Advantages of Hiring UIUX Design Service Providers for Your Business
11(5) 2020 ITJEMAST Research Papers
1. Volume 11 Issue 5 (2020)
ISSN 2228-9860
eISSN 1906-9642
http://TuEngr.com
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR
PRODUCTION OF PROTEIN-VITAMIN
GRANULATE
PAKISTAN'S PRIMARY EDUCATIONAL
REFORMS AND CHALLENGES
AN EVALUATION AND PREDICTION
CUSTOMER LOYALTY BASED ON
DECISION TREE AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL
NETWORK: CASE OF OFOGH KOOROSH
STORES IN TEHRAN
BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE FEED ADDITIVE
DEVELOPMENT BASED ON KERATIN AND
COLLAGEN-CONTAINING RAW
MATERIALS FROM POULTRY WASTE
THE REVIVAL OF TRADITIONAL PASSIVE
COOLING TECHNIQUES FOR SCHOOL
BUILDINGS THROUGH WINDCATCHERS
DISAGGREGATED ACCRUALS AND
PREDICTION OF FUTURE CASH FLOWS:
AN EFFECT OF GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS 2008-09
ELASTICITY MEASUREMENT OF FOOD
DEMAND IN PAKISTAN: CROSS-PRICE
AND OWN PRICE ELASTICITY ANALYSIS
USE OF WHITE LUPINE IN THE DIETS OF
MEAT CHICKENS OF BASELINE AND
BROILER CHICKENS OF SELECTION OF
SGC "SMENA"
IMPACTS OF INTEREST RATE ON HOUSING PRICES:
EVIDENCE FROM HO CHI MINH CITY, VIETNAM
EFFECTS OF KNOWLEDGE-BASED, INTELLECTUAL
CAPITAL AND INNOVATION METHODS ON HUMAN
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: CASE STUDY OF
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, TEHRAN DISTRICT 7
COMPARISON OF PUBLIC, PRIVATE SCHOOLS, AND
DEENI MADARIS SECONDARY STUDENTS
REGARDING CONFIDENCE AS SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT
IN THE SOCIETY
IMPACTS OF QWL (PROMOTION & WORK
ENVIRONMENT) ON DOCTORS' PERFORMANCE IN
PUBLIC SECTOR HOSPITALS OF PAKISTAN
WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT AND
PROFITABILITY OF FISHERIES ENTERPRISES BY
APPLYING GMM
CONTAGION AND INTERDEPENDENCE AMONG
GOLD, OIL, FOREX, AND ASIAN EMERGING EQUITY
MARKETS
URBAN SOLID WASTE DEVELOPMENT: A REVIEW OF
NIGERIA'S WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY
IMPACTS OF LEVERAGE ON SYSTEMATIC RISK
BASED ON CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODEL: A
COMPARISON OF HIGH AND LOW CAPITAL
INTENSIVE FIRMS
A REVIEW OF AN ALTERNATIVE STUDIO PEDAGOGY
FOR ALTERNATIVE SPACES: CASE STUDIES FROM A
STUDENT'S DESIGN COMPETITION
ROLES OF REMUNERATION ON CONSUMER
RESPONSES TOWARDS SOCIAL MEDIA
ADVERTISING: A PAKISTANI PERSPECTIVE
CROSS-BORDER MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS AND
SHAREHOLDERS' VALUE: NEW INSIGHTS FROM UK
ACQUIRING FIRMS
LEARNING FROM COGNITIVE PROCESS OF
VISIONARY MALAYSIAN ARCHITECT ON
GENERATING CREATIVE, NOVEL ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN IDEAS
4. ii
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCTION OF PROTEIN-
VITAMIN GRANULATE 11A05M
PAKISTAN'S PRIMARY EDUCATIONAL REFORMS AND CHALLENGES 11A05N
AN EVALUATION AND PREDICTION CUSTOMER LOYALTY BASED ON
DECISION TREE AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK: CASE OF OFOGH
KOOROSH STORES IN TEHRAN
11A05O
BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE FEED ADDITIVE DEVELOPMENT BASED ON
KERATIN AND COLLAGEN-CONTAINING RAW MATERIALS FROM
POULTRY WASTE
11A05P
THE REVIVAL OF TRADITIONAL PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES FOR
SCHOOL BUILDINGS THROUGH WINDCATCHERS 11A05Q
DISAGGREGATED ACCRUALS AND PREDICTION OF FUTURE CASH
FLOWS: AN EFFECT OF GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS 2008-09 11A05R
ELASTICITY MEASUREMENT OF FOOD DEMAND IN PAKISTAN: CROSS-
PRICE AND OWN PRICE ELASTICITY ANALYSIS
11A05S
USE OF WHITE LUPINE IN THE DIETS OF MEAT CHICKENS OF
BASELINE AND BROILER CHICKENS OF SELECTION OF SGC "SMENA"
11A05T
Contacts:
Professor Dr.Ahmad Sanusi Hassan (Editor-in-Chief), School of Housing, Building
and Planning, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA, 11800 Minden, Penang, MALAYSIA. Tel:
+60-4-653-2835 Fax: +60-4-657 6523, Sanusi@usm.my, Editor@TuEngr.com
Associate Professor Dr.Boonsap Witchayangkoon (Executive Editor), Thammasat
School of Engineering, THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY, Klong-Luang, Pathumtani, 12120,
THAILAND. Tel: +66-2-5643005 Ext 3101. Fax: +66-2-5643022
DrBoonsap@gmail.com, Editor@TuEngr.com
Managing Office
TUENGR Group, 88/244 Moo 3, Moo Baan Saransiri, Klong#2, KlongLuang,
Pathumtani, 12120, THAILAND. Tel/WhatsApp: +66-995535450.
