Contents:
Introduction to SONET
SONET/SDH Rates
SONET Layers Compared with OSI Model
SONET Architecture
SONET Frames
SONET Network Types
Advantages of SONET
Disadvantages of SONET
2. Contents
Introduction to SONET
SONET/SDH Rates
SONET Layers Compared with OSI Model
SONET Architecture
SONET Frames
SONET Network Types
Advantages of SONET
Disadvantages of SONET
2/17
3. Introduction to SONET
SONET stands for Synchronous Optical Network.
Standard for optical telecommunications transport.
It defines optical carrier (OC) levels.
Synchronous transport signals (STSs) for the fiber-
optic–based transmission hierarchy.
3/17
6. SONET Archıtecture
Path
Termination
Path
Termination
Line
Termination
Line
Termination
Section
Termination
path
line line line
ADM ADMregenerator
section section sectionsection
Signals: Electrical signaling levels called STSs (Synchronous Transport
Signals, (STMs)). Optical signals are called OCs (Optical Carriers)
Devices: STS Multiplexer/ Demultiplexer, Regenerator, Add/Drop Multiplexer
and Terminals
Connections: SONET devices are connected using sections, lines, and paths
6/17
7. SONET Frames
Each synchronous transfer signal STS-n is composed of 8000 frames.
Each frame is a two-dimensional matrix of bytes with 9 rows by 90 ×
n columns.
7/17
8. A SONET STS-n signal is transmitted at 8000 frames per second.
Each byte in a SONET frame can carry a digitized voice channel.
In SONET, the data rate of an STS-n signal is n times the data rate of an STS-1
signal.
In SONET, the duration of any frame is 125 μs.
STS Frames in Transition
8/17
SONET defines four layers: path, line, section, and photonic
Path layer is responsible for the movement of a signal from its optical source to its optical destination
Line layers is for the movement of a signal across a physical line
Section layer is for the movement of a signal across a physical section, handling framing, scrambling, and error control
Photonic layer corresponds to the physical layer of OSI model