Today, organizations face external factors of increased competition and greater demands from a global marketplace where business sustainability is less attainable. In quest to proffer solutions to this identified problem, this paper titled Management, Sustainable Development, Security and Supply Chain Transformation in the 21st Century critically explored the concepts of management practices, its influences on sustainable development, security of business and supply chain in this current dispensation. Digital supply chain require technologies to transform investment, in this regard, this paper presented the five major pillars of creating an in-sight enterprise, digital customer engagement and digital service optimization among others and ways at which they impact the business environment. This paper also reviewed that businesses in today’s era has to mount the expertise, mind set and capabilities that are needed to gain competitive edge on global scale. It therefore recommends that organizations must put efforts to efficiently align their operation with the twenty first century model of operations with organizational goal on broader perspective. Other recommendations required to be implemented includes to foster cooperation, encourage training; intensify communicate with customers, improve device security, explore the right avenue where organizations will thrive and be remain competitive while ensuring the change is accepted internally by employees.

1. WELCOME
Prof. Godwin Emmanuel, Oyedokun
HND (Acct.), BSc. (Acct. Ed), BSc (Acc & Fin), BSc (Bus Admin), MBA (Acct. & Fin.), MSc. (Acct.), MSc. (Bus & Econs.), MTP (SA), PhD (Fin),
PhD (Acct), FCA, FCTI, ACIB, ACS, MNIM, CNA, FCFIP, FCE, FERP, CICA, CFA, CFE, CIPFA, CPFA, ABR, CertIFR, FFAR
godwinoye@yahoo.com
+2348033737184, +2348055863944 & +2348095491026
Professor of Management & Accounting
Lead City University Ibadan, Nigeria
Principal Partner
Oyedokun Godwin Emmanuel and Co
(Chartered Accountants, Tax Practitioners & Forensic Auditor)

2. MANAGEMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SECURITY AND
SUPPLY CHAIN TRANSFORMATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY
BY
PROFESSOR GODWIN OYEDOKUN
BEING A LEAD PAPER PRESENTED AT THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF
MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, ORGANIZED BY THE FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT
SCIENCES, KADUNA STATE UNIVERSITY, KADUNA ON FEBRUARY 23-25, 2012

3. PRESENTATION OUTLINE
 INTRODUCTION
 CONCEPT OF MANAGEMENT
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN 21ST CENTURY
 GENERAL CONCEPT OF SECURITY
 SUPPLY CHAIN TRANSFORMATION IN 21ST CENTURY
 NEXUS BETWEEN MANAGEMENT, SD, SECURITY AND SUPPLY CHAIN IN
21ST CENTURY
 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4. INTRODUCTION
 Since the beginning of the 20th century, an important debate on the validity and the
need to adapt or radically transform the business operational model in order to
confront the new economic social, technological and cultural reality generated by
the constant and frenetic changes that occur at the heart of the Information and
Communication Society has emerged.
 At the start of the 21st century, it was necessary to consider the impact of the
Fourth Industrial Revolution, which, supported by the technological developments of
the Third Industrial Revolution, fuses several technologies and in the coming years
will see significant advances in the fields of artificial intelligence, robotics, the
internet of things, autonomous vehicles, 3D printing, nanotechnology, biotechnology,
materials science, energy storage, quantum computing, etc., softening the borders
between the physical, digital and biological spheres and posing a series of important
challenges and opportunities.

5. INTRODUCTION/2
 The dizzying speed at which these unprecedented changes are occurring, the scope of effect of
this Fourth Industrial Revolution (altering almost every industry in any country), and the
profoundness of these changes will involve the transformation of production, management,
sustainability, supply chain and government systems.
 Consequently, it appears evident that business organizations must react and adapt to new needs
and be innovative, a decision that must be made if they wish to fulfill the organization’s first
objective: survive (Deming, 1989).
 Therefore, when looking to position a company as a market leader via its results, it requires a
sustainable, competitive advantage, management , supply chain transformation adnd
cybersecurity that distinguishes it from its competitors, that provides positive economic results.

6. CONCEPT OF MANAGEMENT
 Every organization in the market must
adapt to the market conditions and the
environment.
 As the economy has its own laws and
market conditions that are changing on a
daily basis, different models of
management are needed.
 So, this is the reason why management is
the most important factor for managing
and leading organizations and companies
on market effectively.
WHAT IS
MANAGEMENT?
Management can be defined as the process of
administering and controlling the affairs of
the organization, irrespective of its nature,
type, structure and size.

