top ten problem to human being

1. CLIMAX OF HUMANITYCLIMAX OF HUMANITY
GANGESH KUMAR KASAUDHAN
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
GORAKHPUR
UTTAR PRADESH
INDIA

2. Humanity’s Top Ten ProblemsHumanity’s Top Ten Problems
for next 50 yearsfor next 50 years
1.1. ENERGYENERGY
2.2. WATERWATER
3.3. FOODFOOD
4.4. ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
5.5. POVERTYPOVERTY
6.6. TERRORISM & WARTERRORISM & WAR
7.7. DISEASEDISEASE
8.8. EDUCATIONEDUCATION
9.9. DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY
10.10. POPULATIONPOPULATION
2003 6.5 Billion People
2050 8-10 Billion People

3. The Challenge: Sustainable Management of an Ever-Changing Planet

4.  Human Population - An ExplosiveHuman Population - An Explosive
GrowthGrowth
 Human Needs - Limited ResourcesHuman Needs - Limited Resources
 Our Natural Environment UnderOur Natural Environment Under
AttackAttack
 Roles of Technology and EngineeringRoles of Technology and Engineering
 An Uncertain FutureAn Uncertain Future
Human Population GrowthHuman Population Growth
and the Environmentand the Environment

5. What’s Behind Population GrowthWhat’s Behind Population Growth
 Three FactorsThree Factors
• FertilityFertility
• Infant MortalityInfant Mortality
• LongevityLongevity
 AnimalAnimal
Domestication andDomestication and
AgricultureAgriculture
• Provided for a fewProvided for a few
to feed manyto feed many
 IndustrialIndustrial
RevolutionRevolution
• Growth of CitiesGrowth of Cities
andand
InfrastructureInfrastructure
 WaterWater
 EnergyEnergy
 TransportationTransportation
• IncreasedIncreased
ProductivityProductivity
• NutritionNutrition
• SanitationSanitation
• MedicineMedicine

6.  Status of WomenStatus of Women
• education: provides alternative means ofeducation: provides alternative means of
supportsupport
• One of the best predictors of a population’sOne of the best predictors of a population’s
fertility rate is the educational levels of womenfertility rate is the educational levels of women
in that population!in that population!
Factors Influencing Family SizeFactors Influencing Family Size

7.  Family PlanningFamily Planning
• Availability of contraceptivesAvailability of contraceptives
• pre- & postnatal care for mother andpre- & postnatal care for mother and
childchild
• spacing births: breastfeedingspacing births: breastfeeding
Factors Influencing Family SizeFactors Influencing Family Size
Religious views on contraception and abortionReligious views on contraception and abortion
Many personal value judgmentsMany personal value judgments

8. China’s one child policyChina’s one child policy
•China = 1/5 of world population, 1.3 billion
•Years ago, goal of one child per family set
•Incentives: paid for sterilization and abortions, one-
child subsidy, job priority for only children, preferential
medical care for only children- especially girls
•Penalties: aid received for first child must be returned
when second born, taxation, no paid maternity leave for
second child
•Fertility rate now ~1.7, but population still growing
because of large # people in reproductive years

9. Poverty

10. Poverty, environmental degradation andPoverty, environmental degradation and
high fertility rates are linked!high fertility rates are linked!

11. Fertility and EducationFertility and Education

12. COCO22 emissionemission

14. Average Temperature of Earth Recorded in different
Years

16. Climate Change – An integrated frameworkClimate Change – An integrated framework

18.  Lirung Glacier in a. 1985 and b.
2002
Lirung Glacier in a. 1985 and b.

19. Khumub region, Nepal of HimalayasKhumub region, Nepal of Himalayas

21. Energy crisisEnergy crisis

22. Energy Consumption by Source, 2005Energy Consumption by Source, 2005

23. World Energy ConsumptionWorld Energy Consumption

24. What is OTEC?What is OTEC?
• Manifestation of solar energyManifestation of solar energy
• Top layers of ocean receive solar heatingTop layers of ocean receive solar heating
• Bottom layers receive water from polar regionsBottom layers receive water from polar regions
• Natural temperature gradientNatural temperature gradient
• Use in Thermodynamic cycle – Generate electricityUse in Thermodynamic cycle – Generate electricity

