SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 39
ROLE OF FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS
IN CROP IMPROVEMENT
ASHISH GAUTAM
Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics
AAU, Jorhat, Assam
CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• IMPORTANCE OF FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS
TO CROP IMPROVEMENT.
• TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS OF
FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS .
• GENOME SIZE AND NO OF GENES OF SOME
ORGANISMS.
• CASE STUDY
• CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
Genomics is the field of genetics that attempts to
understand the content, organisation, function and
evolution of genetic information contained in whole
genome.
Genomics
Types of genomics :
Functional Genomics
Development and application of globe wide or
system wide experimental approach to access the
function of gene by making use of information and
reagent provided by structural Genomics.
It characterizes the function of sequences
elucidated by structural genomics.
Functional genomics is a characterwise study.
Function(s) of Gene
Protein Synthesis
Ionic Homeostasis
40-60% genes unknown Functions
FUNCTIONAL GENEOMICS
IMPORTANCE OF FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS TO CROP
IMPROVEMENT
Knowing the exact sequence and location of
all the genes of a given organism is only the
first step towards understanding how all the
parts of a biological system work together. In
this respect functional genomics is the key
approach to transforming quantity into quality
to crop improvement.
Functional genomics is a general approach
toward understanding how the genes of an
organism work together by assigning new
functions to unknown genes.
Process of conventional plant breeding
TECHNIQUES OF
FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS
Insertional Mutagenesis:
• Transposons & T-DNA Tagging.
Sequence Based Mutagenesis:
• Physical & Chemical Mutagens.
1.CLASSICAL TECHNIQUES/ TOOLS:
Target Gene Mutagenesis:
• RNAi .
• VIGS.
• Sense and Antisence Expression
RNA interference
Example of Plant trait engineered through RNAi
ISAAA/Resources/Publications/Pocket K/RNAi for Crop Improvement.
VIGS
(A tool for gene silencing )
 Creation of engineered viruses carrying sequences
corresponding to the host gene to be silenced.
 Infection leads to synthesis of viral dsRNA.
 Results in Down regulation of the host gene transcript.
 It provides robust silencing , has a broad host range, can infect
meristematic tissue, and produces only mild disease
symptoms.
Examples:-
 Silencing of phytotene desaturase gene (PDS) in
N.benthamiana plants.
 Recently , the turnip yellow mosaic virus has been adopted for
VIGS in Arabidopsis and provides silencing following
mechanical inoculation with a plasmid carrying engineered
virus.(Pfliger et al.2008).
2. MODERN TECHNIQUE /TOOLS:
 DNA level:
• Southern Hybridisation.
 RNA level:
• Micro array .
• SAGE .
• EST
• Northern hybridisation.
 PROTEIN LEVEL:
• AP/MS.
• Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) System.
Micro array
A RNA microarray (also commonly known as
RNA chip or biochip) is a collection of
microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid
surface.
It is used to measure the expression levels of
large numbers of genes simultaneously or to
genotype multiple regions of a genome.
Other Techniques used in Functional
Genomics
1. Association Mapping.
2. 2-D Electrophoresis.
3. Forward genetics.
(QTL Mapping)
4. Reverse genetics.
( TILLING)
5. NGSK.
6. MAS.
Bioinformatics Tools
• NCBI BLAST : To search homology between
sequences. It compares nucleotide or protein-protein
sequences to sequence databases .