P l P id i MALAYSIA/THAILAND
Side image is the colorful models of Corona COVID19 virus.
5. ii
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCTION OF PROTEIN-
VITAMIN GRANULATE 11A05M
PAKISTAN'S PRIMARY EDUCATIONAL REFORMS AND CHALLENGES 11A05N
AN EVALUATION AND PREDICTION CUSTOMER LOYALTY BASED ON
DECISION TREE AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK: CASE OF OFOGH
KOOROSH STORES IN TEHRAN
11A05O
BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE FEED ADDITIVE DEVELOPMENT BASED ON
KERATIN AND COLLAGEN-CONTAINING RAW MATERIALS FROM
POULTRY WASTE
11A05P
THE REVIVAL OF TRADITIONAL PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES FOR
SCHOOL BUILDINGS THROUGH WINDCATCHERS 11A05Q
DISAGGREGATED ACCRUALS AND PREDICTION OF FUTURE CASH
FLOWS: AN EFFECT OF GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS 2008-09 11A05R
ELASTICITY MEASUREMENT OF FOOD DEMAND IN PAKISTAN: CROSS-
PRICE AND OWN PRICE ELASTICITY ANALYSIS
11A05S
USE OF WHITE LUPINE IN THE DIETS OF MEAT CHICKENS OF
BASELINE AND BROILER CHICKENS OF SELECTION OF SGC "SMENA"
11A05T
Contacts:
Professor Dr.Ahmad Sanusi Hassan (Editor-in-Chief), School of Housing, Building
and Planning, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA, 11800 Minden, Penang, MALAYSIA. Tel:
+60-4-653-2835 Fax: +60-4-657 6523, Sanusi@usm.my, Editor@TuEngr.com
Associate Professor Dr.Boonsap Witchayangkoon (Executive Editor), Thammasat
School of Engineering, THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY, Klong-Luang, Pathumtani, 12120,
THAILAND. Tel: +66-2-5643005 Ext 3101. Fax: +66-2-5643022
DrBoonsap@gmail.com, Editor@TuEngr.com
Managing Office
TUENGR Group, 88/244 Moo 3, Moo Baan Saransiri, Klong#2, KlongLuang,
Pathumtani, 12120, THAILAND. Tel/WhatsApp: +66-995535450.
P l P id i MALAYSIA/THAILAND
Side image is the colorful models of Corona COVID19 virus.
7. 2 Toan Ngoc Bui
Figure 1: Lending interest rate and housing prices in Ho Chi Minh City.
Furthermore, there exist different views on this topic. Indeed, some scholars state that interest
rate exerts a negative impact on housing prices (for example, Adams & Fuss, 2010; Xu & Chen, 2012;
Kengne et al., 2013; Kivedal, 2013; Engsted & Pedersen, 2014; Zhu et al., 2017). Meanwhile, it is
believed that a mild rise in interest rate will enhance the housing market, which in turn raises the
property prices. In other words, the interest rate is positively correlated to housing prices (for example,
Wadud et al., 2012; Tse et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2016; Gaspareniene et al., 2017; Tupenaite et al.,
2017). This paper investigates the impacts of interest rate on housing prices in Ho Chi Minh City.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
An interest rate is an essential tool of monetary policy. Accordingly, to control the interest rate
should be one of its targets. Also, the procedure to complete a mechanism of interest rate control
always ensures a monetary policy target which is economic stability. Moreover, interest rate greatly
contributes to stabilizing the housing market (Tse et al., 2014; Bui, 2019b) which represents a market
for properties being purchased, sold and rented, thereby forming prices. Therefore, the housing
market is frequently indicated by the house price index, a statistically weighted average price of each
region at a specific time (Vries et al., 2009).
