2. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
►
►
►
Who were the Progressives?
What reforms did they seek?
How successful were
Progressive Era reforms in
the period 1890-1920?
Consider: political change, social change (industrial conditions, urban life, women, prohibition)
5. Progressivism
WHAT are their goals?
► Democracy – government accountable to the people
► Regulation of corporations & monopolies
► Social justice – workers, poor, minorities
► Environmental
protection
HOW?
► Government (laws, regulations, programs)
► Efficiency
value experts, use of scientific study to determine the
best solution
Pragmatism
–
William James, John Dewey ( Darwinism)
(Cf. scientific management/Taylor)
HOW MUCH?????
6. Origins of Progressivism
►
►
►
►
“Muckrakers”
Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives (1890)
Ida Tarbell – “The History of the Standard Oil Co.” (1902)
Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities (1904)
Ida Tarbell
Lincoln Steffens
8. MUNICIPAL REFORM
► municipal
reform
► utilities - water, gas, electricity, trolleys
►
council-manager plan
Shoe line - Bowery
men with gifts
from ward boss
Tim Sullivan,
February, 1910
(Dayton, 1913)
9. MUNICIPAL REFORM
strong mayor system
COUNCIL
MEMBER
COUNCIL
MEMBER
COUNCIL
MEMBER
COUNCIL
MEMBER
council-manager plan
COUNCIL
MEMBER
COUNCIL
MEMBER
COUNCIL
MEMBER
MAYOR
(Dayton, 1913)
COUNCIL
MEMBER
CITY
MANAGER
CITY SERVICES
COUNCIL
MEMBER
COUNCIL
MEMBER
CITY
SERVICES
10. STATE POLITICAL REFORM
► secret
ballots
► direct primary
► Robert M.
LaFollette
► Seventeenth
Amendment
(1913)
► initiative
► referendum
► recall
Robert M. LaFollette,
Wisconsin Governor 1900-06
12. STATE SOCIAL REFORMS
► professional
social workers
► settlement houses - education, culture, day
care
► child
labor laws
Enable education & advancement for working
class children
13. STATE SOCIAL REFORMS
► workplace
& labor reforms
eight-hour work day
improved safety & health conditions in
factories
workers compensation laws
minimum wage laws
unionization
child labor laws
Triangle Shirtwaist
Factory Fire, 1913
14. State Social Reform: Child Labor
Child Laborers in Indiana Glass Works,
Midnight, Indiana. 1908
Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C. 1908
“Breaker Boys” Pennsylvania, 1911
Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co.
Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911
16. TEMPERANCE
► Temperance Crusade
► Women’s Christian
Temperance Union (WCTU)
► Anti-Saloon League
Frances Willard (1838-98),
leader of the WCTU
Anti-Saloon League Campaign, Dayton
21. ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How effective were Progressive
Era reformers and the federal
government in bringing about
reform at the national level in
the period 1900-1920?
25. Roosevelt the “trust-buster”
► Northern
Securities Company (1904)
► “good trusts” and “bad trusts”
► Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act (1906)
“ONE SEES HIS FINISH UNLESS GOOD GOVERNMENT RETAKES THE SHIP”
26. Consumer Protection
► Upton
Sinclair’s The Jungle
► Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
► Meat Inspection Act (1906)
Chicago Meatpacking Workers, 1905
"A nauseating job, but it must be done"
27. Roosevelt &
Conservation
► Used
the Forest
Reserve Act of 1891
► U.S. Forest Service
(1906)
► Gifford
Pinchot
► White House
conference on
conservation -1908
► John Muir
Theodore
Roosevelt &
John Muir
at Yosemite
1906
Theodore Roosevelt and
Gifford Pinchot, 1907
31. Taft’s Progressive Accomplishments
► trust-busting
► forest
and oil
reserves
► Sixteenth
Amendment
(Taft has) “…completely
twisted around the policies
I advocated and acted
upon.”
-Theodore Roosevelt
► BUT:
Caused split in
Republican Party
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
Pinchot-Ballinger
Controversy
(1909)
32. Election of 1912
► Woodrow
Wilson
► Progressive Party
(“Bull Moose party”)
► “New
Nationalism”
► significance
Woodrow Wilson
Theodore
Roosevelt
cartoon,
March 1912
34. Wilson
► Woodrow
Wilson
► “New Freedom”
► Underwood Simmons
Tariff (1913)
► Sixteenth Amendment
(1913)
► Federal
Reserve Act (1913)
► Federal Trade
Commission Act (1914)
► Clayton Anti-Trust Act
(1914)
► Keating-Owen
Act
(1916)
Wilson at the peak of his power
37. ESSENTIAL QUESTION
To what extent did economic and
political developments as well as
the assumptions about the nature of
women affect the position of
American women during the period
1890-1925?
38. WOMEN
► “women’s
professions”
► “new woman”
► clubwomen
A local club for nurses was formed in New
York City in 1894. Here the club members
are pictured in their clubhouse reception
area. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource
Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.)
The Women's Club of Madison, Wisconsin conducted classes in food,
nutrition, and sewing for recent immigrants. (Photo courtesy of the Women's
History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.)