25. MAIN COMPONENTS OF AN OTECMAIN COMPONENTS OF AN OTEC
SYSTEMSYSTEM
 EvaporatorsEvaporators
 CondensersCondensers
 Cold-water pipeCold-water pipe
 TurbinesTurbines

26. Less Developed Countries with OTEC potential

27. Potential in IndiaPotential in India
 Estimated overall potential – 180000 MWEstimated overall potential – 180000 MW
 2.56 million sq.km EEZ2.56 million sq.km EEZ

Ongoing projectsOngoing projects:: The 1 MW barge researchThe 1 MW barge research
and demonstration facility being developed byand demonstration facility being developed by
the National Institute of Ocean Technology,the National Institute of Ocean Technology,
India (NIOT) with technical support fromIndia (NIOT) with technical support from
Institute of Ocean Energy, Saga UniversityInstitute of Ocean Energy, Saga University
(IOES)(IOES)
 Identified sites:Identified sites:
• KavarattiKavaratti
• KulasekarapattinamKulasekarapattinam
• Andaman & Nicobar IslandsAndaman & Nicobar Islands

28. Factors to be considered while choosing a siteFactors to be considered while choosing a site::
 Thermal gradient in the oceanThermal gradient in the ocean
 Topography of the ocean floorTopography of the ocean floor
 Meteorological conditions – hurricanesMeteorological conditions – hurricanes
 Seismic activitySeismic activity
 Availability of personnel to operate the plantAvailability of personnel to operate the plant
 Infrastructure – airports, harbors, etc.Infrastructure – airports, harbors, etc.
 Local electricity and desalinated waterLocal electricity and desalinated water
demand.demand.
 Political, ecological constraintsPolitical, ecological constraints
 Cost and availability of shoreline sitesCost and availability of shoreline sites

29. Positives:Positives:
 Environmentally benign - no toxic productsEnvironmentally benign - no toxic products
are releasedare released
 Carbon dioxide emission - less than 1% ofCarbon dioxide emission - less than 1% of
fossil fuel plantfossil fuel plant
 Nutrient rich cold water promotesNutrient rich cold water promotes
mariculturemariculture
 Chilled soil agriculture – promotes growthChilled soil agriculture – promotes growth
of temperate crops in tropical regions.of temperate crops in tropical regions.
 Cold water for air conditioningCold water for air conditioning
 Fish will be attracted to the plant,Fish will be attracted to the plant,
increases fishing in the areaincreases fishing in the area
 Fresh water production (1 MW plant ->Fresh water production (1 MW plant ->
4500 m4500 m33
))
Environmental AspectsEnvironmental Aspects

30. 1980 -1980 - Conceptual studies on.Conceptual studies on. OTEC plants initiatedOTEC plants initiated
19841984 - preliminary design for a 1 MW (gross) closed Rankine Cycle- preliminary design for a 1 MW (gross) closed Rankine Cycle
floating plant was prepared by IITMfloating plant was prepared by IITM
19931993 – NIOT formed– NIOT formed
19971997 – Government proposed the establishment of the 1 MW plant– Government proposed the establishment of the 1 MW plant
NIOT signed a memorandum of understanding with SagaNIOT signed a memorandum of understanding with Saga
University in Japan for the joint development of the plant nearUniversity in Japan for the joint development of the plant near
the port of Tuticorinthe port of Tuticorin
Goals:Goals:
The objective is to demonstrate the OTEC plant for one year, afterThe objective is to demonstrate the OTEC plant for one year, after
which it could be moved to the Andaman & Nicobar Islands for powerwhich it could be moved to the Andaman & Nicobar Islands for power
generation. NIOT’s plan is to build 10-25 MW shore-mounted powergeneration. NIOT’s plan is to build 10-25 MW shore-mounted power
plants in due course by scaling-up the 1 MW test plant, and possibly aplants in due course by scaling-up the 1 MW test plant, and possibly a
100 MW range of commercial plants thereafter.100 MW range of commercial plants thereafter.
OTEC R&D history in IndiaOTEC R&D history in India

31. n-type
semiconductor
p-type
semiconductor
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Physics of Photovoltaic Generation
Depletion Zone

