1. Unit V
Stack
In the field of computing we have formulated many ways to handle data efficiently.
So far we have seen how to use variables to store data. However variables are not feasible when
handling a huge amount of data.
Also we need an organized medium of storage to handle any correlated information. Thus the
concept of data structure is introduced.
Data structure is a collection of organized data that are related to each other.
Data structures are primarily of two types they are
1. Primitive data structures
- Integers
- Real
- Char
2. Non-Primitive Data Structures
- Linear Data structures
- stack
-Queue
- List
- Array
- Non-Linear Data Structures
- Trees
- Graphs.
Operations performed on data structure:
The most common operations on the Data Structure
Insertion: Adding a new element from the Data Structure
Deletion: Deleting an element from the Data Structure.
Traversing: Each element of data is accessed on a process is known as traversing.
Searching: To find the position of the element in the given Data Structure.
2. Merging : Combining the elements of two similar data structures into one.
Stack:
A Stack is a linear data structure in which a data item is inserted and deleted at one end.
- A stack is called a “Last in First Out(LIFO)” Structure because the data item that is inserted last into the
stack is the first data item to be deleted from the stack.
- Stacks are extensively used in computer applications.
- Their most notable use is in system software.
- When one function calls another function and passes some parameters. These
parameters are passed using stack. In fact even many compilers store the local
variables inside a function on the stack.
- Inserting a value to the stack is called as “push” operation, Where as reading a
value from it is called as a “pop” operation.
Deleting: - The pop operation in the case of a stack is destructive i.e once an item is popped
from the stack, it is no longer available
Operation Content of stack after operation
Push(A) A
Push(B) A B
Pop A
Push( c) A C
Push(D) A C D
Pop A C
POP A
Pop Empty
Stack Implementation:
- Stack implementation can be achieved using arrays. It is a very simple method
but has few limitations.
- Once the size of an array is declared it can not be altered during program
execution.
3. - The program itself decides the amount of memory needed and it informs
accordingly to the compiler.
- In this method the memory requirement is determined before compilation and
compiler provides the required memory.
- It is an in efficient memory allocation technique.
- This is because in case we intend to store less arguments than declared
memory is wasted and if we desire to store more elements than declared array
could not expand.
- It is suitable only when we exactly know the number of elements to be stored.
Dynamic implementation:
- Pointers can also be used for implementation of a stack.
- The dynamic implementation is achieved using pointers.
- The limitations noticed in static implementation can be removed using
dynamic implementation.
- Using pointer implementation at run time. There is no restriction for number of
elements the stack may be expandable.
- It is efficient in memory allocation because the program informs the compiler
its memory requirement at run time.
- Memory is allocated only after an element is pushed
- Pointer implementation of a stack is carried similar to array implementation.
- Like an array elements can be stored in successive memoryocations using a
pointer.
WAp to perform the stack operations such as push() and pop() functions using arrays.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define max 100;
int stack[max]=n;
int top=-1;
void main()
{
int option,x;
8. 2.pop
3.display
Enter ur choice
3
The elements are
90
80
Do u want to continue(y/n)
Y
1.push
2.pop
3.display
Enter ur choice 2
Poped
Do u want to continue(y/n)
Y
1.push
2.pop
3.display
Enter choice
2
Poped
Do u want to continue(y/n) y
1.push
2.pop
9. 3.display
Enter choice 2
Stack is empty
Do u want to continue(y/n) n
A stack is a ordered collection of data items into which new items may be inserted and
from which data items may be deleted at one end.
- A stack is also called push down lists.
Eg: A coin stacker etc.
- A stack is most commonly used as a place to store local variables,parameters
and return addresses when a function is called.
Applications of stack:
1.Situations where useful information must be held temporarily during the course of a program.
2. compiler in evaluation of an expression by recursion.
3. Memory management in operating system.
4. Evaluation of an arithmetic expression.
5. Nesting of functions.
6. Storing of register contents in process swapping.
Basic terminology associated with stacks.