The impact of interest rate on housing prices has been researched in different economies and
regions. In summary, the existing literature could be divided into two following mainstreams:
The negative impact of interest rate on housing prices: A significant rise in the interest rate
causes a decrease in the housing market. Also, it becomes more difficult for citizens to get a mortgage,
which in turn negatively affects the housing prices. The negative effect of interest rate on housing
prices has been revealed in many empirical studies. For instance, by analyzing data of 15 countries,
Adams and Fuss (2010) reported that a 1% increase in interest rate will decrease housing demands,
thereby giving a 0.3% fall to housing prices in the long run. Xu and Chen (2012) found the negative
causality between the interest rate and housing prices in 70 China’s large and medium cities. In the
same vein, Kengne et al. (2013) also stressed that the interest rate exerts a negative influence on
housing prices in South Africa. At that time, Kivedal (2013) stated that a rise in interest rate can
reduce bubbles in the U.S real estate market, which is the negative effect of interest rate on house
price alternatively. Further, Engsted and Pedersen (2014) concluded that interest rate is negatively
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
Lendinginterestrate(%)
Housingprices(points)
Housing prices Lending interest rate
9. 4 Toan Ngoc Bui
Short-term impact:
tt
k
j
jt
k
j
jtt ECMLIRHPIHPI
1
0
2
1
10
(2).
Where:
Dependent variable: House price index (HPI).
Independent variable: Lending interest rate (LIR).
Error correction mode: ECM. The symbol ε is the model error term.
Table 1: Summary of variables.
Variable name Code Source How to measure
House price index HPI Savills Vietnam The logarithm of the house price index in Ho Chi Minh City
Lending interest rate LIR IMF
The lending rate is the bank rate that usually meets the short-
and medium-term financing needs of the private sector.
4. EMPIRICAL RESULTS
4.1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
In fact, the house price index in Ho Chi Minh city fluctuates constantly (Figure 1). Table 2,
house price index in Ho Chi Minh city reached the top in the third quarter of 2009 (105 points) and
the bottom in the last counterpart of 2013 (88.7 points). Meanwhile, the lending interest rate reached
the highest value in the second quarter of 2011 (18.02%) and the lowest value in the third counterpart
of 2015 (6.96%). Lending interest rate and house price index have gradually been stabilized recently.
Table 2: Descriptive statistics of all variables.
Variable Mean Min Max
House price index in Ho Chi Minh city (points) 93.928 88.700 105
Lending interest rate (%) 10.094 6.960 18.020
4.2 DICKEY-FULLER TEST
The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test (1979) is adopted to examine the stationarity of the data
series. Table 3 gives the Dickey-Fuller test result.
Table 3: Dickey-Fuller test.
Variable
At Level At ∆
I(0) I(1)
House price index (HPI) 0.575 0.000***
Lending interest rate (LIR) 0.878 0.010***
Note: *** indicates significance at the 1% level.
Table 3 shows that the data series of a house price index (HPI) and lending interest rate (LIR)
become stationary after the first difference I(1) at the 1% level of significance.
4.3 ARDL BOUND TESTING COINTEGRATION
The lag of variables is calculated based on the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Next, the
ARDL bound test developed by Pesaran et al. (2001) is also used to test cointegration among the data
series.
Table 4: ARDL bound testing cointegration.
F = 17.200
F
10% 5% 1% p-value
I(0) I(1) I(0) I(1) I(0) I(1) I(0) I(1)
4.163 5.018 5.205 6.182 7.699 8.935 0.000***
0.000***
Note: ***
indicates significance at the 1% level.
11. 6 Toan Ngoc Bui
and significant at the 5% level. This impact is obviously expressed by the lag of one quarter (=
0.006) and two quarters (= 0.005).
Thus, in the short run, an increase in interest rate can stimulate the operation of the housing
market, which in turn gives rise to housing prices. In other words, the interest rate is positively related
to housing prices in the short term, which is consistent with what Wadud et al. (2012) reported.
Nevertheless, in the long run, an excessive increase in interest rate can reduce the investment into the
real estate market as well as make it hard for citizens to get a mortgage, leading to a fall in housing
prices. The negative correlation between the interest rate and housing prices has been found in
previous studies of Adams and Fuss (2010), Xu and Chen (2012), Kengne et al. (2013), Kivedal
(2013), Engsted and Pedersen (2014), Zhu et al. (2017). Despite being consistent with earlier studies,
an unprecedented finding of this study is revealing the impact of interest rate on housing prices in the
long term and short term. More than that, this paper provides first empirical evidence on this impact
in Ho Chi Minh city as well as Vietnam. Therefore, this result is meaningful to Ho Chi Minh city’s
authorities as well as other provinces’.
5. CONCLUSION
With the objective of analyzing the impact of interest rate on housing prices from 2009:Q1 to
2018:Q4, the study reveals that interest rate significantly influences housing prices in the long term
and short term. Specifically, in the short run, interest rate exerts a positive impact on property prices,
which is clearly expressed at the lag of one quarter and two quarters. Meanwhile, this impact turns
out to be negative in the long run. The paper greatly succeeds in finding the correlation between the
interest rate and housing prices in the short run and long run, which is an unprecedented finding.