32. Present PV Scenario in IndiaPresent PV Scenario in India
 In terms of overall installed PV capacity, India comes fourth afterIn terms of overall installed PV capacity, India comes fourth after
Japan, Germany and U.S.Japan, Germany and U.S.
(With Installed capacity of 110 MW)(With Installed capacity of 110 MW)
 In the area of Photovoltaics India today is the second largestIn the area of Photovoltaics India today is the second largest
manufacturer in the world of PV panels based on crystalline solarmanufacturer in the world of PV panels based on crystalline solar
cells.cells.
(Industrial production in this area has reached a level of 11 MW(Industrial production in this area has reached a level of 11 MW
per year which is about 10% of the world’s total PV production)per year which is about 10% of the world’s total PV production)
 A major drive has also been initiated by the Government toA major drive has also been initiated by the Government to
export Indian PV products, systems, technologies and servicesexport Indian PV products, systems, technologies and services
(Solar Photovoltaic plant and equipment has been exported to(Solar Photovoltaic plant and equipment has been exported to
countries in the Middle East and Africa)countries in the Middle East and Africa)

33. Indian PV Era — Vision 2012Indian PV Era — Vision 2012
 Arid regions receive plentiful solar radiation, regions like Rajasthan,Arid regions receive plentiful solar radiation, regions like Rajasthan,
Gujarat and Haryana receive sunlight in plenty.Gujarat and Haryana receive sunlight in plenty.
Thus the Potential availability - 20 MW/kmThus the Potential availability - 20 MW/km22
(source IREDA)(source IREDA)
 IREDA is planning to electrify 18,000 villages by year 2012 mainlyIREDA is planning to electrify 18,000 villages by year 2012 mainly
through solar PV systemsthrough solar PV systems
 Targets have been set for the large scale utilization of PV technologyTargets have been set for the large scale utilization of PV technology
by different sectors within the next five yearsby different sectors within the next five years

34. Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks
 The key to successful solar energy installation is to useThe key to successful solar energy installation is to use
quality components that have long lifetimes andquality components that have long lifetimes and
require minimal maintenance.require minimal maintenance.
 The future is bright for continued PV technologyThe future is bright for continued PV technology
dissemination.dissemination.
PV technology fills a significant need in supplyingPV technology fills a significant need in supplying
electricity, creating local jobs and promoting economicelectricity, creating local jobs and promoting economic
development in rural areas, avoiding the externaldevelopment in rural areas, avoiding the external
environmental costs associated with traditionalenvironmental costs associated with traditional
electrical generation technologies.electrical generation technologies.
 Major power policy reforms and tax incentives willMajor power policy reforms and tax incentives will
play a major role if all the above said is to be effectivelyplay a major role if all the above said is to be effectively
realized.realized.

35. ““ By the year 2030, India should achieveBy the year 2030, India should achieve
Energy Independence through solarEnergy Independence through solar
power and other forms of renewablepower and other forms of renewable
energyenergy ””
Dr. A. P. J. Abdul KalamDr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Ex-President of IndiaEx-President of India
Independence Day Speech,Independence Day Speech,
20052005

36. Generation of Electricity isGeneration of Electricity is
appropriate for sources >150appropriate for sources >150oo
CC
Dry Steam Plants: These were the first type of plants created. They use
underground steam to directly turn the turbines.

37. Flash Steam Plants: These are the most common plants. These systems pull
deep, high pressured hot water that reaches temperatures of 3600
F or more to
the surface. This water is transported to low pressure chambers, and the
resulting steam drives the turbines. The remaining water and steam are then
injected back into the source from which they were taken.

38. Binary Cycle Plants: This system passes moderately hot geothermal water
past a liquid, usually an organic fluid, that has a lower boiling point. The
resulting steam from the organic liquid drives the turbines. This process
does not produce any emissions and the water temperature needed for
the water is lower than that needed in the Flash Steam Plants (2500
F –
3600
F).
Casa Diablo

39. Hot Dry Rocks: The simplest models have one injection well and two
production wells. Pressurized cold water is sent down the injection well
where the hot rocks heat the water up. Then pressurized water of
temperatures greater than 2000
F is brought to the surface and passed
near a liquid with a lower boiling temperature, such as an organic liquid
like butane. The ensuing steam turns the turbines. Then, the cool water
is again injected to be heated. This system does not produce any
emissions. US geothermal industries are making plans to commercialize
this new technology.

