Presented by Yusha Hu at the Beijing Energy & Environment Roundtable on Jan 21, 2009.

1. Water Use in China: Ensuring a Sustainable Future Water Quality and Urban Wastewater Management in China Yusha Hu January 21, 2009 Beijing Energy & Environment Roundtable Hosted by Beijing Energy Network

2. WATER RESOURCES HUMAN USE Presentation will focus on the process of returning water to the natural environment

4. Source: Hu, Hongying and Yudong Song. 2006. Water environmental situation and control in China. ESPC Key State Joint Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Tsinghua University. 54% 72%

5. Average Water Qualities in Northern and Southern Rivers (1991-2005)‏ Source: World Bank 2006, data from China Environmental statistics Yearbook (various years)‏

7. Distribution of Water Use Across Sectors Ministry of Water Resources 2005 Statistic Bulletin on China Water Activities

8. China's Urban Wastewater Management The Impact of Policy and Financing

9. Current Situation and Goals Source: World Bank 2007: Improving the Performance of China's Urban Water Utilities

10. Capacity vs. Performance Huge variation in performance: Bottom 1/3 using less than 50% of hydraulic design capacity, top 1/3 using nearly 100% China National Auditing Office: 77% of audited wastewater treatment plants were underutilized Source: World Bank 2007: Improving the Performance of China's Urban Water Utilities

11. No Money for Operation or Maintenance Source: World Bank 2007: Improving the Performance of China's Urban Water Utilities

12. Prices too low for water and discharge fees

14. Efforts to Improve Performance 11 th 5-Year Plan Water Treatment Investments Source: World Bank 2007: Improving the Performance of China's Urban Water Utilities

15. A closer look: Differences between cities Source: World Bank 2007: Improving the Performance of China's Urban Water Utilities

16. Source: World Bank 2007: Improving the Performance of China's Urban Water Utilities High investment from municipal governments

17. For Perspective: South Korea Source: World Development Indicators & S. Korea Ministry of Environment Statistical Yearbook, cited in World Bank 2007: Improving the Performance of China's Urban Water Utilities Korean GDP per Capita vs. Percent Wastewater treated