A Scholar's Dilemmas
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Professorial lecture. March 2014
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A Scholar's Dilemmas
- 1. A Scholar’s Dilemmas Eric Schnell professorial lecture March 20, 2014
- 2. What Format?
- 10. What to Name Lecture The Internet and Scholarly Communications Emerging Technology and Scholarly Communications Scholarship and Technology The Affect of Technology on Scholarship The Librarian’s Dilemma The Technology Librarian’s Dilemma The Emerging Technology Librarian’s Dilemma The Emerging Technology Scholar’s Dilemma Technology is like a Fish
- 11. The Dilemmas Faced in an Effort to Keep Scholarship in the Discipline of Librarianship Relevant in a Rapidly Changing Technology and Communications Environment Eric Schnell professorial lecture March 20, 2014
- 16. 1992 - 2001 Candidates are expected to produce research/creative work of high quality and scholarly significance. The work is be be widely disseminated through publication and/or presentation. 1992
- 18. “Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-wide Index to Computer Archives” “Veronica” tidbits.com/iskm/iskm3html/pt4/ch24/imgs/24FIG03.gif
- 19. “Jonzy’s Universal Gopher Hierarch Excavation and Display” “Jughead” http://tech.massivelinks.com/index.php/tech/article/history-of-search-part-one-the-dawn-of-internet-search/
- 23. “Technology is like a fish. The longer it stays on the shelf, the less desirable it becomes” Andrew Heller; lead IBM RS6000 team
- 26. • First commercial deployment of camera phones in North America • Facebook was released at Harvard • YouTube was 1 year away • iPhone and Android operating system 3 years away flickr.com/photos/lwr/278406283
- 27. Sustaining Technologies Disruptive Technologies • Improving product performance • Efficiencies • Often incremental • Resource support • Trying new things • Ultimate use may not be known • Few customers want, initially • Resource starved
- 30. Rapid technology changes plus publication lag time made my Gopher paper into a historical piece before it was published
- 31. Which emerging technologies will be used to sustain scholarly communication models and which will disrupt them?
- 34. Maureen Donovan
- 38. Referring to new information and computer technologies: “We should recognize that not all these potentials are likely to be attractive to those accustomed to, and comfortable with, a system of scholarly communication based upon refereed print journal”
- 39. xxx.lanl.gov
- 44. • Started in 1995 • Accessed ~50,000 times through 1999 • Used in courses worldwide • Linked by every major library association • Library of Congress / NLM
- 45. “The academic or scholarly value of a website publication or resource which is heavily used … remains problematic if examined under the light of traditional research and publication criteria” OSUL AP&T Committee, 1999
- 47. 2001- 2011 In the University Libraries, scholarship usually takes the form of a publication, but it can also be evidenced in other ways, e.g., exhibits, public performances, digital resources, papers at professional meetings, etc.
- 56. “a somewhat dichotomous situation in which electronic forms of print publications are used heavily, even nearly exclusively, by researchers in many fields, but perceptions and realities of the reward system have those same researchers turning to conventional, high-stature print publications as the means of record for reporting research and having it evaluated for tenure and promotion purposes.”
- 57. “Academic research is in a strange position where new entrants (researchers) are encouraged to be conservative while the reinterpretation of practice and exploration is left to established practitioners. This should be an area of concern for academia if its established practice is reducing the effectiveness of one of its most valuable inputs, namely the new researcher.”
- 59. 77.6% were tenure track… “53.6 percent indicated that their performance review committees do not weigh a blog the same as an article published in a peer-reviewed journal.”
- 61. Federer A. “Can Tweets Predict Citations? Metrics of Social Impact Based on Twitter and Correlation with Traditional Metrics of Scientific Impact” J Med Internet Res. 2011 Oct-Dec; 13(4): e123. “if an article is highly tweeted (tests positive for social media impact), then there is a 75% likelihood that the article ends up in the top quartile of all articles of an issue, ranked by citations.”
- 62. 2011 - No single type of publication/creative work is invariably a more significant component of a research program than another. Nevertheless, a body of work, which is cumulative in nature and reflects the highest academic standards, is required.
- 73. The Future 2014
- 74. A Scholar’s Dilemmas Eric Schnell professorial lecture March 20, 2014 go.osu.edu/ericlecture
Notas del editor
- Good afternoon. Thank you Vice Provost Diedrichs for the humbling introduction. To start, I would like to acknowledge all those that have supported me over the years including my wife Diann, my parents Henry and Patricia, my sister Christy and brother Corey. I would also like to acknowledge all the folks that I have worked with at the Health Sciences Libraries over the years, many who in attendance today and a few that are not, including Susan Kroll who provided me a sandbox to experiment and Barbara VanBrimmer, who early in my OSU career encouraged me to push the envelope ... Hard. I would also like to express my appreciation to all my colleagues from University Libraries and campus that are in attendance today. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge all of my friends and professional colleagues that have been supportive over the years. This list is too long and you know who you are. It is both an honor and a privilege to be presenting my professorial lecture to those in attendance today.