1.Stack pointer(top) : Keeps track of the current position on the stack.
2.Overflow: occurs when we try to insert more information on a stack than it can hold.
Underflow:occurs when we try to delete an item of stack which is empty.
Algorithm for inserting an item into stack:
10. Procedure push(s,max,top,item)
s-stack
max- stack size
top- stack pointer
item- value in a cell
step1: {check for stack overflow}
if top>=max then
print stack overflow
return
step 2: {Increment pointer top}
toptop+1
step 3:{Insert item at top of the stack}
s[top]item
return
Algorithm for deleting an item from the stack:
Function pop(s top)
S array
Top stack pointer
Step 1: {check for stack underflow}
If top=0 then
Print “stack underflow”
Return
Step 2: {return former top element of stack}
11. Items[top]
Step 3:{decrement pointer top}
Toptop-1
Return
Applications of stack:
A stack has various real life applications
1. Stack is very useful to maintain the sequence of processing
2. Stacks are used to convert bases of numbers.
3. In evaluation of expressions stacks are used.
Unit V
Stack
In the field of computing we have formulated many ways to handle data efficiently.
So far we have seen how to use variables to store data. However variables are not feasible when
handling a huge amount of data.
Also we need an organized medium of storage to handle any correlated information. Thus the
concept of data structure is introduced.
Data structure is a collection of organized data that are related to each other.
Data structures are primarily of two types they are
3. Primitive data structures
- Integers
- Real
- Char
4. Non-Primitive Data Structures
- Linear Data structures
- stack
-Queue
- List
12. - Array
- Non-Linear Data Structures
- Trees
- Graphs.
Operations performed on data structure:
The most common operations on the Data Structure
Insertion: Adding a new element from the Data Structure
Deletion: Deleting an element from the Data Structure.
Traversing: Each element of data is accessed on a process is known as traversing.
Searching: To find the position of the element in the given Data Structure.
Merging : Combining the elements of two similar data structures into one.
Stack:
A Stack is a linear data structure in which a data item is inserted and deleted at one end.
- A stack is called a “Last in First Out(LIFO)” Structure because the data item that is inserted last into the
stack is the first data item to be deleted from the stack.
- Stacks are extensively used in computer applications.
- Their most notable use is in system software.
- When one function calls another function and passes some parameters.These
parameters are passed using stack. In fact even many compilers store the local
variables inside a function on the stack.
- Inserting a value to the stack is called as “push” operation, Where as reading a
value from it is called as a “pop” operation.
Deleting: - The pop operation in the case of a stack is destructive i.e once an item is popped
from the stack, it is no longer available
Operation Content of stack after operation
Push(A) A
Push(B) A B
Pop A
13. Push( c) A C
Push(D) A C D
Pop A C
POP A
Pop Empty
Stack Implementation:
- Stack implementation can be achieved using arrays. It is a very simple method
but has few limitations.
- Once the size of an array is declared it can not be altered during program
execution.
- The program itself decides the amount of memory needed and it informs
accordingly to the compiler.
- In this method the memory requirement is determined before compilation and
compiler provides the required memory.
- It is an in efficient memory allocation technique.
- This is because in case we intend to store less arguments than declared
memory is wasted and if we desire to store more elements than declared array
could not expand.
- It is suitable only when we exactly know the number of elements to be stored.
Dynamic implementation:
- Pointers can also be used for implementation of a stack.
- The dynamic implementation is achieved using pointers.
- The limitations noticed in static implementation can be removed using
dynamic implementation.
- Using pointer implementation at run time. There is no restriction for number of
elements the stack may be expandable.
- It is efficient in memory allocation because the program informs the compiler
its memory requirement at run time.
- Memory is allocated only after an element is pushed
- Pointer implementation of a stack is carried similar to array implementation.
- Like an array elements can be stored in successive memory locations using a
pointer.
WAp to perform the stack operations such as push() and pop() functions using arrays.
