2. Rise of the QingRise of the Qing
1644-1911
By 1644, the Manchu swept into
Beijing and claimed the Mandate of
Heaven – Qing Dynasty!
By 1644, the Manchu swept into
Beijing and claimed the Mandate of
Heaven – Qing Dynasty!
3. The Qing DynastyThe Qing Dynasty
• Qing bureaucracy and court ceremonies
similar to Ming
• Continued Confucian rituals and allowed
Ming officials to keep their positions
As foreign invaders, the Manchus faced
years of resistance from Chinese subjects
still loyal to the Ming!
• Continued civil service exams and were generous
patrons to the arts
• Lowered taxes and state labor demands.
• Repaired infrastructure – roads, bridges, dikes,
canals, irrigation works
Qing GovernmentQing Government
4. •Expansion was seen as a
defensive necessity against
nomadic invaders
•Signed Treaty of
Nerchinsk (1689) that
marked Chinese-Russian
border
•Expansion was seen as a
defensive necessity against
nomadic invaders
•Signed Treaty of
Nerchinsk (1689) that
marked Chinese-Russian
border
•Expanded the Empire to include Tibet,
Mongolia, Taiwan and Manchuria
•Controlled Korea and Vietnam as Vassal
tributary states.
•Expanded the Empire to include Tibet,
Mongolia, Taiwan and Manchuria
•Controlled Korea and Vietnam as Vassal
tributary states.
A Chinese Empire?
5. The Reign of Emperor
Kangxi
The Reign of Emperor
Kangxi
1661-17221661-1722
• Created encyclopedia and a
dictionary of history and thought
• Wanted to be benevolent
Confucian ruler – lowered taxes,
expanded empire
• Tolerant of Christians and
interested in foreign ideas and
technology
• Strong and effective 61 year reign kept
tensions low
• Kangxi was a significant Confucian
scholar
• Patronized arts, opened Confucian
schools and a national library
Could compare to Kublai Khan,
Emperor Hongwu, and King Louis XIV
Could compare to Kublai Khan,
Emperor Hongwu, and King Louis XIV
6. Ethnocentrism and Isolation leads to declineEthnocentrism and Isolation leads to decline
• By 1750, Qing Dynasty was declining– corruption, crime and banditry – rising population
• Emperor Qianlong continued Ming policy of isolation, restricting foreign trade – some merchants, compradors, became wealthy and influential
• Manchu saw Chinese civilization, products, as superior, expected foreigners to trade on China’s terms
Port city of MacaoPort city of Macao
1724 – Emperor banned Christianity when the
Pope condemned Confucianism
28. Suez Canal
In 1856 the Suez Canal Company was formed and granted the right to operate the canal for
99 years after completion of the work.
In 1856 the Suez Canal Company was formed and granted the right to operate the canal for
99 years after completion of the work.
Construction began in April 1859 with forced laborers digging with picks and shovels. Later,
European workers with dredgers and steam shovels arrived and the Suez Canal was finally
completed in 1869.
Construction began in April 1859 with forced laborers digging with picks and shovels. Later,
European workers with dredgers and steam shovels arrived and the Suez Canal was finally
completed in 1869.
Major improvements began in 1876, however, and the canal soon grew
into the one of the world's most heavily traveled shipping lanes. In 1875,
Great Britain became the largest shareholder in the Suez Canal
Company when it bought up the stock of the new Ottoman governor of
Egypt. Seven years later, in 1882, Britain invaded Egypt, beginning a
long occupation of the country.
Major improvements began in 1876, however, and the canal soon grew
into the one of the world's most heavily traveled shipping lanes. In 1875,
Great Britain became the largest shareholder in the Suez Canal
Company when it bought up the stock of the new Ottoman governor of
Egypt. Seven years later, in 1882, Britain invaded Egypt, beginning a
long occupation of the country.
5
30. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
Father of Modern Turkey
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
Father of Modern Turkey
Rise of Turkish Nationalism
Young TurksYoung Turks
•Army officers who wanted modern reforms,
civil liberties, constitution.
•Extreme Nationalism led to conflict and
genocide of Armenians
7
•Wanted to modernize and westernize Turkey
•Created a secular modern nation-state
1500s, new crops like corn, sweet potatoes from Americas reached China
These crops further increased farm output
Stability, plentiful food led to substantial population growth
As population grew, so did cities
Industries like manufacture of porcelain, silk expanded in response to growing European demand
At same time, China remained mainly agricultural society
NO INNOVATION in trade, manufacturing or agriculture
increased land farmed, but did not change methods Increase population 2.5x
No new innovative social programs
Emperor Kangxi's main policy decisions were for territorial expansion, continuing the Neo-Confucian bureaucratic system, putting Europeans in the court, monopolizing key industries, and trading with Europeans while resisting their expansion.
Under the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Empire developed a somewhat laissez-faire attitude to internal trade and industry. But under the Kangxi Emperor and his successors, the court more carefully controlled commerce and industry and monopolized important industries.
The empire reverted to the economic policies of earlier dynastic eras.
During his reign, the economy improved and the population started to grow. New food crops such as corn, peanuts and potatoes helped the peasants to have enough to eat.
He also let a number of Jesuits into the empire and appointed them to positions in his court. He valued them for their knowledge and used them as advisers.
They helped him in his diplomatic and military affairs, and they helped him modernize the empire. They taught his technicians how to make better guns and cannons and advised him about world affairs.
He wanted to govern more directly and bypass the officials. He had a secret message system involving locked boxes that he used to send messages directly to people.
He thought his officials were untrustworthy and might try to manipulate things for themselves or usurp power. He spent many hours a day personally directing imperial matters
Could Compare to Alexander the Great – Great warrior, generous to soldiers, blended cultures - territory
Defeated the Serbs in the Balkans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 and began to dominate the region.