41. Women’s Suffrage
► Alice
Paul
► National Woman’s Party
► Nineteenth Amendment
► Equal Rights
Suffragette
Banner
Amendment
1918
19th Amendment
National Woman’s Party members picketing in front of the White House, 1917
(All: Library of Congress)
43. ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois
offered different strategies for dealing
with the problems of poverty and discrimination faced by black Americans at the
end of the nineteenth and beginning of
the twentieth centuries. How appropriate
were each of these strategies (considering
the context in which each was developed)?
Shoe line--Bowery men with gift from Tim Sullivan, February, 1910
"Big Tim" Sullivan, a New York City ward boss, rewarded "repeat voters" with a new pair of shoes. Sullivan once explained, "When you've voted ‘em with their whiskers on, you take ‘em to a barber and scrape off the chin fringe. Then you vote ‘em again…Then to a barber again, off comes the sides and you vote ‘em a third time with the mustache…[Then] clean off the mustache and vote ‘em plain face. That makes every one of ‘em for four votes." (Library of Congress) Pageant 13e Reader’s Companion
Wadsworth.com
(1) Description: Child Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana. 1908. Photographer, Lewis W. Hine; Credit: Nartional Archives and Records Administration; http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail272.html
(2) Description: Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C. 1908. The overseer said apologetically, "She just happened in." She was working steadily . photographer, Lewis W. Hine;Credit: Nartional Archives and Records Administration; http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail273.html
(3) The coal mines of Pennsylvania employed more than ten thousand boys under the age of 16. Known as "breaker boys," they sorted coal. Such work was dangerous and sometimes fatal, as attested by this 1911 headline. (Library of Congress); Pageant 13e History Companion
(4) Lewis W. Hine. Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co. Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911.;"On other side of shed still younger children were working. Out of sixty working,... I counted 15 apparently under 12 years of age. Some 3, 4, and 5 years old were picking too.... Boss said they went to work at 3 A.M. and would quit about 3 or 4 P.M." ; PBS American Photography
Hull House today: http://cpl.lib.uic.edu/004chicago/timeline/hullhouse.html; http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/addams/aa_addams_subj_e.html; (1906 picture) http://tigger.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/urbanexp/main.cgi?file=img/show_gallery.ptt&gallery=3
Henretta, America’s History 4e from http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral
Socialists parade, May Day, 1910
Though their objectives sometimes differed from those of middle-class Progressive reformers, socialists also became a more active force in the early twentieth century. Socialist parades on May Day, such as this one in 1910, were meant to express the solidarity of all working people. (Library of Congress)
(2003B DBQ)
Description: Assassination of William McKinley. Czolgosz shoots President McKinley with a concealed revolver, at Pan-American Exposition reception, Sept. 6th, 1901.Keywords: Credit: Library of Congresshttp://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail261.html
Wadsworth.com (portrait and on horseback); Underwood and Underwood. Theodore Roosevelt Addressing a Crowd, 1901-09. Collection of The New-York Historical Society. PBS- American Photography
Wadsworth.com (both)
Scanned from The Verdict 22 May 1899 by C. Gordon Moffat http://history.osu.edu/projects/uscartoons/gapecartoons/TrustsAsPirates.htm
Wadsworth.com (stockyards, Meatpacking workers); Brinkley 11e Instructor Resource CD (The Jungle); Theodore Roosevelt cartoon "A nauseating job, but it must be done“; Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, published in 1906, prompted President Theodore Roosevelt to order an investigation of Sinclair's allegations about unsanitary practices. Roosevelt then used the results of that investigation to pressure Congress into approving new federal legislation to inspect meatpacking. (Utica Saturday Globe) Pageant 13e
Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot, 1907; The two friends and allies in the conservation cause aboard the steamboat Mississippi on a 1907 tour with the Inland Waterways Commission. (Library of Congress)’; [Pageant 13e History Companion]
Description: Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir on Glacier Point, Yosemite Valley, California, c1906;Credit: Library of Congress; http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail268.html
Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.; http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/
This postcard depicts how President Theodore Roosevelt, in command of the Republican Party, persuaded his friend William Howard Taft to run for president in 1908. Taft was not eager for that office, but Roosevelt succeeded in convincing him to seek it. With Roosevelt's strong support, Taft was elected, but he proved a disappointment to Roosevelt. (Collection of Janice L. and David J. Frent)
http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/15taft/15taft.htm The Mount Auburn house was sold by the Taft family in 1889. It went through many alterations, including use as an apartment house, before it was saved from demolition by the Taft Memorial Association in 1938, eight years after Taft's death. In 1969, the Federal Government designated the Taft house a national historic site, honoring the life and work of William Howard Taft.
Wilson: Wadsworth.com; Description: Theodore Roosevelt as an opera singer who wins the favor of "Miss Insurgency", while Robert La Follette watches in disgust. 03/18/1912. Artist, Berryman, Clifford K.;Credit: National Archives and Records Administration; http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail277.html
Description: Women suffragists picketing in front of the White house. The first picket line - College day in the picket line line, 1917;Credit: Library of Congress.http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail294.html;
Description: The 19th amendment; Credit: Library of Congress http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail317.html
(1989 DBQ edited)
Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.; http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/
BTW: http://history.grand-forks.k12.nd.us/ndhistory/LessonImages/Sources/Pictures/Booker%20T%20Washington.jpg; Du Bois: Wadsworth.com