41. World Wide Geothermal Uses andWorld Wide Geothermal Uses and
PotentialPotential

42. COUNTRYCOUNTRY POWERPOWER
CAPACITYCAPACITY
(GWh)(GWh)
INSTALLEDINSTALLED
CAPACITYCAPACITY
(GW)(GW)
TAJIKISTANTAJIKISTAN 527000527000 40004000
CANADACANADA 341312341312 6695466954
USAUSA 319484319484 7951179511
BRAZILBRAZIL 285603285603 5751757517
CHINACHINA 204300204300 6500065000
RUSSIARUSSIA 160500160500 4400044000
NORWAYNORWAY 121824121824 2752827528
JAPANJAPAN 8450084500 2722927229
INDIAINDIA 8223782237 2208322083
FRANCEFRANCE 7750077500 7750077500
Top ten countries (in terms ofTop ten countries (in terms of
capacity)capacity)

43. How Hydropower Works!How Hydropower Works!
 Water from theWater from the
reservoir flows duereservoir flows due
to gravity to driveto gravity to drive
the turbine.the turbine.
 Turbine isTurbine is
connected to aconnected to a
generator.generator.
 Power generated isPower generated is
transmitted overtransmitted over
power lines.power lines.

44. The Indian ScenarioThe Indian Scenario
 The potential is aboutThe potential is about 84000 MW84000 MW at 60% load factorat 60% load factor
spread acrossspread across sixsix major basins in the country.major basins in the country.
 Pumped storage sites have been found recentlyPumped storage sites have been found recently
which leads to a further addition of a maximum ofwhich leads to a further addition of a maximum of
94000 MW94000 MW..
 Annual yield is assessed to be about 420 billion unitsAnnual yield is assessed to be about 420 billion units
per year though with seasonal energy the valueper year though with seasonal energy the value
crosses600 billion mark.crosses600 billion mark.

The possible installed capacity is around 150000 MWThe possible installed capacity is around 150000 MW
((Based on the report submitted by CEA to theBased on the report submitted by CEA to the
Ministry of Power)Ministry of Power)

45. Continued …Continued …
 The proportion of hydro power increased from 35%The proportion of hydro power increased from 35%
from the first five year plan to 46% in the third fivefrom the first five year plan to 46% in the third five
year plan but has since then decreased continuouslyyear plan but has since then decreased continuously
to 25% in 2001.to 25% in 2001.
 The theoretical potential of small hydro power isThe theoretical potential of small hydro power is
10071 MW.10071 MW.
 Currently about 17% of the potential is beingCurrently about 17% of the potential is being
harnessedharnessed
 About 6.3% is still under construction.About 6.3% is still under construction.

46. Major Hydropower generatingMajor Hydropower generating
unitsunits
NAMENAME STATASTATA CAPACITY (MW)CAPACITY (MW)
BHAKRABHAKRA PUNJABPUNJAB 11001100
NAGARJUNANAGARJUNA ANDHRA PRADESHANDHRA PRADESH 960960
KOYNAKOYNA MAHARASHTRAMAHARASHTRA 920920
DEHARDEHAR HIMACHAL PRADESHHIMACHAL PRADESH 990990
SHARAVATHYSHARAVATHY KARNATAKAKARNATAKA 891891
KALINADIKALINADI KARNATAKAKARNATAKA 810810
SRISAILAMSRISAILAM ANDHRA PRADESHANDHRA PRADESH 770770

47. India’s Basin wise potentialIndia’s Basin wise potential
RiversRivers Potential at 60%LF (MW)Potential at 60%LF (MW) Probable installed capacityProbable installed capacity
(MW)(MW)
IndusIndus 1998819988 3383233832
GangaGanga 1071510715 2071120711
Central Indian riversCentral Indian rivers 27402740 41524152
West flowingWest flowing 61496149 94309430
East flowingEast flowing 95329532 1451114511
BrahmaputraBrahmaputra 3492034920 6606566065
TotalTotal 8404484044 148701148701

48. Small Hydro in IndiaSmall Hydro in India
STATESTATE TOTAL CAPACITY (MW)TOTAL CAPACITY (MW)
ARUNACHAL PRADESHARUNACHAL PRADESH 1059.031059.03
HIMACHAL PRADESHHIMACHAL PRADESH 1624.781624.78
UTTAR PRADESH & UTTARANCHALUTTAR PRADESH & UTTARANCHAL 1472.931472.93
JAMMU & KASHMIRJAMMU & KASHMIR 1207.271207.27
KARNATAKAKARNATAKA 652.51652.51
MAHARASHTRAMAHARASHTRA 599.47599.47

