1. Raw scores on tests are meaningless on their own, as they do not provide context about an individual's performance compared to others or the test itself. Frequency distributions, histograms, and other statistical tools can be used to understand and compare scores. 2. Measures of central tendency like the mean, median, and mode, as well as measures of variability like the standard deviation, can be calculated from frequency distributions to understand where scores are concentrated and how spread out they tend to be. 3. Understanding variability and where individuals' scores fall in comparison to the norm helps interpret performance, though it is also important to consider how people feel about their own performance.

1. Chapter 4 Statistical Concepts: Making Meaning Out of Scores