This document provides an overview of scientific report writing. It defines a scientific report as a document that describes the process, progress, and results of technical or scientific research. The document outlines the typical elements and structure of a scientific report, including the title, abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections. It also discusses the purposes of scientific reports, which are to share information with other scientists, review other scientists' research, and demonstrate research progress.

3. Report Writing
(Scientific report)
Presented To:
Ms. Lubna Zahid
Presented By:
Shamim Mukhtar 13
Maliha Hussain 14
Aarfa Tufail 11
Hira Sumbul 15
Wajeeha Fiaz 37

4. Contents:
 Definition of report writing
 Types of report writing
 Define scientific report
 Define scientific research
 Types of scientific research
 Purposes of Scientific report
 Elements/Structure of Scientific report
 Publication of Scientific report
 Effective report/elements of good report
 Avoids plagiarism
 Do’s and Don’ts in report
 Conclusion

5. REPORT WRITING
“An account given of a particular matter, especially in the form
of an official document, after thorough investigation or
consideration by an appointed person or body”
– Clearly structured document
– Help to make decision, action, recommendation
– Particular purpose and audience
– On particular issue
– A quick definition might be: "This is what I did and this is what it
means
– If research was not “written up,” did it really occur?

6. Incident Report
Types
of
report
Recommendation
Report
Accident Report
Feasibility Study /
Report
Progress Report
Scientific
Report
Case Study
Sales Report

7. Format of general report writing
• Title
• Introduction
• Discussion
• Recommendations
• References
Short report
• Title page
• Introduction
• Method & materials
• Results
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• Appendices
• References
Science report

8. Cont…
Business report
• Title page
• Executive summary
• Table of contents
• Introduction
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• Recommendations
• Appendices
• References
Research report
• Title page
• Executive summary
• Introduction
•Method / methodology
• Results / findings
• Discussion
• Conclusions
• Recommendations
• Appendices
• Bibliography

9. Scientific report
• Document that describe
– Process
– Progress
– Results of technical or scientific research

10. Types of
Scientific
research
Basic (pure)
Applied
research
Descriptive
Explanatory
Predictive
research
Qualitative
research
Quantitative
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.

11. Quantitative research:
– It seeks to convert observations to numbers.
– Testing of hypotheses based on a sample of observations, and
a statistical analysis of the data
– Attempt to describe relationships among variables
mathematically
What is the relationship
between use
and need of nursing
services in the
rural areas?

12. Qualitative research:
• Emphasizes verbal descriptions and explanations of human
behavior
• The tools for gaining information include: participant
observation, in- depth interviews, or an in-depth analysis of a
single case
How do nurses handle
patients who refuse
to follow instructions?

13. Descriptive research
(Exploratory research)
• Emphasizes the accurate description of some aspect of
society.
• A researcher assesses specific characteristics of individuals,
groups, situations, or events by summarizing the
commonalities found in discrete observations
“what”
How many of this
“what ”
"WHAT IS THIS?"

14. Explanatory research
• Its primary goal is to understand or to explain relationships.
• It uses correlations to study relationships between dimensions
or characteristics of individuals, groups, situations, or events.
HOW
WHY

15. Predictive research
• Moves beyond explanation to the prediction of precise
relationships between dimensions or characteristics of a
phenomenon or differences between groups.
What are the risk factors for
green house gases after
emission from source?

16. Basic research
• Focuses on understanding phenomena of interest.
• Conducted to accumulate information, extending the base of
knowledge in a discipline to improve understanding, or to
formulate a theory.
• It is appropriate for discovering general principles of human
behavior and biophysiology processes.
relationship
between socioeconomic
status and
the intention to follow a
healthy diet

17. Applied research
• Focuses on finding an immediate solution to an existing
problem.
• Designed to indicate how the principles of human behavior
can be used to solve problems
effectiveness of an
intervention such
as attending to the hospital
at labor
signs

18. Purpose of scientific report writing
 Sharing information with other scientists
 Review the research by other scientists
 To show what progress has been made
 To persuade through logical argument

19. Scientific report
• Scientific papers are for sharing your own original research work
with other scientists or for reviewing the research conducted by
others
• To reach their goal, papers must aim to inform, not impress.
• They must be highly readable — that is, clear, accurate, and concise.
They are more likely to be cited by other scientists if they are helpful
rather than cryptic or self-centered
• Logical order.
Introduction, then materials, method, result, discussion (body)
then finally conclusion.

20. The Report Elements
Title Section
Title
page
Research
title
Abstract
Significance
of report
Summarize
the results
Briefly
describe
methods
Main
objectives

21. Introduction
Problem
identifications
Importance Solution
proposed
Deductive
reasoning

22. The Report Elements
Literature
review
Previous
studies
Theories
Indigenous
studies
objectives
Rationale
Research
questions

23. The Report Elements
• Method
• Result
• Discussion

24. Methodology
assessment
measures Sampling
strategy
Sample
Inclusion/
exclusion
Research
design
Method
Procedure

25. Methodology
• Style and structure
-use narrative structure
-past passive voice
-written in chorological order i.e. time order

26. What you
found
Results
Key results
Charts
Figures
graphs
Results

27. Results
• Style and structure
-active voice (past tense).
-descriptive titles of figures and tables
-Figures and tables should be self-explanatory
-No interpretation of the data or conclusions about what the
data
might mean are given in this section

28. Discussion
Final
comment Relate to
literature
Interpret
results
Charts
Major
findings
Discussion

29. Report format
• Conclusion
• Recommendations
• Glossary
• References
• Appendices

30. Conclusion
• A conclusion is not merely a summary of your
points or a restatement of your research problem
but a synthesis of key points.
• Importance of good conclusion
-presenting the major issue you raised in report
-summarizing your thoughts
-demonstrating the importance of your ideas
-introducing possible new or expanded ways of
thinking.

31. Recommendations
• Action to be taken based on the conclusion of
the report
Glossary
• Alphabetical listing of key terms in the report

32. References
• List of sources
• Use of recommend style
• APA
Appendices
• It is a good place to put analysis, demographic
information sheet, assessment measures, maps,
extra photographs and diagrams of appratus

33. Thank you for your time

34. Any questions??