Further, the study provides first empirical evidence on the causality between the interest rate and
property prices in Ho Chi Minh city as well as Vietnam. Based on this result, the authorities in Ho
Chi Minh city, as well as those in other regions, can have a reliable foundation to stabilize interest
rate in the combination with the sustainable development of the housing market. The stability of the
interest rate will facilitate the house purchase of citizens, especially limiting bubbles in the market.
Despite gaining its objective, the paper still has its limitations when some variables which may
be correlated to interest rate and housing prices such as economic growth, inflation, financial crisis
have not been investigated. More specifically, due to the fact that Ho Chi Minh city’s housing market
is still nascent, data adopted are quite short and cannot be collected monthly.
6. DATA AND MATERIAL AVAILABILITY
Information regarding this study is available by contacting the corresponding author.
7. REFERENCES
Adams, Z., & Fuss, R. (2010). Macroeconomic determinants of international housing markets. Journal of
Housing Economics, 19, 38-50.
Bui, T.N. (2019a). Inflation and stock index: Evidence from Vietnam. Journal of Management
Information and Decision Sciences, 22(4), 408-414.
Bui, T.N. (2019b). The Role of Financial Development in the Vietnam Economy. WSEAS Transactions
on Business and Economics, 16, 471-476.
Dickey, D., & Fuller, W. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with Unit
Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427-432.
14. 2 Seyed Ali Shahtaheri, Kaveh Teymournejad
2. THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES
In many organizations, activities have faced many factors including market opportunities, cost
reduction, and competition to improve performance (Navarro et al, 2010) to show satisfactory
performance in tough occasions encountering by markets. Thus, a perspective based on resources in
the organizations can be caused by their unique resources, integrated resources and/ or the ability to
respond to the environment. Accordingly, there is a distinct difference regarding different
organizations’ performances is due to the fact that successful organizations have strategic resources
(physical, human and organizational) that their competitors lack these resources (Sinaei et al.,
2011). On the other hand, human resources are the core of organizations’ activities, these are
humans who work in organizations and the organization does not work automatically (Sheykh-al-
Eslami, 2012). One of the symptoms of organizations’ improper statute is the lack of a functioning
system in different aspects of the organization including satisfying staff needs, suppliers. On the
other hand, lack of an organization evaluation and monitoring system means inability to
communicate with inner and outer environment of the organization which are followed by
indolence and finally breakdown of organizations (Rezaian et al 2011). Innovation is a vital factor
in the organizations to create permanent competitive advantage and value in our changing and
complex world.
While each activity needs genius and talent, it also needs the knowledge, attention and
hardworking of all staff. Innovation term is a wide concept to use related knowledge or information
to create or introduce new and useful things. Therefore, innovation can be described as any new
idea of an organization and/or industry and/or a nation and/or world (Hosseini 1998). Innovative
organizations need a flexible environment to support innovations. Flexibility increases the power of
adapting and believing which makes the openness to innovation easier (JafarPour, 2013).
A majority of government organizations are looking forward to establishing internalized
knowledge management to take advantage of their knowledge and maintain a competitive
advantage in national and international. Fast changes in today′s world, organizations have faced
different challenges. Pioneer organizations have exploited management means and modern
technologies to accomplish organization′s purposes (Ramezani & Soleymani, 2015). Science
development and fast changes in today′s world have posed many challenges to organizations.
Continuous changes in knowledge have imposed an imbalanced condition on organizations. The
most important role which can be dedicated to knowledge management is that we can consider it to
be a change methodology. Knowledge management can be the most important factor for a change in
the organization because it attracts new knowledge into the organization and manages it (Hosseini
and Fard, 2012). It is hard to implement knowledge sharing in organizations and it needs support
(Reychav and Weisberg, 2010).
Intellectual capital is a non-competitive capital that is contrary to physical capital that can be
used for a single purpose at a particular time. Intellectual capital can be used for multi-purposes
simultaneously (Zanjirani and Allahi, 2014). Employees create intellectual capital through
competency and intellectual agility. In fact, this capital creates an opportunity for the organization
using creativity and personal cooperation to acquire trade value (Dastgir et al, 2014). Intellectual
capital includes three elements like human capital, structured capital and communicative capital
(Khoo et al 2015). Human capital and communicative capital and structured capital cannot change
into private property, they shall be shared among staff, customers and suppliers, and these
16. 4 Seyed Ali Shahtaheri, Kaveh Teymournejad
Figure 1: The study model (after Kianto et al. (2017)).
4. METHOD
This study is in the applied form with regard to the study purpose, and it is a descriptive-
survey with regard to the study method. In the study, the review also covers Latin and Persian
articles, books, and the Internet. A questionnaire has been designed and used to collect data. The
study population contains the staff of the District 7 Ministry of Education.