- As the title of my lecture would lead one to believe, I will be discussing the various dilemmas that I have faced as a scholar. Professor Frink will appear in the lower right hand corner on any slides which present a dilemma faced by myself, faced by University Libraries faculty, orbmy our profession. The first dilemma of which was the fact that I wanted to be able to extend my lecture to friends and colleagues that were unable to attend.
- A year ago when I starting thinking about the topic of my lecture everything was being flipped; the classroom, conferences. Up until December I considered flipping this lecture and posting a multimedia presentation in advance then have a discussion today. I decided that I would be remiss if I skipped the opportunity to talk to you here today. So, instead, to extend this lecture I tapped into my bag of tools I've learned over the years and selected a few to use, as work and life priorities and time allowed.
- My lecture is being video recorded and will be posted to our institutional repository. I will also work to make a copy available on my YouTube channel, where you can also learn to install a Nest thermostat and overcome the Kuerig My K Cup Overflow problem. I have broken my lecture down into a series of 10 blog posts on the new Ohio State u.osu.edu service. These posts have been set to auto post around the same that I am discussing them live. Links to the will be sent out via Twitter in real time and an index posted to Facebook, at the end of the lecture. Lastly, a modified and copyright compliant, creative commons version of my slides will be posted to my SlideShare site.
- The next dilemma is one I has when learning I was being promoted to the rank of full professor. That is, how to present myself and act as a member of the professoriate. I took a few UPT (unassigned professional time) days and came up with the following research. As you will see, I have utilized all of the skills I have learned over the past 20 years to only identify only the highest quality literature:
- The typical stereotype of a male professor is of one who wears a tweed blazers with reinforced elbows, perhaps a cable-knit sweater, drives a vintage two-seater convertible, and is prone to starting conversations with "When I was at Princeton…” However, I found research that indicates that the real way to identify a male professor is by through the hair migration pattern.
- I also found out through extensive research one that a professors can, and should express their mood and attitude towards others through ones email signature. By paying close attention to my email signature you will now be able to tell if I like you or not.
- In addition to getting new business cards, and an updated Linked-In profile, apparently newly promoted full professors get their own trading cards. I'm still trying to find these in within the campus eStores System. By the way, I am still in need of a Rai Guerler to fill out my emeritus sub-set and have a Gerry Greenberg and Marsha Hamilton to trade.
- I discovered through my painstaking research that professors have many things in common with Ninjas. So, Carol, if you don't see me in the processional at graduation I may be lurking in the catwalk. Seriously, it is both an honor and a privilege to have been promoted to the rank of full professor, so lets get back to the theme of my lecture, "A Scholar's Dilemma."
- Another dilemma I had was what to name my lecture. Since January it has had all these.
- So, catalogers, for the 245 filed please use this title
- Without a doubt, scholarly communication is a cornerstone of academia. “the system through which research and other scholarly writings are created, evaluated for quality, disseminated to the scholarly community, and preserved for future use. The system includes both formal means of communication, such as publication in peer-reviewed journals, and informal channels, such as electronic listservs."
- Scholarly communication is a cornerstone of academia. Yet there is no one-size-fits-all mode of scholarly communication due to disciplinary differences. The Association of College and Research Library defines scholarly communications as “the system through which research and other scholarly writings are created, evaluated for quality, disseminated to the scholarly community, and preserved for future use. The system includes both formal means of communication, such as publication in peer-reviewed journals, and informal channels, such as electronic listservs." Traditionally, scholarly communication in librarianship has involved the use of mediums such as books, journals, and formal presentations. As librarian-scholars, we recognize and continue to place importance on peer-reviewed publications primary formal was to disseminate of new knowledge Such publications provide a dated snapshot of the authors’ thoughts at that moment in time and becomes a part of a more permanent scholarly record.
- Yet, the past decade has created new dilemmas for our profession as evidenced by the emergence of new ideas about the practice of scholarly communications, issues around the crisis in journal publishing and the challenges within the peer-review system. As a disciple we have embraced open access policies and retaining rights to our scholarship. The change in scholarly communication that we have been witnessing has been facilitated by the digital technology evolution.