49. Large Scale Hydropower plantLarge Scale Hydropower plant

50. Hydroelectric Power Plants inHydroelectric Power Plants in
IndiaIndia
Baspa II Binwa

51. Continued …Continued …
Gaj Nathpa Jakri

52. Continued…Continued…
Rangit Sardar Sarovar

53. Micro Hydropower PlantMicro Hydropower Plant

54. TechnologyTechnology
Hydropower
Technology
Impoundment Diversion
Pumped
Storage

55. Impoundment facilityImpoundment facility

56. ECONOMICS OFECONOMICS OF
HYDRO POWERHYDRO POWER

57. Global HP EconomicsGlobal HP Economics
 Cost of HP is affected by oil prices; when oil pricesCost of HP is affected by oil prices; when oil prices
are low, the demand for HP is low.are low, the demand for HP is low.
 Thesis was tested in the 1970s when the oil embargoThesis was tested in the 1970s when the oil embargo
was in placewas in place
 More plants built, greater demandMore plants built, greater demand forfor HPHP
 Reduces dependency on other countries forReduces dependency on other countries for
conventional fuelsconventional fuels

58. BIO FUELSBIO FUELS

59. JatrophaJatropha
 Biodiesel from JatrophaBiodiesel from Jatropha
 Seeds of the Jatropha nut isSeeds of the Jatropha nut is
crushed and oil is extractedcrushed and oil is extracted
 The oil is processed andThe oil is processed and
refined to form bio-diesel.refined to form bio-diesel.

60. In IndiaIn India
 Sources of ethanol:Sources of ethanol:
 SugarcaneSugarcane
 MolassesMolasses
 Agricultural wasteAgricultural waste
 Low average cost of Rs.18/litreLow average cost of Rs.18/litre
projectedprojected
 Annual production capacity of 1.5Annual production capacity of 1.5
Billion litresBillion litres

61.  Bio Mass from cattle manure, agriculturalBio Mass from cattle manure, agricultural
waste, forest residue and municipal waste.waste, forest residue and municipal waste.
 Anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes toAnaerobic digestion of livestock wastes to
give bio gasgive bio gas
 Digester consumes roughly one third theDigester consumes roughly one third the
power it’s capable of producing.power it’s capable of producing.
 Fertilizers as by product.Fertilizers as by product.
 Average electricity generation of 5.5kWh perAverage electricity generation of 5.5kWh per
cow per day!!cow per day!!

62. f the wars of the 20th Century were fought over oil – the
wars of the 21st century will be fought over water.”

63. The importance of waterThe importance of water
 80% of the human body is made up of water.80% of the human body is made up of water.
 Water is crucial element of our food and materialsWater is crucial element of our food and materials
 75% of the earth’s surface is covered with water.75% of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
 only 3%, is fresh.only 3%, is fresh.
 Only1% of the water is available for humanOnly1% of the water is available for human
consumptionconsumption..
 Much of this water contain chemicals making itMuch of this water contain chemicals making it
inappropriate for human consumption.inappropriate for human consumption.
 We distinguish between waterWe distinguish between water qualityquality andand
quantityquantity problems.problems.
 On average we have sufficient water to meetOn average we have sufficient water to meet
human needs. The problem is water distribution.human needs. The problem is water distribution.

64. 1.1 billion people have no clean water1.1 billion people have no clean water
•406 million people in East Asia and the Pacific
•229 million people in South Asia
•314 million people in sub-Saharan Africa
•38 million people in the Middle East
•49 million people in Latin America and the Caribbean
SAFE WATER
In the developing world, 1 in 5 people are without safe water.
1/6th
of the world’s population lacks access to clean water.

65. 2.6 billion people have no sanitation2.6 billion people have no sanitation
 *958 million people in East Asia and Pacific*958 million people in East Asia and Pacific
 *925 million people in South Asia*925 million people in South Asia
 * 437 million people in sub-Saharan Africa* 437 million people in sub-Saharan Africa
 *120 million people in Latin America and the*120 million people in Latin America and the
CaribbeanCaribbean
In Cambodia, the daily wage for rural laborers does not even cover a
family’s basic nutritional needs. It would take 20 days wages
to buy a simple pit latrine.
2.6 billion people, almost half the total population of developing countries
don’t have adequate sanitation.
That is 1/3 of the entire population of the world.