4.1 QUESTIONNAIRE VALIDITY
In order to measure the validity of the questionnaire, content reliability has been used. A
questionnaire has been handed out among specialists and experts which has asked about the
usefulness and uselessness of questions with respect to the variables and purpose of each variable.
The completed questionnaires were collected and the validity of content has been given to 12
marketing experts, the content validity has been calculated for the index of identification based on
12 auditors. According to 12 auditors in Table 1, the accepted content validity ratio (CVR) equals
0.56. The numerical calculations results were 0.66 to 1 for each question which illustrated the
questions′ validity.
Table 1: the content validity of the questionnaire
Question
Calculated
value
Question
Calculated
value
Question
Calculated
value
Q1 0.66 Q10 0.84 Q19 1
Q2 0.67 Q11 1 Q20 1
Q3 0.84 Q12 0.66 Q21 1
Q4 1 Q13 1 Q22 1
Q5 1 Q14 1 Q23 0.84
Q6 0.66 Q15 0.84 Q24 1
Q7 0.84 Q16 0.84 Q25 0.67
Q8 0.84 Q17 1
Q9 1 Q18 1
4.2 RELIABILITY OF QUESTIONNAIRE
First of all, a primary sample is provided which contains 30 questionnaires before the test, and
then SPSS 22 software calculates the reliability with the Cronbach’s alpha method using obtained
data. Using SPSS22 software, the alpha amounts have been estimated to be more than 0.827 which
shows the questionnaire validity and proper intellectual impression of respondents regarding the
content of related variables. Results show that the amount of alpha enjoys the advantage of having
the required reliability.
18. 6 Seyed Ali Shahtaheri, Kaveh Teymournejad
variables. With respect to numbers written on main diameter, the number of figures on each column
was less than main diameter. This confirms the level of divergent validity in the study model.
5.1 INVESTIGATING THE STUDY′S INNER MODEL
After testing outer model and confirming its validity and reliability (study′s measurement
model), inner model or structural model of study is evaluated. Study hypotheses can be dealt by
using inner models. Statistic criterion including t, coefficient of determination, and path coefficient
are used to evaluate the model. The tested conceptual model has been presented in a standard way
or PLS algorithm, and paths′ coefficients (figure 1) and significance coefficients (Figure 2) have
been presented.
Figure 2: A structural model for determining path coefficients.
Figure 3: Structural model for significance coefficients.
In Table 5, the rate of R2
impact and structural quality of model which shows the impact of
external variables on internal variables, the final amount can be strong in R2
due to this model′s
structural state, and independent variables could predict the dependent variable to be strong and it
20. 8 Seyed Ali Shahtaheri, Kaveh Teymournejad
human capital and innovative performance because its P-value equals 0.001 and it is less than 0.05,
statistic hypothesis H0 is confirmed and H1 is rejected. In this study, there is an impact between
human capital and structural capital, and there is also an impact between structural and innovative
performance. In general, there is an impact between human resources and innovative performance.
With respect to the impact between main and side hypotheses, we can conclude that the impact of
the mediatory factor of structural capital between human capital and innovative performance is
acceptable. Obtained results are consistent with findings of Ino et al. (2017).
6. DATA AND MATERIAL AVAILABILITY
Information regarding this study is available by contacting the corresponding author.
7. REFERENCES
Dastgir, Mohsen; Arab Salehi, Mahdi; Amin Jafari, Razieh; Akhlaghi, Hasanali. (2014). the effect of
intellectual capital on company′s financial performance, financial and accounting researches,
6(21), 1-36.
Falahi Maman, M.F. (2016). Investigating the effect of strategic procedures of human resources on
innovative performance, management and entrepreneurship studies, second review, 3, 212-224.
Hosseini, S.M.; Fard, D.H. (2012). The effect of organizational citizenship behavior on knowledge
sharing: study of mediatory role of organizational culture; Iran management science periodical,
7(28), 109-130.
Jafarpour, M. (2013). The role of gaining knowledge in innovation and flexibility in Gilan broadcast;
Master thesis. Rasht Islamic Azad University.
Hosseini, K.H. (1998). innovation in organizations: concept, types and processes, research and science
magazine of economy and management. 42, 48.
Kianto, A., Sáenz, J. & Aramburu, N. (2017). Knowledge-based HRM practices, intellectual capital and
innovation, Journal of Business Research. 81 (Supplement C), 11-20.
Kianto, A. Vanhala, M. Heilmann, P. (2018). The impact of knowledge management on job satisfaction,
Journal of Knowledge Management. 20, 621-636.
Khoo, M.M., Torabi, M.M., Loo, K.M. (2015). Investigating the effect of intellectual capital
components on different aspects of financial function, state accounting, 1(2), 83-92.
Zanjirani, M.D., Elahi, N.Z. (2014). Investigating the effect of intellectual capital on relative efficiency
of production cooperatives, case study in Boushehr province, property and funding management,
2(4), 51-74.