- The Internet has expanded the range of possibilities for scholarly discourse since it has changed both the means of distributing ideas and the process of evaluating scholarship. The network has lead to the development of new tools which facilitate interaction between authors, readers, or between authors and readers. As a member of faculty of The Ohio State University Libraries I am pleased to say that we have been at the forefront of these changes, advocating for alternative forms of scholarly communications not only in our discipline, but in others as well. Yet, deciding which tools and work best to communicate and scholarship in the discipline of librarianship has not been a simple transition. How we evolved and adapted has in part been documented by the various dilemmas faced throughout my career at Ohio State.
- When I began my Ohio State career in 1992, the criteria for promotion and tenure at University Libraries was clear and straight forward. There encountered no dilemma. To meet this criteria I got to work on identifying my first research topic for my first publication.
- At the time, FTP was the tool which was used to distribute documents on the Internet The leading emerging Internet technology was system developed by the University of Minnesota called Gopher, developed in 1991 at the University of Minnesota by a team lead by Mark Cahill. The Gopher Client program presents a hierarchically structured text-menu to the user which is retrieved from a Gopher server. The items within this menu can be chosen simply by clicking the mouse. It's text-based hierarchy menu interface was well-suited to the text-oriented computer systems which were common at the time. The best way to get an impression of its content is to start the program and then navigate around the Gopher space by clicking at items in menus. The user digs themselves deeper and deeper into the Internet
- The Veronica database is a collection of menus from most Gopher sites. When you do a Veronica search, you are searching menu items. In the course of the search, Veronica built an on-the-spot menu consisting of just those items that match your request. When the search is finished, Veronica will present you with a customized Gopher menu. The name, although officially a backronym was chosen to match that of the FTP search service known as Archie
- Jughead was available at some Gopher sites and uses the menu items on a single Gopher site.
- Having explored Gopher I found it a great tool to help facilitate library user access to the resources that began to populate Gopher. Gopher gave librarians world-wide access to information resources such as online library catalogues, textual information on various topics, software and data archives. After exploring and using the system I got to work drafting my first manuscript, entitled A Gopher on the Reference Desk. I submitted for publication in the summer of 1993 and when it was accepted without revision my scholarly career was launched.
- However, between the time that I submitted the paper and when in was actually published in 1994, Mosaic happened.
- While the World Wide Web had been in development for several years, it didn't become accessible to Windows and Macintosh computers until Mosaic was released by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) in September 1993.
- The dilemma I immediately faced was the reality that Technology is like a Fish.
- The odds are pretty good that every one of you has an old cell phone in a drawer at home, or perhaps even a drawer the looks like this. Since my wife is also a gadget geek, we have four. You may have kept an old device just in case something happened to the new one, or maybe you just didn't know what to do with it. As technologically evolves at an ever-increasing pace the practice of discarding technological devices for shinier models with new and different features has become a part of our lives. As you will see, this applies to scholarly communications as well.
- The technology life-cycle begins with invention of a specific technology, continues though a process of continuous improvement, and ends with how the technology is eventually diffused to the end user. The phrase "bleeding edge' is often used to describe the early adoption of a technology while the 'laggards' are the last to adopt. The Tipping Point is the moment when an idea, trend, or social behavior crosses threshold, tips, and becomes popular and commonplace The dilemma is trying to figure out which technologies will even make it to and the tipping point while not spending too many resources on those that won’t
- Consider just 10 years ago:
- As Clayton Christensen discussed in his dissertation turned best seller The Innovator's Dilemma, technologies are either sustaining or disruptive. Sustaining technologies improve a current product performance thorough increased efficiency. Disruptive technologies are often those where the ultimate use or impact is unknown at the time of release.
- Gopher was a sustaining technology since it really improved upon FTP. While in many ways Mosaic was a sustaining technology, it was also disruptive since at the time of release we didn’t fully understand its potential. Certainly, none of us in this room that remember the early days of the Web had any idea how the Web could be used for scholarly communications.
- In libraries, the online catalog was both sustaining and disruptive. It sustained the classic card catalog structure but disrupted how users could access resources.
- The other dilemma I faced was that for all intents and purposes the already rapidly changing Internet landscape, coupled with the lag time of traditional print publications, turned my paper into a historical piece even before it was published. While many will say that remains a useful scholarly communication since it documents the technology of the day. However, my professional goal was to influence the deployment of new technologies in other libraries.
- The dilemma that the rapidly changing technology landscape at that time presented was trying to identify which emerging technologies could be used to sustain current models of scholarly communication and which technologies would creating disrupting models. Not only how would the technologies be identified, but how could the be used to keep scholarship in the discipline of librarianship relevant in a rapidly changing technology and communications environment.