• EMBL (European molecular biology lab) : Used for
Nucleotide sequence.
• Gene Bank: For Nucleotide Sequence.
• MAP MAKER: For Linkage map.
Contd..
• GenMAPP: To visualize gene expression and other
genomic data on maps representing biological
pathways and grouping of genes.
• TASSEL: To study Association mapping of
complex traits in diverse samples.
(Trait analysis by association, evolution and
linkage)
• GRAMENE Data base: Gramene is a curated,
open-source, integrated data resource for
comparative functional genomics in crops and
model plant species.
APLLICATION OF FUNCTIONAL
GENOMICS
Sequencing of crop-plant genomes.
Gene discovery for useful traits.
Genome wide regulatory networks to improve
Traits.
Diversity analysis.
Evolutionary.
Phylogenetic relationship.
Fine mapping.
Disease diagnosis.
Gene expression Study.
Genome Size and Number Of Genes
Organisms.
S.No. Organism Base Pair (Mbp) No Of Genes
1. Arabidopsis thaliana 125 25,706
2. Oryza sativa 425 16,941
3. E.coli 4.64 4289
4. Z.maize 2300 39,656
5. Glycine max 1115 46,430
6. Mouse 2627 26,762
7. S.cerevisiae 12 6144
8. Drosophila melanogaster 170 13,525
9. Ascaris megalocephala 103 20,598
10. Homo sapiens sapiens 3223 30,000
11. Solanum lycopersicum 900 34,727
1.CASE STUDY
Genomics research generates new tools :
• Functional molecular markers
• Bioinformatics.
• Knowledge about Statistics and inheritance phenomenon.
In present Study case it has been presented:
• An overview of the status and availability of genomic
resources.
• Genomics research in crop plant species, and has been
discussed.
• Strategies and approaches for effectively exploiting
genomics research for crop improvement has been
discussed.
An integrated view of exploitation of genomic resources for crop improvement via
different genetic and genomic strategies
Abbreviations: AB-QTL, advanced backcross QTL; COS, conserved orthologous set; DHs, doubled haploids; eQTLs, expression QTLs; ESTs,
expressed sequence tags; ILs, introgression lines; LD, linkagedisequilibrium; NILs, near isogenic lines; QTL, quantitative trait locus; RILs,
recombinant inbred lines; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; SSR, simple sequence repeat or microsatellite; TILLING, targeted induced local
lesions in genome.
2.CASE STUDY
It enables agricultural researchers to investigate
how gene expression and regulation contributes
to complex production traits at a genome-wide
level.
In this review, it has been highlighted some of
the different areas of functional genomics,
including some emerging techniques, with a
specific focus on how they are being applied to
production livestock and aquaculture systems.
It has been discussed how transcriptomics,
proteomics,metabolomics,interactomics,epigeneti
cs and nutrigenomics are applied to improve our
understanding of complex production traits and
how the environment affects these traits.
It has been shown how changing technologies
contribute to functional genomics and the
resources agricultural researchers require to
ensure that their functional genomics data are
effectively translated into benefits for society
Functional genomics approaches examine different aspects of
gene expression and gene expression regulation.
Conclusion
Functional genomics is a field of molecular
biology that attempts to make use of the vast
wealth of data produced by genomics and
transcriptomics to describe gene (and protein)
functions and interactions.
 It focuses on the dynamic aspects such as gene
regulation, transcription, translation, gene
expression and protein-protein interaction
 It attempts to answer questions about the
function of DNA at the levels of genes, RNA
transcripts, and protein products.
Thank you...