14. #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define max 100;
int stack[max]=n;
int top=-1;
void main()
{
int option,x;
char ch=’y’;
clrscr();
while(ch==’y’)
{
Printf(“1.pushn2.popn3.displayn”);
Printf(“enter choice”);
Scanf(“ %d”,&option);
Switch(option)
{
Case 1:
{
Printf(“enter elements to be pushedn”);
Scanf(“%d”,&n);
Push(stack,n);
Break;
}
15. Case 2:
{
Pop(stack)
Break;
}
Case 3:
{
Printf(“the elements are n”);
Display(stack);
Break;
Case 3:
{
Printf(“the elements are”);
Display(stack);
Break;
}
}
Printf(“do u want to continue(y/n) n”);
Ch=getche();
}
Getch();
Push(int a[],int item)
{
If(top>=max-1)
16. {
Printf(“stack if full n”);
}
Else
{
Top++;
A[top]=item;
Printf(“pushed”);
}
Return;
}
Pop(int a[])
{
Int p;
If(top==-1)
Printf(“stack is empty”);
Else
{
P=a[top];
Top--;
Printf(“poped”);
}
Return;
}
Display(int c[])
18. 3.display
Enter choice
1
Enter element to be pushed
90
Pushed
Do u want to continue(y/n)
Y
1.push
2.pop
3.display
Enter ur choice
3
The elements are
90
80
Do u want to continue(y/n)
Y
1.push
2.pop
3.display
Enter ur choice 2
Poped
Do u want to continue(y/n)
Y
19. 1.push
2.pop
3.display
Enter choice
2
Poped
Do u want to continue(y/n) y
1.push
2.pop
3.display
Enter choice 2
Stack is empty
Do u want to continue(y/n) n
A stack is a ordered collection of data items into which new items may be inserted and
from which data items may be deleted at one end.
- A stack is also called push down lists.
Eg: A coin stacker etc.
- A stack is most commonly used as a place to store local variables,parameters
and return addresses when a function is called.
Applications of stack:
1.Situations where useful information must be held temporarily during the course of a program.
2. compiler in evaluation of an expression by recursion.
3. Memory management in operating system.
4. Evaluation of an arithmetic expression.
5. Nesting of functions.
20. 6. Storing of register contents in process swapping.
Basic terminology associated with stacks.
3.Stack pointer(top) : Keeps track of the current position on the stack.
4.Overflow: occurs when we try to insert more information on a stack than it can hold.
Underflow:occurs when we try to delete an item of stack which is empty.
Algorithm for inserting an item into stack:
Procedure push(s,max,top,item)
s-stack
max- stack size
top- stack pointer
item- value in a cell
step1: {check for stack overflow}
if top>=max then
print stack overflow
return
step 2: {Increment pointer top}
toptop+1
step 3:{Insert item at top of the stack}
s[top]item
return
Algorithm for deleting an item from the stack:
21. Function pop(s top)
S array
Top stack pointer
Step 1: {check for stack underflow}
If top=0 then
Print “stack underflow”
Return
Step 2: {return former top element of stack}
Items[top]
Step 3:{decrement pointer top}
Toptop-1
Return
Applications of stack:
A stack has various real life applications
4. Stack is very useful to maintain the sequence of processing
5. Stacks are used to convert bases of numbers.
6. In evaluation of expressions stacks are used.
Queues
-A queue is a linear sequential list of items that are accessed in the order First In a Out(FIFO)
- A queue is special type of data structure in which insertions take place from one end called
“rear” end and deletions take place from another end called “front” end i.e insertions and
deletions take place from different ends.
22. - Queue works on the basis of first in first out[FIFO]. Since the first element entered in a queue
will be the first element to be deleted.
A queue can be represented using sequential allocation.
Queue type of data structures is used in time sharing system where many user jobs will be
waiting in the system queue for processing. These jobs may request the service of CPU,Main
memory or external devices such as printer.
Eg: people waiting in a line at a bank from a queue, where the first person in line is the first
person to be waiting and so on.