66. Many do not have access to waterMany do not have access to water
 Region Percent of Total Population Absolute NumberRegion Percent of Total Population Absolute Number
of Peopleof People withoutwithout Access toAccess to
Water inWater in withoutwithout Access to WaterAccess to Water
1994 (in millions)1994 (in millions)
 AfricaAfrica 5454 381381
 Latin AmericaLatin America
 & the Caribbean 20& the Caribbean 20 9797
 Asia & the Pacific 20Asia & the Pacific 20 627627
 Western Asia 12Western Asia 12 1010
 Total 26Total 26 1,1151,115


67. Estimates of Global Morbidity & Mortality of Water-Related Diseases (early 1990s)
Disease Morbidity (episodes/year or
people infected)
Mortality (deaths/year)
Diarrheal Diseases
Intestinal Helminths
Schistosomiasis
Dracunculiasis
Trachoma
Malaria
Dengue Fever
Poliomyelitis
Trypanosomiasis
Bancroftian Filariasis
Onchocerciasis
1,000,000,000
1,500,000,000 (people infected)
200,000,000 (people infected)
150,000 (in 1996)
150,000,000 (active cases)
400,000,000
1,750,000
114,000
275,000
72,800,000 (people infected)
17,700,000 (people infected;
270,000 blind)
3,300,000
100,000
200,000
1,500,000
20,000
130,000
40,000 (mortality caused by
blindness)
Water quality concerns -water born diseases

68. Water policy concerns-Water policy concerns-qualityquality
 Contamination of water by arsenic andContamination of water by arsenic and
mercury in mining activities are majormercury in mining activities are major
concerns in the tropical forest. Suchconcerns in the tropical forest. Such
contamination is hazardous to the forestcontamination is hazardous to the forest
ecosystems and their bio-diversity.ecosystems and their bio-diversity.
 When the miners are small, informalWhen the miners are small, informal
organizations, the regulation of toxic materialorganizations, the regulation of toxic material
in mining is a difficult non source pointin mining is a difficult non source point
pollution problem. Solutions are difficult topollution problem. Solutions are difficult to
implement because of the population density,implement because of the population density,
large scale and weak government.large scale and weak government.
 Establishing of mobile unit that can trackEstablishing of mobile unit that can track
violators and a legal system to prosecute is aviolators and a legal system to prosecute is a
major priority.major priority.

69. . Social Concerns.. Social Concerns.
 Waterborne diseases.Waterborne diseases. Bad project planningBad project planning
resulted in spread of malaria and other waterresulted in spread of malaria and other water
born diseases as vector spread in canal andborn diseases as vector spread in canal and
dams.dams.
 Displacement of native populations.Displacement of native populations. TheThe
development of water projects in the lastdevelopment of water projects in the last
century has led to the displacement of 40 – 80century has led to the displacement of 40 – 80
million people. Compensation for these forcedmillion people. Compensation for these forced
changes has usually been minimal, if it occurschanges has usually been minimal, if it occurs
at all.at all.
 International conflicts and water supply.International conflicts and water supply. ThereThere
are 261 rivers that cross internationalare 261 rivers that cross international
boundaries. The division of water resourcesboundaries. The division of water resources
between countries can either be a source ofbetween countries can either be a source of
conflict or a reason for necessary cooperation.conflict or a reason for necessary cooperation.
disputes ar not settleddisputes ar not settled

70. Different uses of waterDifferent uses of water
 consumptive usageconsumptive usage is diversion + consumption ofis diversion + consumption of
the water throughthe water through
• transforming it into water vapor (where it is “lost” to thetransforming it into water vapor (where it is “lost” to the
atmosphere),atmosphere),
• letting it seep into the ground, orletting it seep into the ground, or
• significantly degrading its quality. For examplesignificantly degrading its quality. For example
 ResidentialResidential
 IndustrialIndustrial
 AgriculturalAgricultural
 ForestryForestry
 non-consumptive usage.non-consumptive usage. Do not educe water supplyDo not educe water supply
and, frequently, do not degrade water quality.and, frequently, do not degrade water quality.
ExamplesExamples
• Fisheries use water as a medium for fish growth.Fisheries use water as a medium for fish growth.
• Hydroelectric users extract energy from the water.Hydroelectric users extract energy from the water.
• Recreation may involve using water as a mediumRecreation may involve using water as a medium
(example: swimming) and/or extracting energy from the(example: swimming) and/or extracting energy from the
water (examples: white-water rafting, surfing)water (examples: white-water rafting, surfing)
• Transportation is especially important use of water in theTransportation is especially important use of water in the
tropics.tropics.