- Unlike all previous Internet communication tools, the Web allowed librarians to become independent publishers of the very resources which are changing how information and knowledge is distributed. The technology also provided an opportunity to investigate and develop new techniques for teaching, research, publication, and participation in professional service activities.
- The early days of the web were spent exploring the technology itself and it's use in support of library services. Library web portals that were the extension of library brochures and electronic bibliographies previously designed for local use were able to made available to the world.
- Scholarly communities first began using the web to sustain existing models of communication by creating web-based e-journals. An examination of electronic library journals available using the Web in the early 1990's reviewed that hypertext and multimedia capabilities were not fully utilized. None of the electronic library journals I surveyed at the time accepted HTML Web documents. Electronic publications requested that manuscripts be sent in plain ASCII text format. Since ASCII eliminates the use of charts, graphs, and images, the resulting Web documents are pure text, lacking even the look and feel of traditional print publications.
- The challenge of how online publications were transforming scholarly communications became a hot topic in the traditional literature with folks like Clifford Lynch commenting
- Still, The availability of hyperlinks to related resources offered academics new ways of working in research and new kinds of academic output. Internet resources referenced in Web documents can be updated as the resources move, change names, or are deleted. Works in progress can be made available for colleagues to comment on content and structure. One of the first groups to take advantage of the capabilities of the technology in their scholarly communication were high energy physicists. The web site xxx.lanl.gov, then hosted by the Los Alamos National Laboratory, was groundbreaking at the time and today remains a model for open scholarship.
- The web also had the ability to sustain and extend other existing library scholarship such as creating online exhibits. This is an online history of the College of Medicine that Mary Sprague Marsh, Barb Van Brimmer and I created in 1994.
- In 1995, I started "Writing for the Web: A Primer for Librarians,” I continuously updated the content, adding new sections over a period of 10 years. This publication provided a sandbox from which I could experiment with the latest techniques of Web site development. The document itself actively demonstrated many of the principles I discussed in the document's navigation, layout, and overall presentation.
- However, since the Primer was self-published and did not go through a pre-publication peer-review I had to create my own quality indicators to demonstrate the impact for promotion and tenure review.
- The review process at the time required that I provided a hard copy of list of sites linking to it at that time including Library of Congress, National Library of Medicine, National Network of Libraries of Medicine, American Library Association, Special Library Association, Medical Library Association, and IFLA. I printed off comments and suggestions that I received comments as well as feedback from library peers from all over the world on its value. I printed off syllabi from where the Primer was being used as required reading or as a reference resource. In my mind it had been impactful. Even with all the documentation the tenure and promotion committee commented:
- A new dilemma became how to does a scholar document and communicate the value on a web publication when very often traditional research and publication criteria cannot be applied. A printed version of "Writing for the Web," which is how I was asked to submit the work for review, lacks all the dynamics elements which make it a useful publication. As a result, an external reviewer reviewing a Web document sent in print form is not reviewing the publication in it’s native form. It was be like requiring a dancer to submit a series of still photos depicting a dance recital, but not a video.
- So, even as I explored the emerging forms of scholarship and the dilemma on how they should be assessed, I hedged my bets and authored traditional papers that complemented by web publications.
- However, a discussion around my online publications and the other web-based scholarship being explored by Libraries colleagues was occurring and did have an impact. The University Libraries tenure and promotion criteria was changed in 2001 by the faculty body to acknowledge such works
- Networked technologies like the Internet and mobile devices connect people to both information and each other, fundamentally changing how we share and receive information. These connective technologies have enriched the information environment and has shaped our ability to navigate and interact with information flows, to develop and maintain new social networks, to create and share content, and to engage in customized and personalized ways.
- Just as the Internet has created new opportunities for libraries to provide innovative public services, social communications tools changed the nature of scholarly dialog, who is sharing knowledge and how it is being communicated. For scholar-librarians the social network provides a more open, transparent and participatory dialog by providing an opportunity for all librarians to make their voices heard and participate in the conversation. The social network allows scholars to communicate with each other internationally in real time, to connect with people outside the academy, to target specific communities, access others' research, and to attract more citations to their own works.
- The social network has become a key tool for sharing and disseminating my ideas. Previously, as a scholar, if I wanted to communicate an idea or a research finding, my choices were limited to a journal article, a conference presentation, or a book or chapter. With the social network, I can write a blog post to get an immediate reaction to a concept that be worked into a conference presentation, shared through SlideShare, and perhaps evolve into a paper that is submitted to a journal. Conversely, I can reference not only your publications, but your videos, presentations, blog posts, curated collections, and maybe even your social network. All of this combines to create a network that represents the modern scholar. In terms of intellectual fulfillment, creativity, networking, impact, productivity, and overall benefit to my scholarly life, I have found that participating in the librarian-scholar social network has helped the most to build my academic identity internationally.