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

Transposon mutagenesis & site directed mutagenesis
Transposon mutagenesis & site directed mutagenesisTransposon mutagenesis & site directed mutagenesis
Transposon mutagenesis & site directed mutagenesis
AnuKiruthika
 

La actualidad más candente (20)

Transposon mutagenesis 629
Transposon mutagenesis  629Transposon mutagenesis  629
Transposon mutagenesis 629
 
Site directed mutgenesis, OLIGONUCLEOTIDE DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS
Site directed mutgenesis, OLIGONUCLEOTIDE DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS Site directed mutgenesis, OLIGONUCLEOTIDE DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS
Site directed mutgenesis, OLIGONUCLEOTIDE DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS
 
Tilling ppt by mohsin
Tilling ppt by mohsinTilling ppt by mohsin
Tilling ppt by mohsin
 
Transposon mutagenesis & site directed mutagenesis
Transposon mutagenesis & site directed mutagenesisTransposon mutagenesis & site directed mutagenesis
Transposon mutagenesis & site directed mutagenesis
 
Tilling and eco tilling
Tilling and eco tillingTilling and eco tilling
Tilling and eco tilling
 
Gene expression and regulation
Gene expression and regulationGene expression and regulation
Gene expression and regulation
 
Omics for crop improvement (new)
Omics for crop improvement (new)Omics for crop improvement (new)
Omics for crop improvement (new)
 
Omics in crop improvement
Omics in crop improvementOmics in crop improvement
Omics in crop improvement
 
Genome sequencing
Genome sequencingGenome sequencing
Genome sequencing
 
Tilling & eco tilling indrajay delvadiya
Tilling & eco tilling indrajay delvadiyaTilling & eco tilling indrajay delvadiya
Tilling & eco tilling indrajay delvadiya
 
Tilling and Ecotilling for crop improvement
Tilling and Ecotilling for crop improvement Tilling and Ecotilling for crop improvement
Tilling and Ecotilling for crop improvement
 
Genome analysis
Genome analysisGenome analysis
Genome analysis
 
Role of molecular marker
Role of molecular markerRole of molecular marker
Role of molecular marker
 
Mutation breeding
Mutation breedingMutation breeding
Mutation breeding
 
Molecular tagging
Molecular tagging Molecular tagging
Molecular tagging
 
epigenomics for crop improvement
epigenomics for crop improvementepigenomics for crop improvement
epigenomics for crop improvement
 
Gene knockout
Gene knockoutGene knockout
Gene knockout
 
Vector engineering and codon optimization
Vector engineering and codon optimizationVector engineering and codon optimization
Vector engineering and codon optimization
 
gene manipulation
gene manipulationgene manipulation
gene manipulation
 
Tilling and ecotilling
Tilling and ecotillingTilling and ecotilling
Tilling and ecotilling
 

Similar a Roleoffunctionalgenomicsincropimprovement ashishgautam

Genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships studies of Aegilops L. usi...
Genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships studies of Aegilops L. usi...Genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships studies of Aegilops L. usi...
Genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships studies of Aegilops L. usi...
Innspub Net
 
Presentation1..gymno..non specific markers n microsatellites..by Nikita Patha...
Presentation1..gymno..non specific markers n microsatellites..by Nikita Patha...Presentation1..gymno..non specific markers n microsatellites..by Nikita Patha...
Presentation1..gymno..non specific markers n microsatellites..by Nikita Patha...
NIKITAPATHANIA
 

Similar a Roleoffunctionalgenomicsincropimprovement ashishgautam (20)

Comprehensive Agrigenomics Solutions
Comprehensive Agrigenomics SolutionsComprehensive Agrigenomics Solutions
Comprehensive Agrigenomics Solutions
 
Genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships studies of Aegilops L. usi...
Genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships studies of Aegilops L. usi...Genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships studies of Aegilops L. usi...
Genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships studies of Aegilops L. usi...
 
Advanced genome & epigenome editing tools.pptx
 Advanced genome & epigenome editing tools.pptx Advanced genome & epigenome editing tools.pptx
Advanced genome & epigenome editing tools.pptx
 
Post genomic tools for genetic enhancement of germplasm
Post genomic tools for genetic enhancement of germplasmPost genomic tools for genetic enhancement of germplasm
Post genomic tools for genetic enhancement of germplasm
 
Report- Genome wide association studies.
Report- Genome wide association studies.Report- Genome wide association studies.
Report- Genome wide association studies.
 
Genomic aided selection for crop improvement
Genomic aided selection for crop improvementGenomic aided selection for crop improvement
Genomic aided selection for crop improvement
 
Applied genomic research in rice genetic improvement (2)
Applied genomic research in rice genetic improvement (2)Applied genomic research in rice genetic improvement (2)
Applied genomic research in rice genetic improvement (2)
 
Genome to pangenome : A doorway into crops genome exploration
Genome to pangenome : A doorway into crops genome explorationGenome to pangenome : A doorway into crops genome exploration
Genome to pangenome : A doorway into crops genome exploration
 