71. Agriculture Values of water varyAgriculture Values of water vary
 Agricultural value of water r varies between cropsAgricultural value of water r varies between crops
and locations. A relatively small faction of theand locations. A relatively small faction of the
water (20%) generates much of the value (morewater (20%) generates much of the value (more
than 70%).than 70%).
 Crops such as flowers and strawberries can payCrops such as flowers and strawberries can pay
more than $500/AF, cotton can afford payingmore than $500/AF, cotton can afford paying
$40-100/AF and pasture $30/AF and less.$40-100/AF and pasture $30/AF and less.
 Values of water vary by location,land quality andValues of water vary by location,land quality and
according to market conditions.according to market conditions.
 Industry and residential users are able to affordIndustry and residential users are able to afford
to pay much more than agricultural field crops.to pay much more than agricultural field crops.
Their demand is relatively small (33%) but isTheir demand is relatively small (33%) but is
continually growing.continually growing.

72. Overview of irrigationOverview of irrigation
 irrigated land has increased from 50 mha (millionirrigated land has increased from 50 mha (million
hectares) in 1900 to 267 mha today.hectares) in 1900 to 267 mha today.
 Between 1962 and 1996 the irrigated area in developingBetween 1962 and 1996 the irrigated area in developing
countries increased at 2% annually.countries increased at 2% annually.
 Irrigation has been crucial in meeting the food demandIrrigation has been crucial in meeting the food demand
of doubling world population since WWII.of doubling world population since WWII.
 Irrigation projects have been costly in terms of capital,Irrigation projects have been costly in terms of capital,
environmental degradation& human health.environmental degradation& human health.
 Design and management of water resources have beenDesign and management of water resources have been
flawed. There is a growing perception of water supplyflawed. There is a growing perception of water supply
crisis,but we have a water management crisis.crisis,but we have a water management crisis.
 As population is likely to grow double again, we need toAs population is likely to grow double again, we need to
reform water institutions and policies.reform water institutions and policies.
 This presentation first assesses water situation and thenThis presentation first assesses water situation and then
introduces direction for reform.introduces direction for reform.

73. BENEFITS OF IRRIGATIONBENEFITS OF IRRIGATION
 Irrigation increases crop yields.-Irrigation increases crop yields.- The 17% ofThe 17% of
land that is irrigated is producing 40% of theland that is irrigated is producing 40% of the
global foodglobal food
 The value of production of irrigated cropland isThe value of production of irrigated cropland is
about $625/ha/year ($95/ha/year for rain-fedabout $625/ha/year ($95/ha/year for rain-fed
cropland and $17.50/ha/year for rangelands).cropland and $17.50/ha/year for rangelands).
 Irrigation allows improve timing and spatialIrrigation allows improve timing and spatial
distribution of water. It allowsdistribution of water. It allows double cropping,double cropping,
it enables supply stabilization. It enableit enables supply stabilization. It enable
production ofproduction of vegetables and fruitsvegetables and fruits..
 Increases consumer well being& employment &Increases consumer well being& employment &
farm income.farm income.The high productivity ofThe high productivity of
agriculture slowed expansion ofagriculture slowed expansion of
deforestation.deforestation.

74. Productivity of irrigationProductivity of irrigation 1% increase in irrigation increase productivity by .1% increase in irrigation increase productivity by .
12-.25%.12-.25%.
 But these are marginal effectsBut these are marginal effects
 There is a significant heterogeneity within fields-35%There is a significant heterogeneity within fields-35%
of yield variance is within fieldof yield variance is within field
 There is a significant fixed effect of water.There is a significant fixed effect of water.
 Irrigation may double or even triple yields,it increaseIrrigation may double or even triple yields,it increase
water availability and controls when and where water iswater availability and controls when and where water is
available.available.
. The high yields of irrigations may reflect climatic. The high yields of irrigations may reflect climatic
effects-desert areas have higher sun energy andeffects-desert areas have higher sun energy and
degree days that with irrigation leads to higher yieldsdegree days that with irrigation leads to higher yields
Modern irrigation and pumping modify ranking and valuesModern irrigation and pumping modify ranking and values
of land- irrigation technologies is water qualityof land- irrigation technologies is water quality
augmenting.augmenting.