Navarro, A. Losada, F. Ruzo, E.Diez, J. (2010) Implications of perceived competitive advantages,
adaptation of marketing tactics and export commitment on export performance, Journal of
World Business, 45(1), 49–58.
Navarro, J.G.C, Acosta, P.S., Wensley, A. K. P., (2015) Structured knowledge processes and firm
performance: The role of organizational agility, Journal of Business Research.
Norouzi, H., Kameli, A., Beigi, R., Mahzabi, M. (2015). investigating the effect of organizational
atmosphere on staff organizational performance through social capital (case study: municipality
staff of five districts in Rasht city); social capital management, 1, 137- 154.
Ramezani, G., Soleymani, J. (2015). identifying indices of knowledge management and its
implementation (case study: Koredestan university), knowledge based studies, 2(5), 1-24.
Reychav, I., and J. Weisberg. 2010. Bridging intention and behavior of knowledge sharing. Journal of
Knowledge Management. 14(2), 285-300.
23. 2 Mati Ullaha, Allah Noor Khan
with absolute trust and clarity without any sort of others' approval); Overconfidence (Egotism and
stubbornness or in simple words superiority complex) (Lane et al., 2004). The confidence power
can be properly developed by adopting the sequence likewise the goal, setting, analysis, creation,
action, and evaluation (Greenberg, 2008).
When someone identifies the negative thoughts and turns it into positivity, then his confidence
level is automatically enhanced and maintenance of positive support networking, complete
elimination of negativity from mind, identification of own talent by taking pride in own self,
gracefully acceptance of compliments with smiling in the society are all the key factors that
enhance the confidence of someone (Bridgeman & Shipman, 1978). Those people who are highly
confident are happier, men of strength and capabilities, free of self-doubt, fear, stress, social anxiety
and depression (Covassin & Pero, 2004). Confident students act with full vigor and motivation; they
enjoy interacting with others and they are successful members of society (Farooq et al., 2011).
Confidence is the knowledge someone may do something well by applying skills that are quite
essential in almost all aspects of life (Sander & Sanders, 2002). Confident Parents, their children to
feel good and satisfactory about yourselves and analyze yourself by focusing more on where you
behind are, so that your confidence power may be polished and developed (Aggarwal & Mishra,
2005). Confident students mostly show better academic grades because they believe themselves
(Sandra & Ruppert, 2006). They are theoretically and practically genius from all aspects of life and
they show better performance in every field where they indulge or where they get in (Al-Hebaish,
2012).
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
It is highly mandatory for parents to train and nourish children to have full belief on own
abilities, talents, and experiences to enhance own confidential power. The students can ensure their
beliefs on themselves in two ways like understanding themselves and overestimating themselves,
and a realistic assessment of their abilities is the key to acquire confidence (Ochoa & Sander, 2012).
Confident students never make wrong decisions and they are honest and positive thinkers of the
society; their feelings, self-esteem, skills, abilities, and experiences are developed (Ziegler &
Heller, 2000; Martins et al., 2002). Confident students communicate with others quite effectively,
they always speak concisely and with clarity (Purwar, 2002; Koç & Polat, 2006). Confident
students always prefer to live with smile and satisfaction in society; they always monitor their
progress; they do the right things; they are long term planner; they always follow their abilities,
skills, and beliefs; they always do what they are afraid to do (Martin, 2004).
They commit themselves to their success; their focus is always on the basics; they first set their
goals and then confidently achieve it; unhappy, melancholic and confused the students always show
poor academic grades due to the stress and lack of the confidence and lack of confidence negatively
influences the social relations, career, achievements, and moods of students (Van-Laar, 2000). The
confidence comes from practice and knowledge; a student with more knowledge and practice
becomes more confident due to which he/she can easily face new challenges in society due to which
they successfully avail different opportunities (Crocker & Luhtanen, 2003). Confidence is the
combination of ability, strong feelings of self-esteem as well as self-belief, personal judgment, and
power; confident students always feel competency from their inside and outside and they always
use their talent and experiences for the achievement of their goal with patience which helps them in
25. 4 Mati Ullaha, Allah Noor Khan
Table 2: Reliability statistic.
Cronbach’s alpha N of Items
0.886 16
The data were statistically analyzed through frequency and one-way ANOVA by using SPSS.
The frequency table provides the variation in responses of the respondents about the confidence as
the social adjustment of the students in the societies from different dimensions like the public
schools, private schools, and Deeni Madaris.
Table 3: Confidence in Students (Frequency).
Statement
Respondents
Responses of Respondents
SubTotal
Total
Institutions/
Schools
StronglyAgree
Agree
SlightlyAgree
SlightlyDisagree
Disagree
Strongly
disagreed
OurStudentsareConfident.
