The document discusses several cognitive concepts related to how students learn, including information processing, encoding, storage and retrieval of information, perception, attention, working memory, long-term memory, declarative, procedural and conditional knowledge, episodic memory, and flashbulb memories. It emphasizes the importance of these concepts and provides examples of how a social studies teacher could incorporate them, such as using images, audio, debates and field trips to help students effectively process, store and retrieve information.