Application of molecular markers in Plant Breeding
Application of molecular markers in Plant BreedingApplication of molecular markers in Plant Breeding
Application of molecular markers in Plant Breeding
 
Biotechnological interventions for crop improvement in fruit crops.pptx
Biotechnological interventions for crop improvement in fruit crops.pptxBiotechnological interventions for crop improvement in fruit crops.pptx
Biotechnological interventions for crop improvement in fruit crops.pptx
 
Genomics and its application in crop improvement
Genomics and its application in crop improvementGenomics and its application in crop improvement
Genomics and its application in crop improvement
 
Biotechnological interventions for fruit crops improvement
Biotechnological interventions for fruit crops improvementBiotechnological interventions for fruit crops improvement
Biotechnological interventions for fruit crops improvement
 
Functional genomics, and tools
Functional genomics, and toolsFunctional genomics, and tools
Functional genomics, and tools
 
Genomics(functional genomics)
Genomics(functional genomics)Genomics(functional genomics)
Genomics(functional genomics)
 
Gene traps for plant development and genomics
Gene traps for plant development and genomicsGene traps for plant development and genomics
Gene traps for plant development and genomics
 
Next Generation Sequencing
Next Generation SequencingNext Generation Sequencing
Next Generation Sequencing
 
GENOMICS AND BIOINFORMATICS
GENOMICS AND BIOINFORMATICSGENOMICS AND BIOINFORMATICS
GENOMICS AND BIOINFORMATICS
 
DNA markers in plant breeding hhhhhhhhhhh
DNA markers in plant breeding hhhhhhhhhhhDNA markers in plant breeding hhhhhhhhhhh
DNA markers in plant breeding hhhhhhhhhhh
 
Presentation1..gymno..non specific markers n microsatellites..by Nikita Patha...
Presentation1..gymno..non specific markers n microsatellites..by Nikita Patha...Presentation1..gymno..non specific markers n microsatellites..by Nikita Patha...
Presentation1..gymno..non specific markers n microsatellites..by Nikita Patha...
 
Functional genomics,Pharmaco genomics, and Meta genomics.
Functional genomics,Pharmaco genomics, and Meta genomics.Functional genomics,Pharmaco genomics, and Meta genomics.
Functional genomics,Pharmaco genomics, and Meta genomics.
 

Último

The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
heathfieldcps1
 
Spellings Wk 3 English CAPS CARES Please Practise
Spellings Wk 3 English CAPS CARES Please PractiseSpellings Wk 3 English CAPS CARES Please Practise
Spellings Wk 3 English CAPS CARES Please Practise
AnaAcapella
 
Vishram Singh - Textbook of Anatomy Upper Limb and Thorax.. Volume 1 (1).pdf
Vishram Singh - Textbook of Anatomy  Upper Limb and Thorax.. Volume 1 (1).pdfVishram Singh - Textbook of Anatomy  Upper Limb and Thorax.. Volume 1 (1).pdf
Vishram Singh - Textbook of Anatomy Upper Limb and Thorax.. Volume 1 (1).pdf
ssuserdda66b
 

Último (20)

Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
 
Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdf
Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdfMicro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdf
Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdf
 
Application orientated numerical on hev.ppt
Application orientated numerical on hev.pptApplication orientated numerical on hev.ppt
Application orientated numerical on hev.ppt
 
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxTowards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
 
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POSHow to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
 
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding  Accommodations and ModificationsUnderstanding  Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
 
Mixin Classes in Odoo 17 How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
Mixin Classes in Odoo 17  How to Extend Models Using Mixin ClassesMixin Classes in Odoo 17  How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
Mixin Classes in Odoo 17 How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
 
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
 
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
 
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptxHMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
 
Unit-IV; Professional Sales Representative (PSR).pptx
Unit-IV; Professional Sales Representative (PSR).pptxUnit-IV; Professional Sales Representative (PSR).pptx
Unit-IV; Professional Sales Representative (PSR).pptx
 
Spellings Wk 3 English CAPS CARES Please Practise
Spellings Wk 3 English CAPS CARES Please PractiseSpellings Wk 3 English CAPS CARES Please Practise
Spellings Wk 3 English CAPS CARES Please Practise
 