Principals
Public School 2 8 3 4 2 1 20
60Private School 3 6 2 4 2 3 20
Deeni Madaris 4 7 2 1 3 3 20
Teachers
Public School 10 36 15 13 9 7 90
270Private School 16 31 12 16 8 7 90
Deeni Madaris 8 18 14 15 20 15 90
Parents
Public School 23 35 16 9 5 2 90
270Private School 18 40 14 9 7 2 90
Deeni Madaris 20 29 19 10 8 4 90
Students
Public School 47 156 35 36 16 10 300
900Private School 35 175 40 31 11 8 300
Deeni Madaris 39 121 34 38 29 39 300
Total 225 662 206 186 120 101 1500 1500
Table 3, the overall, 887 respondents provide agree and strongly agree on responses, while 221
gives disagree and strongly disagree responses about the statement regarding “confidence in
students”. Table 2 is self-explanatory and a decision can be made in a variation of the responses
wherein the majority of the respondents have shown their agreement with the statement that their
students are confident and able to adjust socially in the society.
Table 4: Confidence in Students (ANOVA).
Variables Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Principals Between Groups 33.652 5 6.730 11.464 <0.001
Within Groups 877.092 1494 .587
Total 910.744 1499
Teachers Between Groups 8.455 5 1.691 3.076 0.009
Within Groups 821.195 1494 .550
Total 829.650 1499
Parents Between Groups 93.587 5 18.717 42.424 <0.001
Within Groups 659.157 1494 .441
Total 752.744 1499
Students Between Groups 67.790 5 13.558 24.787 0.027
Within Groups 817.194 1494 .547
Total 884.983 1499
Table 4 reveals that the mean value of parents is maximum i.e. 18.717 with the significant
value (.000) and after that the mean value of students i.e., 13.558 with the significant value (.027),
then principals 6.730 with the significant value (<0.001) and at last teachers i.e. 1.691 with
27. 6 Mati Ullaha, Allah Noor Khan
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Mati Ullah is a PhD Scholar at Institute of Education & Research, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. He is interested in Teaching and Learning.
Dr. Allah Noor Khan is an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Education & Research, Gomal University, Dera
Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. He got his PhD Degree from Institute of Education & Research, Gomal
University. His research is Email: noormarwat2@yahoo.com
29. 2 Masood Akhtar, Qamar Afaq Qureshi
It is, therefore, necessary to conduct studies that are intended to inform and assist decision-
makers in hospitals in identifying the key workplace issues that would help in developing the
strategies to address and improve the performance of doctors in public sector hospitals. Researchers
observed that a high quality of work life (QWL) is essential for organizations to achieve high
performance (Azril et al., 2010; Deb, 2006). The way doctors who work in hospitals perceive their
work environment influences their level of performance. Although improving the QWL is important
to the well-being and development of employees, it has not attracted adequate attention in
developing like Pakistan. This study presents addressed these concepts by providing new and
valuable information thereby conducting the field study on the quality of the work life and
individual (doctors) work performance of the hospitals in Pakistani (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) context
by generalizing the findings.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 QWL
Generally, QWL has been defined as opinions and impressions regarding employees'
organizations working conditions. The majority of the literature on the nature of QWL of work life
shows that the concept is latent, multidimensional in nature, and need-based. Sirgy et al. (2001)
conceptualize QWL as need-based categorizing QWL into higher-order needs and the lower order
needs (Schaubrock & Ganster, 1991). Lower order needs are comprised of the health/safety needs,
and economic /family needs (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2002). The higher-order needs are comprised of
the social needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs, knowledge needs, and aesthetic needs.
2.1.1 PROMOTION
Some employees like equality at the work, some like benefits provided by their job, or others
satisfied with the degree to which they have the power to take the initiatives at their workplace
during the job. In this research, we will study the effect or influence of promotion upon doctors’
work Performance. Promotion is worker recognition efforts and his commitment to work (Borman
& Motowidlo, 1993). Getting higher and higher promotion is the ultimate desire of each person
working in any sort of organization. Promotion is a Shifting of an employee for a job of higher
significance and higher compensation. The movement of an employee upward in the hierarchy of
the organization, typically that leads to enhancement of responsibility and the rank and an improved
compensation package is a promotion (Koopmans et al., 2011).
2.1.2 WORK ENVIRONMENT
QWL is a process by which the organizations’ personnel and stakeholders learn how to work
better together to simultaneously improve staff quality of life and individual work performance and
thus improving organizational productivity. An attractive and supportive work environment is
critical to the employees’ task performance (Almalki et al., 2012). The work environment can be
grouped into three distinct forms. These are the physical work environment (an environment that
deals with the physical or tangibles at the setting where the job is performed), psychological work
environment (a set of characteristics of work environment that affect how the worker feels (Hamid,
2012). The psychological work environment provides a good description of the mental activities
that a worker undertakes during working hours or at the post) and social work environment (deals
31. 4 Masood Akhtar, Qamar Afaq Qureshi
4 ANALYSIS RESULT
Co-linearity happens when all the independent variables are highly correlated with each other.