7.  UNIVERSAL
All the organizations, whether it is profit-making or not,
they require management, for managing their activities.
Hence it is universal in nature.
 GOAL-ORIENTED
Every organization is set up with a predetermined
objective and management helps in reaching those goals
timely, and smoothly.
 CONTINUOUS PROCESS
It is an ongoing process which tends to persist as long as
the organization exists. It is required in every sphere of
the organization whether it is production, human
resource, finance or marketing.
CONCEPT OF MANAGEMENT/2
FEATURES OF
MANAGEMENT

8.  MULTI-DIMENSIONAL
Management is not confined to the administration of
people only, but it also manages work, processes and
operations, which makes it a multi-disciplinary activity.
 GROUP ACTIVITY
An organization consists of various members who have
different needs, expectations and beliefs.
 DYNAMIC FUNCTION
An organization exists in a business environment that has
various factors like social, political, legal, technological
and economic.
 INTANGIBLE FORCE
Management can neither be seen nor touched but one can
feel its existence, in the way the organization functions.
CONCEPT OF MANAGEMENT/3

9. CONCEPT OF MANAGEMENT/4
MANAGEMENT STYLES
PERSUASIVE MANAGEMENT STYLE
A compelling leader spends a lot of
time with their team members.
Being engaged with employees
allows the persuasive manager to
lead by example, and to gain buy-in
and compliance from the team by
persuading rather than instructing
or demanding
DEMOCRATIC MANAGEMENT STYLE
This style of management is more
successful when managers
develop organized and
streamlined decision-making
processes. Otherwise, accepting
input from everyone can make the
process sluggish and
disorganized.
LAISSEZ-FAIRE MANAGEMENT
The laissez-faire manager
functions almost more like a
mentor than a manager. They
empower their employees to step
up and make decisions.

10. MANAGEMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY
 While there is a growing consensus as to what good 21st century management looks like, as well as a
recognition that Agile firms isn’t the only path to achieve it, it is striking to see how many big
corporations are still practicing the outmoded principles of 20th century management, in which:
 The goal of the firm is to make money for the firm and its executives. Maximizing shareholder
value has been the catch cry of large organizations for the last 50 years and is still, despite
recent language change, driving the behavior of most large organizations.
 The architecture of work is bureaucratic with individuals reporting to bosses and filling defined
roles.
 The dynamic of the firm is a top-down hierarchy of authority. The top is assumed to know best.
 Because most corporations are still these practicing 20th century principles, most business schools,
including some of the leading schools, are still teaching students how to operate in that way. The
principles also engender, and are supported by, a characteristic set of 20th century processes.

11. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 Sustainable development has become the
buzzword in development discourse, having
been associated with different definitions,
meanings and interpretations.
 Literally, Sustainable development simply
means “development that can be continued
either indefinitely or for the given time
period
WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT ?

12. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT/2
PILLARS OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
 As a visionary and forward-looking
development paradigm, Sustainable
development emphasizes a positive
transformation trajectory anchored
essentially on social, economic and
environmental factors.
 Based on this, it can be argued that the
concept of Sustainable development rests,
fundamentally, on three conceptual pillars.
ECONOMIC
SUSTAINABILITY
SOCIAL
SUSTAINABILITY
 Economic sustainability
implies a system of
production that satisfies
present consumption
levels without
compromising future
needs.
 Social sustainability
encompasses notions of
equity, empowerment,
accessibility,
participation, cultural
identity and institutional
stability.

13. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT/3
 One key principle of SD is the conservation of the ecosystem. There is the need to conserve the
ecosystem and biodiversity because without these, living organism will cease to exist. The limited
means and resources on the earth cannot be enough for the unlimited needs of the people. This
means development activities must be carried out according to the capacity of the earth. That is
why it is important, for instance, to have alternative sources of energy such as solar, instead of
depending heavily on petroleum products and hydro-electricity (Molinoari et al., 2019).
 Furthermore, in order to achieve SD, there is the need for population control (Taylor, 2016).
People eke out a living by utilizing the limited resources on the earth. However, due to population
growth, human needs like food, clothing and housing increase while the resources available in the
world for meeting these needs cannot always be increased to meet the requirements. Therefore,
population control and management are essential for SD.
PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

14. SECURING BUSINESSES IN THE 21ST CENTURY
 Security is a flexible and multidimensional concept that can be comprehended in many
ways.
 Security specifications are needed in order for the concept to be useful for practical
and scientific use.
 It can be determined regarding the actor i.e. the referent object whose value should be
protected (individuals, societies, states, regions, international system, the planet and
the like), the values that are subject of protection (physical security, economic
wellbeing, sovereignty, territorial integrity, healthy environment, etc.), the necessary
level of security, types of threats (wars, terroristic attacks, organized crime,
epidemics, floods, droughts, economic crisis, budget deficits and others), means for
obtaining the security, the expenses of doing so and the relevant time period.