Vishram Singh - Textbook of Anatomy Upper Limb and Thorax.. Volume 1 (1).pdf
Vishram Singh - Textbook of Anatomy  Upper Limb and Thorax.. Volume 1 (1).pdfVishram Singh - Textbook of Anatomy  Upper Limb and Thorax.. Volume 1 (1).pdf
Vishram Singh - Textbook of Anatomy Upper Limb and Thorax.. Volume 1 (1).pdf
 
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
 
Fostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds in the Classroom
Fostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds  in the ClassroomFostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds  in the Classroom
Fostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds in the Classroom
 
ComPTIA Overview | Comptia Security+ Book SY0-701
ComPTIA Overview | Comptia Security+ Book SY0-701ComPTIA Overview | Comptia Security+ Book SY0-701
ComPTIA Overview | Comptia Security+ Book SY0-701
 
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual  Proper...General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual  Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
 
How to Give a Domain for a Field in Odoo 17
How to Give a Domain for a Field in Odoo 17How to Give a Domain for a Field in Odoo 17
How to Give a Domain for a Field in Odoo 17
 
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)
 
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
 

Roleoffunctionalgenomicsincropimprovement ashishgautam

  • 1. ROLE OF FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS IN CROP IMPROVEMENT ASHISH GAUTAM Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics AAU, Jorhat, Assam
  • 2. CONTENT • INTRODUCTION • IMPORTANCE OF FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS TO CROP IMPROVEMENT. • TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS OF FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS . • GENOME SIZE AND NO OF GENES OF SOME ORGANISMS. • CASE STUDY • CONCLUSION
  • 4. Genomics is the field of genetics that attempts to understand the content, organisation, function and evolution of genetic information contained in whole genome. Genomics
  • 6. Functional Genomics Development and application of globe wide or system wide experimental approach to access the function of gene by making use of information and reagent provided by structural Genomics. It characterizes the function of sequences elucidated by structural genomics. Functional genomics is a characterwise study.
  • 7. Function(s) of Gene Protein Synthesis Ionic Homeostasis 40-60% genes unknown Functions FUNCTIONAL GENEOMICS
  • 8.
  • 9. IMPORTANCE OF FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS TO CROP IMPROVEMENT
  • 10.
  • 11. Knowing the exact sequence and location of all the genes of a given organism is only the first step towards understanding how all the parts of a biological system work together. In this respect functional genomics is the key approach to transforming quantity into quality to crop improvement. Functional genomics is a general approach toward understanding how the genes of an organism work together by assigning new functions to unknown genes.
  • 12. Process of conventional plant breeding
  • 13.
  • 15. Insertional Mutagenesis: • Transposons & T-DNA Tagging. Sequence Based Mutagenesis: • Physical & Chemical Mutagens. 1.CLASSICAL TECHNIQUES/ TOOLS:
  • 16. Target Gene Mutagenesis: • RNAi . • VIGS. • Sense and Antisence Expression
  • 18. Example of Plant trait engineered through RNAi ISAAA/Resources/Publications/Pocket K/RNAi for Crop Improvement.
  • 19. VIGS (A tool for gene silencing )  Creation of engineered viruses carrying sequences corresponding to the host gene to be silenced.  Infection leads to synthesis of viral dsRNA.  Results in Down regulation of the host gene transcript.  It provides robust silencing , has a broad host range, can infect meristematic tissue, and produces only mild disease symptoms. Examples:-  Silencing of phytotene desaturase gene (PDS) in N.benthamiana plants.  Recently , the turnip yellow mosaic virus has been adopted for VIGS in Arabidopsis and provides silencing following mechanical inoculation with a plasmid carrying engineered virus.(Pfliger et al.2008).
  • 20. 2. MODERN TECHNIQUE /TOOLS:  DNA level: • Southern Hybridisation.  RNA level: • Micro array . • SAGE . • EST • Northern hybridisation.  PROTEIN LEVEL: • AP/MS. • Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) System.