- Twitter can not only be used to share picture of Grumpy Cat but also as a way for scholars to engage in a conversation. Each Thursday night a group of medical librarians get together online for a Web Chat.
- I also use the social network to share out copies of my presentations for those that were unable to attend.
- I have created and shared a number of You Tube videos, this one in particular complemented a one hour workshop session I give for the the
- Since communications on the social network are self-published and do not go through a pre-publication peer-review the dilemma of determining impact for tenure and promotion reviews remained
- “a somewhat dichotomous situation in which electronic forms of print publications are used heavily, even nearly exclusively, by researchers in many fields, but perceptions and realities of the reward system have those same researchers turning to conventional, high-stature print publications as the means of record for reporting research and having it evaluated for tenure and promotion purposes.”
- The available metrics included the number of time an item was viewed, how many times it was downloaded, or how many times it was embedded in another side are not perfect quality indicators but they do help to determine some level of impact.
- And once again, a discussion around social media and other emerging technologies scholarship being explored by myself and Libraries colleagues was occurring and again had an impact. The University Libraries tenure and promotion criteria was changed in 2011 by the faculty body to acknowledge such works
- Digital Scholarship consists of sactivities such as writing, research, digital authoring, digital publishing, digital curation and preservation, and digital use and reuse of scholarship While digital scholarship might be found everywhere from Twitter to Tumblr to WordPress, it usually centers around the development of scholarly works. I can say with a high level of confidence that everyone reading this room today has used some form digital scholarship within the past 48 hours In fact, one can argue that any young scholar entering our profession cannot hope for a successful career without embracing digital technologies and engaging in digital scholarship.
- The ability to generate and analyze unprecedented amounts of data has significantly changed many areas of scientific research. Such data sets are becoming a significant part of the scholarly record and are being published so that scholars can use, find and manage them as easily as journal articles and books.
- Desimination of data
- Digital Futures is a network of faculty, researchers, technologists, and librarians engaged in the ongoing transformation of scholarship through innovative technology. The consortium is dedicated to sharing expertise across the global academic community, facilitating new forms and methods of research, and fostering collaborative projects that bring about field-changing developments in scholarship.
- The OBO Foundry is an attempt to apply the scientific method to the task of ontology development, and the principle that the scientific method rests on constant criticism and on the assumption that no resource will ever exist in a form in which it cannot be further improved. (Ontologies are the structural frameworks for organizing information as a set of concepts within a domain, using a shared vocabulary to denote the types, properties and interrelationships of those concepts.)
- Digital Thoreau is a resource and a community dedicated to promoting the deliberate reading of Thoreau's works in new ways, ways that take advantage of technology to illuminate Thoreau's creative process and facilitate thoughtful conversation about his words and ideas.
- Digital collections and exhibits
- Digital scholarship requires us to yet again to come up with new metrics in an attempt to more fully capture the influence of scholarly work. For instance, the Public Library of Science publishes a variety of metrics for each of their publications including article usage statistics (page views), comments, and blog posts citing published articles.
- Impact story is an open-source, web-based tool that helps researchers explore and share the diverse impacts of all their research products—from traditional ones like journal articles, to emerging products like blog posts, datasets, and software. The use of Metrics llke impact story may help scholars gain a better understanding of the impact of their scholarship and outreach, provide transparency to the research community and allow richer depictions of a scholar’s influence and impact.
- Over the past two decades we have together faced a number of dilemmas in an effort to keep scholarship in the discipline of librarianship relevant in a rapidly changing technology and communications environment. My lecture today focused on some of those dilemmas on how we have been able to adopt new scholarly communication methods to allow scholar-librarians to share, reflect upon, critique, improve, validate, and otherwise develop their scholarship. As a discipline, librarianship is likely to continue to recognize the importance of the peer-reviewed journal article as a primary dissemination of new knowledge since it provides a dated snapshot of the scholars’ thoughts at the time of publication. While the traditional peer review system and some sort of organized journal structure are likely to remain important, a combination of traditional and emerging approaches is becoming more ideal for continued advancement of our discipline. The librarian-scholars who are embracing the digital scholarship need to help establish the effectiveness and use of these tools which leads to a greater understanding of the factors facilitating and inhibiting the use of digital tools across the discipline. It is as hard to imagine today how technology will change our scholarship in the next decade as it was when the World Wide Web first went online. One doesn’t have to be a futurist to predict that a new disruptive technology will come along that will change that scholarly communications in the discipline of librarianship looks like and will present us with new series of dilemmas to manage.