15. SECURING BUSINESSES IN THE 21ST CENTURY/2
 In order to understand the security dynamics of the contemporary
world with a purpose of creating proper security polices, it is
necessary to review the relevance of different security
approaches.
 The inability or the refusal to see beyond the present frame and
way of thinking very often undermines the necessary change.
 These security approaches have different purposes and it is very
likely at some point of time requirements of one approach to come
in conflict with another, so the proper one should be chosen for a
given security situation.

16. SECURING BUSINESSES IN THE 21ST CENTURY/3
In the 21st century the United Nations
identified seven categories of human
security.
 COMMUNITY SECURITY
This is the security individuals get within a group, establishing a
sense of belonging and identity rooted in shared practices and
values.
 POLITICAL SECURITY
This requires the freedom to be governed in a way that respects
basic human rights, protected by democratic institutions in
which individuals are given a voice.
 ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY
This addresses the environmental challenges posed by climate
change, deforestation, the damage done to the eco-system,
desertification, and by human conflict.

17. SECURING BUSINESSES IN THE 21ST CENTURY/4
 ECONOMIC SECURITY
This means having an assured income, preferably through paid work, but also public safety net measures
ensuring income to those unable to obtain one.
 FOOD SECURITY
This requires adequate access to food, physically and economically, that is, food which is vital to health and
wellbeing.
 HEALTH SECURITY
This means having access to health care and protection against diseases, especially those linked to malnutrition
and environmental degradation.
 PERSONAL SECURITY
This addresses threats from physical violence (by one’s own state, other states, groups of people, through war,
terrorism, torture, sectarian violence, genocide or ethnic cleansing).

18. SECURING BUSINESSES IN THE 21ST CENTURY/5
CYBERRSECURITY IN 21ST
CENTURY
With the development of technology and
artificial intelligence (AI), internet usage
has tripled over the last few years across
the globe. However, this dependence on the
internet has also brought with it evolving
and complex threats that pose serious
challenges to the cybersecurity sector.
 PHISHING
Phishing attacks refer to threats that are disguised as carefully
targeted digital messages such as emails.
 RANSOMWARE
Ransomware is another form of malware that encrypts files and
prevents the user from accessing them. The victims must offer
money or provide sensitive information to the criminal in order
to get their files back.
 IOT ATTACKS
The Internet of Things technology allows companies to recover
meaningful and important data from the global network of
connected devices like phones, smart watches or even
household appliances like a baby monitor.

19. SECURING BUSINESSES IN THE 21ST CENTURY
 These threats have highlighted the shortage of skilled professionals who can
accomplish advanced cyber security planning to combat different threats. The
growing demand for expertise can allow you to seek employment with any
technological giant in the industry.
 However, the 21st century perspectives on security focus on the protection of
the vital core of all human lives in ways that enhance human freedoms and
fulfillment.
 It means protecting fundamental freedoms that are the essence of life, using
processes that build on people’s strengths and aspirations, creating political,
social, environmental, economic, military, and cultural systems that together
give people the building blocks of survival, livelihood, and dignity.

20. SUPPLY CHAIN TRANSFORMATION IN 21ST CENTURY
 Organizations today face external factors of increased competition and greater demands from a
global marketplace.
 With improved logistics and rapid information dissemination, customers now have access to
products worldwide and expect specialized products to fit their specific needs.
 As a result, organizations have shortened their product life cycles and expanded customized
product offerings to remain competitive. Business environments will have increasing amounts of
uncertainty, volatility and complexity.
 Thus, a company’s supply chain must become more agile to remain competitive in this changing
environment. In other words: better able to quickly identify trends and react with changes in
operational tactics.

21. A digitally-enabled supply chain uses
new technologies to transform the
linear nature of the supply chain to a
more connected flow and Building a
digital supply chain requires
technology investments in five major
pillars.
INSIGHT-DRIVEN
ENTERPRISE
DIGITAL
CUSTOMER
ENGAGEMENT
DIGITALLY
ENABLED
WORKFORCE
DIGITAL SERVICE
OPTIMIZATION
DIGITAL
ECOSYSTEM
SUPPLY CHAIN TRANSFORMATION IN 21ST CENTURY/2

22. CREATING AN INSIGHT- DRIVEN
ENTERPRISE
 Creating an insight-driven enterprise will
require the deployment of big-data
technology that provides ubiquitous access
to internal and external data along with the
use of advanced and forward-looking supply
chain analytics that can predict future
outcomes, model scenarios and optimize
decision-making.
 Supply chain analytics use metrics, tools,
and analysis models to extract knowledge
and insights from data, enabling improved
visibility and decision-making capabilities.
SUPPLY CHAIN TRANSFORMATION IN 21ST CENTURY/3