  • 21. Micro array A RNA microarray (also commonly known as RNA chip or biochip) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. It is used to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously or to genotype multiple regions of a genome.
  • 22. Other Techniques used in Functional Genomics 1. Association Mapping. 2. 2-D Electrophoresis. 3. Forward genetics. (QTL Mapping) 4. Reverse genetics. ( TILLING) 5. NGSK. 6. MAS.
  • 23. Bioinformatics Tools • NCBI BLAST : To search homology between sequences. It compares nucleotide or protein-protein sequences to sequence databases . • EMBL (European molecular biology lab) : Used for Nucleotide sequence. • Gene Bank: For Nucleotide Sequence. • MAP MAKER: For Linkage map.
  • 24. Contd.. • GenMAPP: To visualize gene expression and other genomic data on maps representing biological pathways and grouping of genes. • TASSEL: To study Association mapping of complex traits in diverse samples. (Trait analysis by association, evolution and linkage) • GRAMENE Data base: Gramene is a curated, open-source, integrated data resource for comparative functional genomics in crops and model plant species.
  • 26. Sequencing of crop-plant genomes. Gene discovery for useful traits. Genome wide regulatory networks to improve Traits. Diversity analysis. Evolutionary.
  • 27. Phylogenetic relationship. Fine mapping. Disease diagnosis. Gene expression Study.
  • 28. Genome Size and Number Of Genes Organisms. S.No. Organism Base Pair (Mbp) No Of Genes 1. Arabidopsis thaliana 125 25,706 2. Oryza sativa 425 16,941 3. E.coli 4.64 4289 4. Z.maize 2300 39,656 5. Glycine max 1115 46,430 6. Mouse 2627 26,762 7. S.cerevisiae 12 6144 8. Drosophila melanogaster 170 13,525 9. Ascaris megalocephala 103 20,598 10. Homo sapiens sapiens 3223 30,000 11. Solanum lycopersicum 900 34,727
  • 30.
  • 31. Genomics research generates new tools : • Functional molecular markers • Bioinformatics. • Knowledge about Statistics and inheritance phenomenon. In present Study case it has been presented: • An overview of the status and availability of genomic resources. • Genomics research in crop plant species, and has been discussed. • Strategies and approaches for effectively exploiting genomics research for crop improvement has been discussed.
  • 32. An integrated view of exploitation of genomic resources for crop improvement via different genetic and genomic strategies Abbreviations: AB-QTL, advanced backcross QTL; COS, conserved orthologous set; DHs, doubled haploids; eQTLs, expression QTLs; ESTs, expressed sequence tags; ILs, introgression lines; LD, linkagedisequilibrium; NILs, near isogenic lines; QTL, quantitative trait locus; RILs, recombinant inbred lines; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; SSR, simple sequence repeat or microsatellite; TILLING, targeted induced local lesions in genome.
  • 34.
  • 35. It enables agricultural researchers to investigate how gene expression and regulation contributes to complex production traits at a genome-wide level. In this review, it has been highlighted some of the different areas of functional genomics, including some emerging techniques, with a specific focus on how they are being applied to production livestock and aquaculture systems.
  • 36. It has been discussed how transcriptomics, proteomics,metabolomics,interactomics,epigeneti cs and nutrigenomics are applied to improve our understanding of complex production traits and how the environment affects these traits. It has been shown how changing technologies contribute to functional genomics and the resources agricultural researchers require to ensure that their functional genomics data are effectively translated into benefits for society
  • 37. Functional genomics approaches examine different aspects of gene expression and gene expression regulation.
  • 38. Conclusion Functional genomics is a field of molecular biology that attempts to make use of the vast wealth of data produced by genomics and transcriptomics to describe gene (and protein) functions and interactions.  It focuses on the dynamic aspects such as gene regulation, transcription, translation, gene expression and protein-protein interaction  It attempts to answer questions about the function of DNA at the levels of genes, RNA transcripts, and protein products.

Notas del editor

  1. 26