75. COSTS OF IRRIGATIONCOSTS OF IRRIGATION Capital cost 1Capital cost 1

76. Inefficiencies in micro-level waterInefficiencies in micro-level water
managementmanagement
 Farmer selection of crops and irrigationFarmer selection of crops and irrigation
technologies affect water use.technologies affect water use.
 Conservation technologies increase waterConservation technologies increase water
use efficiency but require higher per acreuse efficiency but require higher per acre
costcost
 There is 6% adoption of sprinkler and 1%There is 6% adoption of sprinkler and 1%
adoption of drip.adoption of drip.
 There are low tech “drip” likeThere are low tech “drip” like
technologiestechnologies
 Low pricing of water is not justifyingLow pricing of water is not justifying

77.  BiodiversityBiodiversity

78. Sustainable use & conservation of biodiversity

79. INDIAN SCENARIO : BOIDIVERSITY IN INDIAINDIAN SCENARIO : BOIDIVERSITY IN INDIA
TABLE: NO. OF SPECIES (FAUNA & FLORA) IN INDIATABLE: NO. OF SPECIES (FAUNA & FLORA) IN INDIA
GROUP NO OF SPECIES % OF WORLDS
PROTISTA 2577 8.24%
MOLLUSCA 5070 7.62%
ARTHROPODA 68389 6.90%
OTHE INVERTEBR ATES 83329 9.56%
PROTOCHORDATA 119 5.65%
FISHES 2546 11.72%
AMPHIBIANS 209 4.06%
REPTILES 456 7.84%
BIRDS 1124 12.60%
BACTERIA 850 21.25%
VIRUSES - -
ALGAE 6500 16.25%
FUNGI 14500 20.14%
LICHENS 2000 11.80%
BRYOPHYTA 2850 17.80%
PTERIDOPHYTA 1100 8.46%
GYMNOSPERMS 64 8.53%
ANGIOSPERMS 17500 7.00%

80. 5
10
20
30
70
80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
INCIDENTAL TAKE
POLLUTION
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
INTRODUCED SPECIES
HUNTING
HABITAT DESTRUCTION
PERCENTAGE OF THREATENED

81. Action Plan for ConservationAction Plan for Conservation
ManagementManagement
 The Steps taken for conservation for Management are:-The Steps taken for conservation for Management are:-
• Formation of BNHS (1883)Formation of BNHS (1883)
• Setting up of an Indian board of Wild Life (1952).Setting up of an Indian board of Wild Life (1952).
• Institution of TRAFFIC –India (1991).Institution of TRAFFIC –India (1991).
• Enactments of various Wild Life Protection Acts includingEnactments of various Wild Life Protection Acts including
the Wild Live (Protection) Act,1972.the Wild Live (Protection) Act,1972.
• Launching a national component of the UNESCO’s Man andLaunching a national component of the UNESCO’s Man and
Biosphere Programme (1971).Biosphere Programme (1971).
• Bearing the Party to the Cities.Bearing the Party to the Cities.
• Starting conservation Projects for individual endangeredStarting conservation Projects for individual endangered
spices.spices.
• Creation of National Park, Sanctuaries and BiosphereCreation of National Park, Sanctuaries and Biosphere
reserve.reserve.
• WWF – International, IUCN, UNEP etc. are closelyWWF – International, IUCN, UNEP etc. are closely
concerned with the problems of wild life conservation atconcerned with the problems of wild life conservation at
global level.global level.
CONSERVATION PROJECTSCONSERVATION PROJECTS
• Project Tiger (1973)Project Tiger (1973)
• Gir Lion Project (1972)Gir Lion Project (1972)
• Project RhinoProject Rhino
• Project Elephant (1992)Project Elephant (1992)
• Project Crocodile (1975)Project Crocodile (1975)

84. The Challenge: Sustainable Forestry

88. Thanks