share wealth w/o poverty
18. Taiping Rebellion
Taiping gov. brought down
Internal feud
Qing imperial troops + British + French forces attack
= 20 million deaths
19. Open Door Policy
US felt commercial interests in China being threatened
Proposed China’s doors to be open to European nations & US
= Protected US trading rights
= China’s freedom from colonization
20. Boxer Rebellion
Boxer Rebellion: campaign against Dowager Empress’ rule &
foreigner privilege
Peasants resent Chinese Christians & privileges for foreigners
Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists
= Boxers
Failed but nationalism emerged
21. Problems
Internal External
- Inability to sustain
huge increase in
population
- Opium war
- Food shortage
- Unequal treaties
- Ineffective
government
22. Consequences - China
Shattered false sense of superiority
“Forced open”
Opened Chinese ports
Exposed to capitalism
Intellectuals rethink social & political systems
23. Consequences - Europe
Extraterritorial rights
Exempt from Chinese law
Free trade
Domination of Western culture
Revolve around Eurocentric views