23. BUILDING DIGITAL CUSTOMER
ENGAGEMENT
 Digital customer engagement, the second component,
allows businesses to engage on a much deeper level
with their customers and consumers by focusing on
the two-way capture and sharing of data to improve
service and availability of information.
 Customer expectations have changed dramatically in
the past decade as advances in technology have
enabled them to access product and order
information from virtually any device.
 It is imperative for an organization to provide a
consistent Omni channel experience to the customer
the same information should be accessible whether
through mobile devices, portal, phone or direct ERP
integration.
SUPPLY CHAIN TRANSFORMATION IN 21ST CENTURY/4

24. CREATING A DIGITALLY ENABLED
WORKFORCE
 Enabling an organization’s workforce is equally vital to
providing value to customers.
 The employees of an organization run the enterprise
that addresses customer needs.
 As such, the third component of a digital solution is a
digitally-enabled workforce which utilizes
collaboration and mobile technologies to ensure that
employees have easy access to information
regardless of their location.
 Collaboration technologies will foster a cross-
functional collaborative environment where
employees share information across functions.
SUPPLY CHAIN TRANSFORMATION IN 21ST CENTURY/5

25. INITIATING A DIGITAL SERVICE
OPTIMIZATION
 Digital service optimization is the ability to optimize processes
and decisions based on real-time information.
 Current workflow and information-sharing tools can be used
to expedite the process handoffs and decision-making.
However, many of the processes within the supply chain are
still manual, which inhibits the ability to be agile.
 Manual processes slow down hand-offs and increase the
likelihood of delays caused by human error. One method of
alleviating manual processes is through smart automation,
enabled with the use of robotic process automation (RPA)
technology.
 RPA allows organizations to automate their current processes
based on business rules and guidelines. The tasks most
suitable for RPA are high volume, stable, standardized,
repetitive, and rule-based processes. Common areas of initial
deployment include procure-to-pay, financial close and
consolidation, and accounting processes.
SUPPLY CHAIN TRANSFORMATION IN 21ST CENTURY/6

26.  The nature of today’s market and global competition is forcing various business factors to improve in
the ways they handle. Business sustainable development, cyber security and global supply chain
practices is imperative due to the awareness of the changes occurring in the world. It is however
important that the bond between management, sustainable development and cyber security be more
flexible and efficient to meet requirements of global practices.
 In a general, for efficient management, sustainable development and supply chain practices, Security
is imperative factor that connect all the all of this business factors and as technology evolves in the
21st century, attack vectors will evolve with it, and get more sophisticated. It’s clear that a prudent
security approach needs to be multi-faceted, encompassing defenses against a huge range of physical
and virtual threats.
 An extensive and all-encompassing Audit on vulnerability based on the cyber security threats on
management, sustainable development and supply chain is imperative to get a good understanding of
where weaknesses lie, then make it a priority to address them such that it addresses each of the
factors threat as it applies in the 21st century.
NEXUS BETWEEN MANAGEMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT,
SECURITY AND SUPPLY CHAIN

27. In slower moving and less complex business environments, the old hierarchical
model that depended mostly on old operational model simply does not work
anymore.
In today's more volatile, uncertain and ambiguous business battlefield,
decentralized controls and leadership through networks of people at all levels is
imperative for success.
From the viewpoint of 21st century business management, sustainable
development, security and supply chain transformation emergence, the
globalization in terms of technology has many implications for organization willing
to thrive.
Therefore, the business in today’s era has to mount the expertise, mind set and
capabilities that are needed to gain competitive edge on global scale.
CONCLUSION

28.  In general, the organizations have
grown savvier in using technology
hence it is important to adopt all
changes.
 It is recommended that organizations
must put efforts to efficiently align their
operation with the twenty first century
model of operations with organizational
goal on broader perspective.
RECOMMENDATIONS
 FOSTER COOPERATION
Encourage cyber security managers to share
information about breaches and attacks outside their
own enterprise--in real time when necessary to
respond to an incident.
 TRAINING
The need for better employee training has been
embraced, but education of the public in cyber safety
best practices has a long way to go.
 IMPROVE DEVICE SECURITY
The need to get consumer device makers to
implement more robust security protocols is urgent
as the Internet of Things proliferates. Business and
internet leaders

29. RECOMMENDATIONS/2
 GROUND YOURSELF IN THE STRATEGY
It is essential to start with defining the strategic objectives before identifying the
desired capabilities and technology enablers.
 PACE MANAGEMENT FOR ORGANIZATION AND CLIENT
Find the right rhythm that enables organizations to remain competitive while ensuring
the change is accepted internally by employees.
 COMMUNICATE WITH CUSTOMERS
Companies that interact with internet users, especially in transactions that involve
payments or sensitive data, have a special opportunity to educate those customers in
better security practices they should take advantage of those contacts.