This effects beta values and researcher inferences about sample and population got affected. So first
researchers have checked multicollinearity, this can be checked by the VIF variance inflation factor
and it should be less than 10 and Tolerance T value it should be higher than 0.10. All the values of
VIF and T were in the specified range. When data is collected by using the same survey, same scale
and same time its validity is questionable. For this purpose, the researchers suggested to checked
common method bias (CMB) by using Harman Single-factor analysis. It was run and found that the
first factor was explaining variance less than 50% it means that CMB is not a major issue in this
study.
From the analysis, results revealed that there are 224 respondents participated in the study.
From the analysis, it is revealed that there were 164 (73.2%), male respondents, while 60 (26.8%)
were females participated in this study. Further analysis of results also revealed that majority of the
respondents belongs to age group of 20-30 years i.e. 84 (37.5%) followed by age group of 51-60
years i.e. 77 (34.4%), likewise 49 respondents belong to the age group of 31-40 years i.e. (21.9%)
and minimum number of respondents belongs to age group of 41-50 years (6.3%). Similarly, the
majority of respondents were holding MPhil degrees i.e. 161 (71.9%) followed by 42 (18.8%) were
holding master degrees and only 21 doctors were having doctoral degrees (9.4%). In the analysis, it
was identified that the majority of the respondents were assistant professors i.e. 72 (32.1%) while
followed by associate professors 59 (26.3%) and lecturers were 45 (20.1%) number of professors
were identified as 48 (21.4%). 152 (67.9%) respondents had the experience of 1-10 years, followed
by the respondents having experience of 20 years i.e. 52 (23.2%) and only 20 respondents were
having experience of 20-30 years i.e. 8.9%. there were 131 local respondents and 93 nonlocal
respondents. Same data for married and single respondents, see Table 1 and Figure 1.
Table 1: Demographic Information
S# Variables Characteristics N Percentage
1 Gender
Male 164 73.2
Female 60 26.8
2 Age
20-30 84 37.5
31-40 49 21.9
41-50 14 6.3
51-60 77 34.4
3 Education
Master 42 18.8
MPhil 161 71.9
PhD 21 9.4
4 Designation
Lecturer 45 20.1
Assistant Professor 72 32.1
Associate Professor 59 26.3
Professor 48 21.4
5 Experience
1-10 152 67.9
1-20 52 23.2
21-30 20 8.9
6 Domicile
Local 131 58.5
Non Local 93 41.4
7 Marital Status
Married 131 58.5
Single 93 41.4
33. 6 Masood Akhtar, Qamar Afaq Qureshi
=0.850. for work environment AVE=0.720 and CR=0.928, for performance=0.363, CR=0.844
though AVE for performance is less than 0.40 but CR is higher than 0.7 so ITC is acceptable no
issue of validity. All the items and variables and their scales are found reliable and valid (Hillsdale
et al., 1993).
Figure 1: Measurement Model Confirmatory Factor Analysis
(P: Promotion; WE: Work Environment; PERF/PR: Performance).
AMOS-SEM 18 was used for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Criteria for factor loadings
for set at 0,50. But criteria for other goodness of fit such as goodness of fit index (GFI), Bollen's
Incremental Fit Index (IFI), Comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), Normed Fit
Index (NFI); Relative Fit Index (RFI), are set >0.90, and for Root Mean Square Error of
Approximation (RMSEA) <0.08 for chi-square less than 3. Figure 3 shows that all the items of
promotion, work environment, and performance have factor loadings greater than 0.5 but two items
were deleted from promotion because of low factor loadings, one item was excluded from work
environment and eight items were deleted from the performance. RMSEA= 0.06 <0.08,
GFI=0.955>0.90, IFI=0.970>0.090, CFI=0.970>0.90, TLI=0.953, NFI=0.944, RFI=0.912 all are
greater than 0.90. Chi-square/df =2.072. Therefore, the above model is found fit for the present
research and context in highlighting the issue and measure. These indicate the model fitness in the
entire procedure.
4.1 CORRELATION ANALYSIS
As this data was normally distributed, so Pearson correlation as used. Correlation 0.1 to 0.4 is
considered weak, 0.5-0.6 is the moderate and 0.7 and 0.9 is considered high. Pearson correlation is
used to check the relationship amid promotion, work environment and performance.
Table 3: Pearson Correlation Matrix.
Promotion Work Environment Performance
Promotion 1
Work Environment .664**
1
Performance .858**
.625**
1
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
It was found that the relationship between promotion and work environment is r = 0.664,
p<0.01, it means that flexible promotion policies increase the environment at the workplace and
there is a friendly and supportive environment developed by doctors and colleagues in the hospitals.
While the relationship between promotion and performance is r = 0.858, p<0.01 it means that when